Epidemiology and clinical features of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital–onset Clostridium difficile infection: A multicentre prospective study in tertiary hospitals of South Korea

Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 63, Issue , 2014, Pages 1542-1551

  Han, Sang Hoon ^a   Kim, Heejung ^a   Lee, Kyungwon ^a   Jeong, Su Jin ^a   Park, Ki Ho ^b   Song, Joon Young ^c   Seo, Yu Bin ^c   Choi, Jun Yong ^a   Woo, Jun Hee ^b   Kim, Woo Joo ^c   Kim, June Myung ^a  

^a Yonsei University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^b University of Ulsan College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^c Korea University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LOOSE FECES; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RIBOTYPING; SOUTH KOREA; TERTIARY CARE CENTER; TOXIGENIC CULTURE CONFIRMED HOSPITAL ONSET CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; UNITED KINGDOM; CLINICAL TRIAL; CROSS INFECTION; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; RISK;

BACTERIAL TOXIN;

BACTERIAL TOXINS; BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CROSS INFECTION; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ODDS RATIO; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; TERTIARY CARE CENTERS;

EID: 84908342306     PISSN: 00222615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070672-0     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Alonso, R., Martín, A., Peláez, T., Marín, M., Rodríguez-Creixéms, M. & Bouza, E. (2005). Toxigenic status of Clostridium difficile in a large Spanish teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol 54, 159–162.
2. Anand, A., Bashey, B., Mir, T. & Glatt, A. E. (1994). Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 89, 519–523.
3. Barbut, F., Richard, A., Hamadi, K., Chomette, V., Burghoffer, B. & Petit, J. C. (2000). Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 38, 2386-2388.
4. Barbut, F., Decré, D., Lalande, V., Burghoffer, B., Noussair, L., Gigandon, A., Espinasse, F., Raskine, L., Robert, J. & other authors (2005). Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains. J Med Microbiol 54, 181–185.
5. Bartlett, J. G. (1994). Clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. Clin Infect Dis 18 (Suppl. 4), S265–S272.
6. Bartlett, J. G., Chang, T. W., Gurwith, M., Gorbach, S. L. & Onderdonk, A. B. (1978). Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med 298, 531-534.
7. Bauer, M. P., Notermans, D. W., van Benthem, B. H., Brazier, J. S., Wilcox, M. H., Rupnik, M., Monnet, D. L., van Dissel, J. T., Kuijper, E. J. & ECDIS Study Group (2011). Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet 377, 63–73.
8. Bignardi, G. E. (1998). Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 40, 1–15.
9. Byun, T. J., Han, D. S., Ahn, S. B., Cho, H. S., Kim, T. Y., Eun, C. S., Jeon, Y. C., Sohn, J. H. & Kang, J. O. (2009). [Clinical characteristics and changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD)]. Korean J Gastroenterol 54, 13–19 (in Korean).
10. Clements, A. C., Magalhães, R. J., Tatem, A. J., Paterson, D. L. & Riley, T. V. (2010). Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: assessing the risks of further worldwide spread. Lancet Infect Dis 10, 395–404.
11. Crobach, M. J., Dekkers, O. M., Wilcox, M. H. & Kuijper, E. J. (2009). European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol Infect 15, 1053–1066.
12. Delmé e, M., Van Broeck, J., Simon, A., Janssens, M. & Avesani, V. (2005). Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a plea for culture. J Med Microbiol 54, 187–191.
13. Dubberke, E. R., Butler, A. M., Yokoe, D. S., Mayer, J., Hota, B., Mangino, J. E., Khan, Y. M., Popovich, K. J. & Fraser, V. J. (2010). Multicenter study of Clostridium difficile infection rates from 2000 to 2006. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31, 1030–1037.
14. Freeman, J., Bauer, M. P., Baines, S. D., Corver, J., Fawley, W. N., Goorhuis, B., Kuijper, E. J. & Wilcox, M. H. (2010). The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 23, 529–549.
15. Gilca, R., Hubert, B., Fortin, E., Gaulin, C. & Dionne, M. (2010). Epidemiological patterns and hospital characteristics associated with increased incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in Quebec, Canada, 1998-2006. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31, 939–947.
16. Goorhuis, A., Bakker, D., Corver, J., Debast, S. B., Harmanus, C., Notermans, D. W., Bergwerff, A. A., Dekker, F. W. & Kuijper, E. J. (2008). Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis 47, 1162–1170.
17. Gravel, D., Miller, M., Simor, A., Taylor, G., Gardam, M., McGeer, A., Hutchinson, J., Moore, D., Kelly, S. & other authors (2009). Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in adults admitted to acute care hospitals in Canada: a Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program Study. Clin Infect Dis 48, 568–576.
18. Henrich, T. J., Krakower, D., Bitton, A. & Yokoe, D. S. (2009). Clinical risk factors for severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Emerg Infect Dis 15, 415–422.
19. Kato, H., Kato, N., Watanabe, K., Iwai, N., Nakamura, H., Yamamoto, T., Suzuki, K., Kim, S. M., Chong, Y. & Wasito, E. B. (1998). Identification of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 36, 2178–2182.
20. Kim, B. N. (2005). Compliance with an infectious disease specialist’s advisory consultations on targeted antibiotic usage. J Infect Chemother 11, 84–88.
21. Kim, H., Jeong, S. H., Roh, K. H., Hong, S. G., Kim, J. W., Shin, M. G., Kim, M. N., Shin, H. B., Uh, Y. & other authors (2010). Investigation of toxin gene diversity, molecular epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile isolated from 12 hospitals in South Korea. Korean J Lab Med 30, 491–497.
22. Kim, H., Lee, Y., Moon, H. W., Lim, C. S., Lee, K. & Chong, Y. (2011). Emergence of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in Korea. Korean J Lab Med 31, 191–196.
23. Kim, J., Kang, J. O., Kim, H., Seo, M. R., Choi, T. Y., Pai, H., Kuijper, E. J., Sanders, I. & Fawley, W. (2013a). Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea. Clin Microbiol Infect 19, 521–527.
24. Kim, Y. S., Han, D. S., Kim, Y. H., Kim, W. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, H. S., Park, Y. S., Song, H. J. & other authors (2013b). Incidence and clinical features of Clostridium difficile infection in Korea: a nationwide study. Epidemiol Infect 141, 189–194.
25. Kuehne, S. A., Cartman, S. T., Heap, J. T., Kelly, M. L., Cockayne, A. & Minton, N. P. (2010). The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 467, 711–713.
26. Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A. & Kelly, C. P. (2000). Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 342, 390–397.
27. Kyne, L., Hamel, M. B., Polavaram, R. & Kelly, C. P. (2002). Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 34, 346–353.
28. Lee, K., Park, K. H., Jeong, S. H., Lim, H. S., Shin, J. H., Yong, D., Ha, G.-Y., Chong, Y. & KONSAR (2006). Further increase of vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium, amikacin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. in Korea: 2003 KONSAR surveillance. Yonsei Med J 47, 43–54.
29. Lee, Y. J., Choi, M. G., Lim, C. H., Jung, W. R., Cho, H. S., Sung, H. Y., Nam, K. W., Chang, J. H., Cho, Y. K. & other authors (2010). [Change of Clostridium difficile colitis during recent 10 years in Korea]. Korean J Gastroenterol 55, 169–174 (in Korean).
30. Lee, K., Kim, M. N., Kim, J. S., Hong, H. L., Kang, J. O., Shin, J. H., Park, Y. J., Yong, D., Jeong, S. H., Chong, Y. & KONSAR Group (2011). Further increases in carbapenem-, amikacin-, and fluoroquinoloneresistant isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa in Korea: KONSAR study 2009. Yonsei Med J 52, 793–802.
31. Lessa, F. C., Gould, C. V. & McDonald, L. C. (2012). Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 2), S65–S70.
32. Lo Vecchio, A. & Zacur, G. M. (2012). Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 28, 1–9.
33. O’Connor, J. R., Johnson, S. & Gerding, D. N. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. Gastroenterology 136, 1913–1924.
34. Patriarchi, F., Rolla, M., Maccioni, F., Menichella, A., Scacchi, C., Ambrosini, A., Costantino, A. & Quattrucci, S. (2011). Clostridium difficile-related pancolitis in lung-transplanted patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Transplant 25, E46–E51.
35. Pé pin, J., Valiquette, L., Alary, M. E., Villemure, P., Pelletier, A., Forget, K., Pé pin, K. & Chouinard, D. (2004). Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171, 466–472.
36. Peterson, L. R., Manson, R. U., Paule, S. M., Hacek, D. M., Robicsek, A., Thomson, R. B., Jr & Kaul, K. L. (2007). Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 45, 1152–1160.
37. Ricciardi, R., Rothenberger, D. A., Madoff, R. D. & Baxter, N. N. (2007). Increasing prevalence and severity of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the United States. Arch Surg 142, 624–631, discussion 631.
38. Riley, T. V., Brazier, J. S., Hassan, H., Williams, K. & Phillips, K. D. (1987). Comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of Clostridium difficile. Epidemiol Infect 99, 355–359.
39. Rubin, M. S., Bodenstein, L. E. & Kent, K. C. (1995). Severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 38, 350–354.
40. Safdar, N. (2012). Clostridium difficile: the emerging epidemic. Mayo Clin Proc 87, 1037–1039.
41. Shin, B. M., Kuak, E. Y., Yoo, H. M., Kim, E. C., Lee, K., Kang, J. O., Whang, D. H. & Shin, J. H. (2008a). Multicentre study of the prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Korea: results of a retrospective study 2000–2005. J Med Microbiol 57, 697–701.
42. Shin, B. M., Kuak, E. Y., Yoo, S. J., Shin, W. C. & Yoo, H. M. (2008b). Emerging toxin A2B+ variant strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for pseudomembranous colitis at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60, 333–337.
43. Shin, S., Kim, M., Kim, M., Lim, H., Kim, H., Lee, K. & Chong, Y. (2012). Evaluation of the Xpert Clostridium difficile assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Annals Lab Med 32, 355-358.
44. Stubbs, S. L., Brazier, J. S., O’Neill, G. L. & Duerden, B. I. (1999). PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol 37, 461–463.
45. Stubbs, S., Rupnik, M., Gibert, M., Brazier, J., Duerden, B. & Popoff, M. (2000). Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase(binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186, 307–312.
46. Tae, C. H., Jung, S. A., Song, H. J., Kim, S. E., Choi, H. J., Lee, M., Hwang, Y., Kim, H. & Lee, K. (2009). The first case of antibioticassociated colitis by Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 24, 520–524.
47. Terhes, G., Urbán, E., Sóki, J., Hamid, K. A. & Nagy, E. (2004). Community-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea caused by binary toxin, toxin A, and toxin B gene-positive isolates in Hungary. J Clin Microbiol 42, 4316–4318.
48. Zar, F. A., Bakkanagari, S. R., Moorthi, K. M. & Davis, M. B. (2007). A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 45, 302–307.