Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis

Presse Medicale

Volumn 43, Issue 10, 2014, Pages e279-e291

  Savarino, Edoardo ^a   Furnari, Manuele ^b   de Bortoli, Nicola ^c   Martinucci, Irene ^c   Bodini, Giorgia ^b   Ghio, Massimo ^b   Savarino, Vincenzo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLON DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; DELAYED GASTRIC EMPTYING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ESOPHAGUS DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; MALABSORPTION; MOUTH DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK REDUCTION; SHORT SURVEY; SMALL INTESTINE DISEASE; STOMACH ANTRUM VASCULAR ECTASIA; STOMACH DISEASE; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; WEIGHT REDUCTION; COMPLICATION; ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; INTESTINAL DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES; STOMACH DISEASES;

ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; INTESTINAL DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES; SCLERODERMA, SYSTEMIC; STOMACH DISEASES;

EID: 84908455126     PISSN: 07554982     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.03.029     Document Type: Short Survey

References (179)

1. Khanna D., Hays R.D., Maranian P., Seibold J.R., Impens A., Mayes M.D., et al. Reliability and validity of the University of California, Los Angeles scleroderma clinical trial consortium gastrointestinal tract instrument. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 61:1257-1263.
2. Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:2437-2444.
3. Cohen S., Fisher R., Lipshutz W., Turner R., Myers A., Schumacher R. The pathogenesis of esophageal dysfunction in scleroderma and Raynaud's disease. J Clin Invest 1972, 51:2663-2668.
4. Lee P., Langevitz P., Alderdice C.A., Aubrey M., Baer P.A., Baron M., et al. Mortality in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Q J Med 1992, 82:139-148.
5. Szamosi S., Szecanecz Z., Szucs G. Gastrointestinal manifestations in Hungarian scleroderma patients. Rheumatol Int 2006, 26:1120-1124.
6. Mainie I., Tutuian R., Patel A., Castell D.O. Regional esophageal dysfunction in scleroderma and achalasia using multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry. Dig Dis Sci 2008, 53:210-216.
7. Vakil N., van Zanten S.V., Kahrilas P., Dent J., Jones R. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:1900-1920.
8. Ellen C.E. Esophageal disease in scleroderma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006, 40:796-875.
9. Marie I., Dominique S., Levesque H., Ducrotté P., Denis P., Hellot M.F., et al. Esophageal involvement and pulmonary manifestations in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 45:346-354.
10. Domsic R., Fasanella K., Bielefeldt K. Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Dig Dis Sci 2008, 53:1163-1174.
11. Wood R.E., Lee P. Analysis of the oral manifestations of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988, 65:172-178.
12. Hebbar M., Janin A., Huglo D., Copin M.C., Lafyatis R., Devulder B., et al. Xerostomia in systemic sclerosis: systematic evaluation by salivary scintigraphy and lip biopsy in thirty-four patients. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:439-441.
13. Spackman G.K. Scleroderma: what the general dentist should know. Gen Dent 1999, 47:576-579.
14. Attar A. Digestive manifestations in systemic sclerosis. Ann Med Interne 2002, 153:260-264.
15. Marmary Y., Glaiss R., Pisanty S. Scleroderma: oral manifestations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981, 52:32-37.
16. White S.C., Frey N.W., Blaschke D.D., Ross M.D., Clements P.J., Furst D.E., et al. Oral radiographic changes in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Am Dent Assoc 1977, 94:1178-1182.
17. Jagadish R., Mehta D.S., Jagadish P. Oral and periodontal manifestations associated with systemic sclerosis: A case series and review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012, 16:271-274.
18. Parma-Benfenati S., Ferreira P.A., Fugazzotto P.A., Calura G., Berdichevsky M., Ruben M.P. Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): oral-mucosal changes. Gen Dent 1986, 34:107-112.
19. Periodontal ligament changes in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984, 58:113-118.
20. Weisman R.A., Calcaterra T.C. Head and neck manifestations of scleroderma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978, 87:332-339.
21. Eversole L.R., Jacobsen P.L., Stone C.E. Oral and gingival changes in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J periodontol 1984, 55:175-178.
22. Seifert M.H., Steigerwald J.C., Cliff M.M. Bone resorption of the mandible in progressive systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1975, 18:507-512.
23. Pogrel M.A. Unilateral osteolysis of the mandibular angle and coronoid process in scleroderma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988, 17:155-156.
24. Scardina G.A., Messina P. Systemic sclerosis: description and diagnostic role of the oral phenomena. Gen Dent 2004, 52:42-47.
25. Jaovisidha K., Csuka M.E., Almagro U.A., Soergel K.H. Severe gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: report of five cases and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005, 34:689-702.
26. Pizzo G., Scardina G.A., Messina P. Effects of a nonsurgical exercise program on the decreased mouth opening in patients with systemic scleroderma. Clin Oral Investig 2003, 7:175-178.
27. Sjogren R.W. Gastrointestinal motility disorders in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1265-1282.
28. Hamel-Roy J., Devroede G., Arhan P., Tetreault L., Duranceau A., Menard H.A. Comparative esophageal and anorectal motility in scleroderma. Gastroenterology 1985, 88:1-7.
29. Weston S., Thumshirn M., Wiste J., Camilleri M. Clinical and upper gastrointestinal motility features in systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:1085-1089.
30. Airo P., Della Casa D., Danieli E., Missale G., Cattaneo R., Cestari R. Oesophageal manometry in early and definite systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2005, 24:370-376.
31. Bassotti G., Battaglia E., Debernardi V., Germani U., Quiriconi F., Dughera L., et al. Esophageal dysfunction in scleroderma: relationship with disease subsets. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:2252-2259.
32. Wipff J., Allanore Y., Soussi F., Terris B., Abitbol V., Raymond J., et al. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2882-2888.
33. Kaye S.A., Seifalian A.M., Lim S.G., Hamilton G., Black C.M. Ischaemia of the small intestine in patients with systemic sclerosis: Raynaud's phenomenon or chronic vasculopathy. QJM 1994, 87:495-500.
34. Cohen S. The gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: pathogenesis and management. Gastroenterology 1980, 79:155-166.
35. LeRoy E.C., Black C.M., Fleischmajer R. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subset, and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 1998, 15:102-105.
36. Treacy W.L., Baggenstoss A.H., Slocumb C.H., Code C.F. Scleroderma of the esophagus. A correlation of histologic and physiologic findings. Ann Int Med 1963, 59:351-356.
37. Howe S., Eaker E.Y., Sallustio J.E., Peebles C., Tan E.M., Williams R.C. Antimyenteric neuronal antibodies in scleroderma. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:761-770.
38. Eaker E.Y., Kuldau J.G., Verne G.N., Ross S.O., Sallustio J.E. Myenteric neuronal antibodies in scleroderma: passive transfer evokes alterations in intestinal myoelectric activity in a rat model. J Lab Clin Med 1999, 133:551-556.
39. Kawaguchi Y., Nakamura Y., Matsumoto I., Nishimagi E., Satoh T., Kuwana M., et al. Muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor autoantibody in patients with systemic sclerosis: contribution to severe gastrointestinal tract dysmotility. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:710-714.
40. Singh J., Mehendiratta V., Del Galdo F., Jimenez S.A., Cohen S., DiMarino A.J., et al. Immunoglobulins from scleroderma patients inhibit the muscarinic receptor activation in internal anal sphincter smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009, 297:G1206-G1213.
41. Ebert E.C. Gastric and enteric involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008, 42:5-12.
42. D'Angelo W.A., Fries J.F., Masi A.T., Shulman L.E. Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A study of fifty-eight autopsy cases and fifty-eight matched controls. Am J Med 1969, 46:428-440.
43. Marie I., Levesque H., Ducrotte P., Denis P., Hellot M.F., Benichou J., et al. Gastric involvement in systemic sclerosis: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:77-83.
44. Savarino E., Giacchino M., Savarino V. Dysmotility and reflux disease. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013, 21:548-556.
45. Fulp S.R., Castell D.O. Scleroderma esophagus. Dysphagia 1990, 5:204-210.
46. Ebert E.C. Esophageal disease in progressive systemic sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2008, 11:64-69.
47. Zamost B.J., Hirschberg J., Ippoliti A.F., Furst D.E., Clements P.J., Weinstein W.M. Esophagitis in scleroderma. Prevalence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 1987, 92:421-428.
48. De Castro Parga M.L., Alonso P., Garcia Porrua C., Prada J.I. Esophageal mucosal lesions and scleroderma: prevalence, symptoms and risk factors. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1996, 88:93-98.
49. Foggi E., Spaggiari L., Carbognani P., Rusca M., Soliani P., Dell'Abate P. Functional study of the esophagus in progressive systemic sclerosis: utility of the manometry. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense 1991, 62:155-160.
50. Feussner H., Kreis M., Weiser H.F. Motility disorders of the esophagus in progressive systemic scleroderma. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy. Hautarzt 1988, 39:291-297.
51. Katzka D.A., Reynolds J.C., Saul S.H., Plotkin A., Lang C.A., Ouyang A., et al. Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in scleroderma. Am J Med 1987, 82:46-52.
52. Abu-Shakra M., Guillemin F., Lee P. Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994, 24:29-39.
53. Ling T.C., Johnston B.T. Esophageal investigations in connective tissue disease: which tests are most appropriate. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001, 32:33-36.
54. Thonhofer R., Siegel C., Trummer M., Graninger W. Early endoscopy in systemic sclerosis without gastrointestinal symptoms. Rheumatol Int 2012, 32:165-168.
55. Savarino E., Gemignani L., Pohl D., Zentilin P., Dulbecco P., Assandri L., et al. Oesophageal motility and bolus transit abnormalities increase in parallel with the severity of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011, 34:476-486.
56. DeVault K., McMahon B.P., Celebi A., Costamagna G., Marchese M., Clarke J.O., et al. Defining esophageal landmarks, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013, 1300:278-295.
57. Orringer M.B., Dabich L., Zarafonetis C.J., Sloan H. Gastroesophageal reflux in esophageal scleroderma: diagnosis and implications. Ann Thorac Surg 1976, 22:120-130.
58. Clements P.J., Kadell B., Ippoliti A., Ross M. Esophageal motility in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Comparison of cine-radiographic and manometric evaluation. Dig Dis Sci 1979, 24:639-644.
59. Lock G., Straub R.H., Zeuner M., Antoniou E., Holstege A., Schölmerich J., et al. Association of autonomic nervous dysfunction and esophageal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1998, 25:1330-1335.
60. Stacher G., Merio R., Budka C., Schneider C., Smolen J., Tappeiner G. Cardiovascular autonomic function, autoantibodies, and esophageal motor activity in patients with systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:692-697.
61. Recht M.P., Levine M.S., Katzka D.A., Reynolds J.C., Saul S.H. Barrett's esophagus in scleroderma: increased prevalence and radiographic findings. Gastrointest Radiol 1988, 13:1-5.
62. Savarino E., Mei F., Parodi A., Ghio M., Furnari M., Gentile A., et al. Gastrointestinal motility disorder assessment in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2013, 52:1095-1100.
63. Silver R.M. Interstitial lung disease of systemic sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol 1995, 12:281-291.
64. Altman R.D., Medsger T.A., Bloch D.A., Michel B.A. Predictors of survival in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:403-413.
65. Bryan C., Knight C., Black C.M., Silman A.J. Prediction of five-year survival following presentation with scleroderma: development of a simple model using three disease factors at first visit. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:2660-2665.
66. Denis P., Ducrotte P., Pasquis P., Lefrancois R. Esophageal motility and pulmonary function in progressive systemic sclerosis. Respiration 1981, 42:21-24.
67. Johnson D.A., Drane W.E., Curran J., Cattau E.L., Ciarleglio C., Khan A., et al. Pulmonary disease in progressive systemic sclerosis. A complication of gastroesophageal reflux and occult aspiration?. Arch Intern Med 1989, 149:589-593.
68. Savarino E., Bazzica M., Zentilin P., Pohl D., Parodi A., Cittadini G., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma: a study using pH-impedance monitoring. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:408-413.
69. Savarino E., Zentilin P., Savarino V., Tenca A., Penagini R., Clarke J.O., et al. Functional testing: pharyngeal pH monitoring and high-resolution manometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013, 1300:226-235.
70. Savarino E., Tutuian R. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry testing. Dig Liver Dis 2008, 40:167-173.
71. Saladin T.A., French A.B., Zarafonetis C.J., Pollard H.M. Esophageal motor abnormalities in scleroderma and related diseases. Am J Dig Dis 1966, 11:522-535.
72. Yarze J.C., Varga J., Stampfl D., Castell D.O., Jimenez S.A. Esophageal function in systemic sclerosis: a prospective evaluation of motility and acid reflux in 36 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1993, 88:870-876.
73. Dantas R.O., Meneghelli U.G., Oliveira R.B., Villanova M.G. Esophageal dysfunction does not always worsen in systemic sclerosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993, 17:281-285.
74. Roman S., Hot A., Fabien N., Cordier J.F., Miossec P., Ninet J., et al. Esophageal dysmotility associated with systemic sclerosis: a high-resolution manometry study. Dis Esophagus 2010, 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01150.x.
75. Tutuian R., Castell D.O. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry clarifies esophageal function abnormalities: study in 350 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:1011-1019.
76. Lahcene M., Oumnia N., Matougui N., Boudjella M., Tebaibia A., Touchene B. Esophageal involvement in scleroderma: clinical, endoscopic, and manometric features. ISRN Rheumatol 2011, 2011:325826.
77. Kraus A., Alarcon-Segovia D. Air esophagogram and intestinal pseudoocclusion in a patient with scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1991, 18:897-899.
78. Olive A., Juncosa S., Evison G., Maddison P.J. Air in the oesophagus: a sign of oesophageal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 1995, 14:319-321.
79. Stentoft P., Hendel L., Aggestrup S. Esophageal manometry and pH-probe monitoring in the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987, 22:499-504.
80. Zaninotto G., Peserico A., Costantini M., Salvador L., Rondinone R., Roveran A., et al. Oesophageal motility and lower oesophageal sphincter competence in progressive systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989, 24:95-102.
81. Murphy J.R., McNally P., Peller P., Shay S.S. Prolonged clearance is the primary abnormal reflux parameter in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992, 37:833-841.
82. Weber P., Ganser G., Frosch M., Roth J., Hulskamp G., Zimmer K.P. Twenty-four hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in children and adolescents with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:2692-2695.
83. Carette S., Lacourciere Y., Lavoie S., Halle P. Radionuclide esophageal transit in progressive systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1985, 12:478-481.
84. Davidson A., Russell C., Littlejohn G.O. Assessment of esophageal abnormalities in progressive systemic sclerosis using radionuclide transit. J Rheumatol 1985, 12:472-477.
85. Maddern G.J., Horowitz M., Jamieson G.G., Chatterton B.E., Collins P.J., Roberts-Thomson P. Abnormalities of esophageal and gastric emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1984, 87:922-926.
86. Nakajima K., Kawano M., Kinuya K., Sato S., Takehara K., Tonami N. The diagnostic value of oesophageal transit scintigraphy for evaluating the severity of oesophageal complications in systemic sclerosis. Nucl Med Commun 2004, 25:375-381.
87. Edenbrandt L., Theander E., Hogstrom M., Scheja A., Akesson A., Palmer J. Esophageal scintigraphy of systemic sclerosis. J Nucl Med 1995, 36:1533-1538.
88. Kaye S.A., Siraj Q.H., Agnew J., Hilson A., Black C.M. Detection of early asymptomatic esophageal dysfunction in systemic sclerosis using a new scintigraphic grading method. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:297-301.
89. Pearson J.P., Parikh S., Orlando R.C., Johnston N., Allen J., Tinling S.P., et al. Review article: reflux and its consequences--the laryngeal, pulmonary and oesophageal manifestations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011, 33(Suppl.1):1-71.
90. Wright L.E., Castell D.O. The adverse effect of chocolate on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Am J Dig Dis 1975, 20:703-707.
91. Murphy D.W., Castell D.O. Chocolate and heartburn: evidence of increased esophageal acid exposure after chocolate ingestion. Am J Gastroenterol 1988, 83:633-636.
92. Nebel O.T., Fornes M.F., Castell D.O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: incidence and precipitating factors. Am J Dig Dis 1976, 21:953-956.
93. Rose S., Young M.A., Reynolds J.C. Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998, 27:563-594.
94. Olive A., Maddison P.J., Davis M. Treatment of oesophagitis in scleroderma with omeprazole. Br J Rheumatol 1989, 28:553.
95. Hostein J., Li V., Carpentier P., Fournet J. Omeprazole: crucial progress in the treatment of esophagitis in progressive systemic scleroderma. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991, 15:460-461.
96. Kundrotas L., Ward L.W. Omeprazole vs ranitidine in pts with progressive systemic sclerosis and symptomatic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1992, 87:1250. [abstract 34].
97. Shoenut J.P., Wieler J.A., Micflikier A.B. The extent and pattern of gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with scleroderma oesophagus: the effect of low-dose omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993, 7:509-513.
98. Pakozdi A., Wilson H., Black C.M., Denton C.P. Does long-term therapy with lansoprazole slow progression of oesophageal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009, 27:5-8.
99. Marie I., Ducrotte P., Denis P., Hellot M.F., Levesque H. Oesophageal mucosal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis receiving proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006, 24:1593-1601.
100. Sallam H., McNearney T.A., Chen J.D. Systematic review: pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006, 23:691-712.
101. Clements P.J., Becvar R., Drosos A.A., Ghattas L., Gabrielli A. Assessment of gastrointestinal involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003, 21:S15-S18.
102. Forbes A., Marie I. Gastrointestinal complications: the most frequent internal complications of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2009, 48(Suppl.3):iii36-iii39.
103. Gyger G., Baron M. Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: recent progress in evaluation, pathogenesis, and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012, 14:22-29.
104. Franck-Larsson K., Hedenstrom H., Dahl R., Ronnblom A. Delayed gastric emptying in patients with diffuse versus limited systemic sclerosis, unrelated to gastrointestinal symptoms and myoelectric gastric activity. Scand J Rheumatol 2003, 32:348-355.
105. Sridhar K.R., Lange R.C., Magyar L., Soykan I., McCallum R.W. Prevalence of impaired gastric emptying of solids in systemic sclerosis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Lab Clin Med 1998, 132:541-546.
106. Marie I., Ducrotte P., Antonietti M., Herve S., Levesque H. Watermelon stomach in systemic sclerosis: its incidence and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008, 28:412-421.
107. Hung E.W., Mayes M.D., Sharif R., Assassi S., Machicao V.I., Hosing C., et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia and its clinical correlates in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis in the SCOT trial. J Rheumatol 2013, 40:455-460.
108. Bortolotti M., Turba E., Tosti A., Sarti P., Brunelli F., Del Campo L., et al. Gastric emptying and interdigestive antroduodenal motility in patients with esophageal scleroderma. Am J Gastroenterol 1991, 86:743-747.
109. Wedmann B., Wegener M., Adamek R.J., el Gammal S. Gastrobiliary motility after liquid fatty meal in progressive systemic sclerosis. A sonographic study. Dig Dis Sci 1994, 39:565-570.
110. McNearney T., Lin X., Shrestha J., Lisse J., Chen J.D. Characterization of gastric myoelectrical rhythms in patients with systemic sclerosis using multichannel surface electrogastrography. Dig Dis Sci 2002, 47:690-698.
111. Greydanus M.P., Camilleri M. Abnormal postcibal antral and small bowel motility due to neuropathy or myopathy in systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1989, 96:110-115.
112. Cozzi F., Parisi G., Ciprian L., Bullo A., Cardarelli S., Rizzo M., et al. Gastric dysmotility after liquid bolus ingestion in systemic sclerosis: an ultrasonographic study. Rheumatol Int 2012, 32:1219-1223.
113. Fiorucci S., Distrutti E., Bassotti G., Gerli R., Chiucchiú S., Betti C., et al. Effect of erythromycin administration on upper gastrointestinal motility in scleroderma patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994, 29:807-813.
114. Johnson D.A., Drane W.E., Curran J., Benjamin S.B., Chobanian S.J., Karvelis K., et al. Metoclopramide response in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Effect on esophageal and gastric motility abnormalities. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147:1597-1601.
115. Boeckxstaens G.E., Bartelsman J.F., Lauwers L., Tytgat G.N. Treatment of GI dysmotility in scleroderma with the new enterokinetic agent prucalopride. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:194-197.
116. Selinger C.P., Ang Y.S. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE): an update on clinical presentation, pathophysiology and treatment. Digestion 2008, 77:131-137.
117. Jabbari M., Cherry R., Lough J.O., Daly D.S., Kinnear D.G., Goresky C.A. Gastric antral vascular ectasia: the watermelon stomach. Gastroenterology 1984, 87:1165-1170.
118. Ingraham K.M., O'Brien M.S., Shenin M., Derk C.T., Steen V.D. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: demographics and disease predictors. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:603-607.
119. Farooq F.T., Wong R.C., Yang P., Post A.B. Gastric outlet obstruction as a complication of argon plasma coagulation for watermelon stomach. Gastrointest Endosc 2007, 65:1090-1092.
120. Kwan V., Bourke M.J., Williams S.J., Gillespie P.E., Murray M.A., Kaffes A.J., et al. Argon plasma coagulation in the management of symptomatic gastrointestinal vascular lesions: experience in 100 consecutive patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:58-63.
121. Roman S., Saurin J.C., Dumortier J., Perreira A., Bernard G., Ponchon T. Tolerance and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation for controlling bleeding in patients with typical and atypical manifestations of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy 2003, 35:1024-1028.
122. Fuccio L., Mussetto A., Laterza L., Eusebi L.H., Bazzoli F. Diagnosis and management of gastric antral vascular ectasia. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013, 5:6-13.
123. Calamia K.T., Scolapio J.S., Viggiano T.R. Endoscopic YAG laser treatment of watermelon stomach (gastric antral vascular ectasia) in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000, 18:605-608.
124. Kaplan M.M., Gershwin M.E. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Eng J Med 2005, 353:1261-1273.
125. Hohenester S., Oude-Elferink R.P.J., Beuers U. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31:283-307.
126. Neuberger J. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1997, 350:875-879.
127. Ahrens E.H., Payne M.A., Kunkel H.G., Eisenmenger W.J., Blondheim S.H. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Medicine 1950, 29:264-280.
128. Murray-Lyon I.M., Thompson R.P.H., Ansell I.D., Williams R. Scleroderma and primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1970, iii:258-259.
129. O'Brien S.T., Eddy W.M., Krawitt E.L. Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with scleroderma. Gastroenterology 1972, 62:118-121.
130. Rigamonti C., Shand L.M., Feudjo M., Bunn C.C., Black C.M., Denton C.P., et al. Clinical features and prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis associated with systemic sclerosis. Gut 2006, 55:388-394.
131. Assassi S., Fritzler M.J., Arnett F.C., Norman G.L., Shah K.R., Gourh P., et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), PBC autoantibodies, and hepatic parameter abnormalities in a large population of systemic sclerosis patients. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:2250-2256.
132. Watt F.E., James O.F.W., Jones D.E.J. Patterns of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis patients and their families: a population-based cohort study. Q J Med 2004, 97:397-406.
133. Clarke A.K., Galbraith R.M., Hamilton E.B.D., Williams R. Rheumatic disorders in primary biliary cirrhosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1978, 37:42-47.
134. Sakauchi F., Mori M., Zeniya M., Toda G. Antimitochondrial antibody negative primary biliary cirrhosis in Japan: utilization of clinical data when patients applied to receive public financial aid. J Epidemiol 2005, 16:30-34.
135. Dahnrich C., Pares A., Caballeria L., Rosemann A., Schlumberger W., Probst C., et al. New ELISA for detecting primary biliary cirrhosis-specific antimitochondrial antibodies. Clin Chem 2009, 55:978-985.
136. Liu H., Norman G.L., Shums Z., Worman H.J., Krawitt E.L., Bizzaro N., et al. PBC Screen: an IgG/IgA dual isotype ELISA detecting multiple mitochondrial and nuclear autoantibodies specific for primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimm 2010, 35:436-442.
137. Prince M.I., Chetwynd A., Craig W.L., Metcalf J.V., James O.F.W. Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: clinical features, prognosis, and symptom progression in a large population-based cohort. Gut 2004, 53:865-870.
138. Abu-Shakra M., Lee P. Mortality in systemic sclerosis: a comparison with the general population. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:2100-2102.
139. Bryan C., Howard Y., Brennan P., Black C., Silman A. Survival following the onset of scleroderma: results from a retrospective inception cohort study of the UK population. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:1122-1126.
140. Jackson H., Solaymani-Dodaran M., Card T.R., Aithal G.P., Logan R., West J. Influence of ursodeoxycholic acid on themortality andmalignancy associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study. Hepatol 2007, 46:1131-1137.
141. Jacobsen S., Halberg P., Ullman S. Mortality and causes of death of 344 Danish patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:750-755.
142. Mahl T.C., Shockcor W., Boyer J.L. Primary biliary cirrhosis: survival of a large cohort of symptomatic andasymptomatic patients followed for 24 years. J Hepatol 1994, 20:707-713.
143. Mitchison H.C., Lucey M.R., Kelly P.J., Neuberger J.M., Williams R., James O.F.W. Symptom development and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: a study in two centers. Gastroenterology 1990, 99:778-784.
144. Myers R.P., Shaheen A.A.M., Fong A., Burak K.W., Wan A., Swain M.G., et al. Epidemiology and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis in a Canadian Health Region: a population-based study. Hepatol 2009, 50:1884-1892.
145. Stadie V., Wohlrab J., Marsch W.C. The Reynolds' syndrome-a rare combination of two autoimmune diseases. Med Klin 2002, 97:40-43.
146. Pollak C., Minar E., Dragosics B., Marosi L. Primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerodermia: long-term benign course of a complex autoimmune disease. Leber Magen Darm 1985, 15:85-89.
147. Beswick D.R., Klatskin G., Boyer J.L. Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. A progress report on long-term follow-up and natural history. Gastroenterology 1985, 89:267-271.
148. European Association for the Study of the Liver Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009, 51:237-267.
149. Göring H.D., Panzner M., Lakotta W., Ziemer A. Coincidence of scleroderma and primary biliary cirrhosis. Results of a systematic study of a dermatologic patient sample. Hautarzt 1998, 49:361-366.
150. Bartholomew L.G., Cain J.C., Woolner L.B. Sclerosing cholangitis: its possible association with Riedels struma and fibrous retroperitonitis. N Engl J Med 1963, 269:8-12.
151. Fraile G., Rodriguez-Garcia Moreno A. Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with systemic sclerosis. Postgrad Med J 1991, 67:189-192.
152. Lopes M.H., Ludwig E., do Amaral B.B., Francisconi C.F., von Mühlen C.A. Motor activity of the gallbladder in systemic sclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:3487-3491.
153. Posthuma W.F., Ledeboer M., Masclee A.A., Dijkmans B.A., Westendorp R.G., Jebbink M.C., et al. Do patients with systemic sclerosis have abnormal gallbladder function. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997, 9:675-677.
154. Manchanda Y., Das S., Sharma V.K., Srivastava D.N. Scleredema associated with carcinoma of the gall bladder. Br J Dermatol 2005, 152:1373-1374.
155. Bluestone R., MacMahon M., Dawson J.M. Systemic sclerosis and small bowel involvement. Gut 1969, 10:185-193.
156. Govoni M., Muccinelli M., Panicali P., La Corte R., Nuccio Scutellari P., Orzincolo C., et al. Colon involvement in systemic sclerosis: clinical-radiological correlations. Clin Rheumatol 1996, 15:271-276.
157. Sjölund K., Bartosik I., Lindberg G., Scheja A., Wildt M., Akesson A. Small intestinal manometry in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 17:1205-1212.
158. Gemignani L., Savarino V., Ghio M., Parodi A., Zentilin P., de Bortoli N., et al. Lactulose breath test to assess oro-cecal transit delay and estimate esophageal dysmotility in scleroderma patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013, 42:522-529.
159. Marie I. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Press Med 2006, 35:1952-1965.
160. DiMarino A.J., Carlson G., Myers A., Schumacher H.R., Cohen S. Duodenal myoelectric activity in scleroderma. Abnormal responses to mechanical and hormonal stimuli. N Engl J Med 1973, 289:1220-1223.
161. Battle W.M., Snape W.J., Wright S., Sullivan M.A., Cohen S., Meyers A., et al. Abnormal colonic motility in progressive systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1981, 94:749-752.
162. Wielosz E., Borys O., Zychowska I., Majdan M. Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2010, 120:132-136.
163. Nishimagi E., Tochimoto A., Kawaguchi Y., Satoh T., Kuwana M., Takagi K., et al. Characteristics of patients with early systemic sclerosis and severe gastrointestinal tract involvement. J Rheumatol 2007, 34:2050-2055.
164. Kaye S.A., Lim S.G., Taylor M., Patel S., Gillespie S., Black C.M. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: detection using direct and indirect methods and treatment outcome. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:265-269.
165. Parodi A., Sessarego M., Greco A., Bazzica M., Filaci G., Setti M., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients suffering from scleroderma: clinical effectiveness of its eradication. Am J Gastroenterol 2008, 103:1257-1262.
166. Furnari M., Savarino E., Bruzzone L., Moscatelli A., Gemignani L., Giannini E.G., et al. Reassessment of the role of methane production between irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012, 21:157-163.
167. Akesson A., Ekman R. Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36:698-703.
168. Akesson A., Ekman R., Prytz H., Sundler F. Tissue concentrations of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in the duodenal mucosa in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998, 16:141-148.
169. Schuffler M.D., Rohrmann C.A., Chaffee R.G., Brand D.L., Delaney J.H., Young J.H. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. A report of 27 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1981, 60:173-196.
170. Martel W., Chang S.F., Abell M.R. Loss of colonic haustration in progressive systemic sclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1976, 126:704-713.
171. Sequeira W. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in systemic sclerosis and other diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990, 19:269-277.
172. Trezza M., Krogh K., Egekvist H., Bjerring P., Laurberg S. Bowel problems in patients with systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999, 34:409-413.
173. Hamel-Roy J., Devroede G., Arhan P., Tétreault L., Duranceau A., Ménard H.A. Comparative esophageal and anorectal motility in scleroderma. Gastroenterology 1985, 88:1-7.
174. Leighton J.A., Valdovinos M.A., Pemberton J.H., Rath D.M., Camilleri M. Anorectal dysfunction and rectal prolapse in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1993, 36:182-185.
175. Robinson D., Eisenberg D., Nietert P.J., Doyle M., Bala M., Paramore C., et al. Systemic sclerosis prevalence and comorbidities in the US, 2001-2002. Curr Med Res Opin 2008, 24:1157-1166.
176. Majewski M., McCallum R.W., Sostarich S., Foran P., McCallum R.W. Efficacy of rifaximin, a nonabsorbed oral antiobiotic, in the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Am J Med Sci 2007, 333:266-270.
177. Scarpellini E., Gabrielli M., Lauritano C.E., Lupascu A., Merra G., Cammarota G., et al. High dosage rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 25:781-786.
178. Furnari M., Parodi A., Gemignani L., Giannini E.G., Marenco S., Savarino E., et al. Clinical trial: the combination of rifaximin with partially hydrolysed guar gum is more effective than rifaximin alone in eradicating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 32:1000-1006.
179. Wang S-J., Lan J-L., Chen D-Y., Chen Y.H., Hsieh T.Y., Lin W.Y. Effects of cisapride on colonic transit in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2002, 21:271-274.