Measurement of gastric emptying in diabetes

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 894-903

  Phillips, Liza K ^a,b   Rayner, Chris K ^a,b   Jones, Karen L ^a   Horowitz, Michael ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^b ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Gastric emptying; Gastroparesis; Glucose homeostasis; Postprandial glycemia; Scintigraphy; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; GLUCOSE; INCRETIN; PARACETAMOL; PRAMLINTIDE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

BREATH ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC GASTROPARESIS; DIABETIC PATIENT; DRUG ABSORPTION; ECHOGRAPHY; GASTRODUODENAL MANOMETRY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; MANOMETRY; MOTILITY CAPSULE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; POSTPRANDIAL HYPOGLYCEMIA; REVIEW; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH EXAMINATION; STOMACH PARESIS; STOMACH SCINTISCANNING; TEST MEAL; TIME TO TREATMENT; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM EXAMINATION; GASTROPARESIS; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POSTPRANDIAL STATE;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; GASTRIC EMPTYING; GASTROPARESIS; HUMANS; POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD;

EID: 84908322239     PISSN: 10568727     EISSN: 1873460X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. T.L. Abell, M. Camilleri, K. Donohoe, W.L. Hasler, H.C. Lin, and A.H. Maurer Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: A joint report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 36 1 2008 44 54 (PubMed PMID: 18287197. Epub 2008/02/22. Eng)
2. S.R. Ahmad, and J. Swann Exenatide and rare adverse events New England Journal of Medicine 358 18 2008 1970 1971 (discussion 1-2, PubMed PMID: 18456920)
3. H. Ariga, K. Imai, C. Chen, C. Mantyh, T.N. Pappas, and T. Takahashi Does ghrelin explain accelerated gastric emptying in the early stages of diabetes mellitus? American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294 6 2008 R1807 R1812 (PubMed PMID: 18385464)
4. B.A. Aulinger, A. Bedorf, G. Kutscherauer, J. de Heer, J.J. Holst, and B. Goke Defining the role of GLP-1 in the enteroinsulinar axis in type 2 diabetes using DPP-4 inhibition and GLP-1 receptor blockade Diabetes 63 3 2014 1079 1092 (PubMed PMID: 24296715)
5. L.L. Baggio, and D.J. Drucker Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP Gastroenterology 132 6 2007 2131 2157 (PubMed PMID: 17498508. Epub 2007/05/15. Eng)
6. L. Benini, G. Castellani, F. Brighenti, K.W. Heaton, M.T. Brentegani, and M.C. Casiraghi Gastric emptying of a solid meal is accelerated by the removal of dietary fibre naturally present in food Gut 36 6 1995 825 830 (PubMed PMID: 7615267. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1382616)
7. A.E. Bharucha, M. Camilleri, L.A. Forstrom, and A.R. Zinsmeister Relationship between clinical features and gastric emptying disturbances in diabetes mellitus Clinical Endocrinology 70 3 2009 415 420 (PubMed PMID: 18727706. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3899345)
8. W. Brener, T.R. Hendrix, and P.R. McHugh Regulation of the gastric emptying of glucose Gastroenterology 85 1 1983 76 82 (PubMed PMID: 6852464)
9. M. Camilleri Clinical practice. Diabetic gastroparesis New England Journal of Medicine 356 8 2007 820 829 (PubMed PMID: 17314341)
10. M. Camilleri, H.P. Parkman, M.A. Shafi, T.L. Abell, and L. Gerson American College of G. clinical guideline: Management of gastroparesis American Journal of Gastroenterology 108 1 2013 18 37 (quiz 8. PubMed PMID: 23147521. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3722580. Epub 2012/11/14. eng)
11. D. Cassilly, S. Kantor, L.C. Knight, A.H. Maurer, R.S. Fisher, and J. Semler Gastric emptying of a non-digestible solid: Assessment with simultaneous SmartPill pH and pressure capsule, antroduodenal manometry, gastric emptying scintigraphy Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 20 4 2008 311 319 (PubMed PMID: 18194154)
12. F. Cavalot, A. Petrelli, M. Traversa, K. Bonomo, E. Fiora, and M. Conti Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 3 2006 813 819 (PubMed PMID: 16352690)
13. J. Chang, C.K. Rayner, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz Diabetic gastroparesis and its impact on glycemia Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 39 4 2010 745 762 (PubMed PMID: 21095542)
14. J. Chang, C.K. Rayner, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz Diabetic gastroparesis - Backwards and forwards Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 26 Suppl 1 2011 46 57 (PubMed PMID: 21199514)
15. J. Chang, A. Russo, M. Bound, C.K. Rayner, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz A 25-year longitudinal evaluation of gastric emptying in diabetes Diabetes Care 35 12 2012 2594 2596 (PubMed PMID: 22891253. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3507555)
16. J.L. Chiasson, R.G. Josse, R. Gomis, M. Hanefeld, A. Karasik, and M. Laakso Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: The STOP-NIDDM trial JAMA 290 4 2003 486 494 (PubMed PMID: 12876091)
17. P.J. Collins, M. Horowitz, D.J. Cook, P.E. Harding, and D.J. Shearman Gastric emptying in normal subjects - A reproducible technique using a single scintillation camera and computer system Gut 24 12 1983 1117 1125 (PubMed PMID: 6642275. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1420248)
18. B. Corvilain, M. Abramowicz, F. Fery, A. Schoutens, M. Verlinden, and E. Balasse Effect of short-term starvation on gastric emptying in humans: Relationship to oral glucose tolerance The American Journal of Physiology 269 4 Pt 1 1995 G512 G517 (PubMed PMID: 7485502)
19. A.M. Deane, M.J. Chapman, R.J. Fraser, M.J. Summers, A.V. Zaknic, and J.P. Storey Effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on gastric emptying and glucose absorption in the critically ill: Relationship to glycemia Critical Care Medicine 38 5 2010 1261 1269 (PubMed PMID: 20228679)
20. F.Y. Enc, N. Imeryuz, L. Akin, T. Turoglu, F. Dede, and G. Haklar Inhibition of gastric emptying by acarbose is correlated with GLP-1 response and accompanied by CCK release American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281 3 2001 G752 G763 (PubMed PMID: 11518688)
21. J. Forster, I. Damjanov, Z. Lin, I. Sarosiek, P. Wetzel, and R.W. McCallum Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis and correlation with clinical findings Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 9 1 2005 102 108 (PubMed PMID: 15623450)
22. R.J. Fraser, M. Horowitz, A.F. Maddox, P.E. Harding, B.E. Chatterton, and J. Dent Hyperglycaemia slows gastric emptying in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 33 11 1990 675 680 (PubMed PMID: 2076799)
23. D. Gentilcore, B. Bryant, J.M. Wishart, H.A. Morris, M. Horowitz, and K.L. Jones Acarbose attenuates the hypotensive response to sucrose and slows gastric emptying in the elderly The American Journal of Medicine 118 11 2005 1289 (PubMed PMID: 16271921)
24. S.J. Gibbons, P.J. Verhulst, A. Bharucha, and G. Farrugia Review article: Carbon monoxide in gastrointestinal physiology and its potential in therapeutics Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38 7 2013 689 702 (PubMed PMID: 23992228. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3788684)
25. S. Gonlachanvit, C.W. Hsu, G.H. Boden, L.C. Knight, A.H. Maurer, and R.S. Fisher Effect of altering gastric emptying on postprandial plasma glucose concentrations following a physiologic meal in type-II diabetic patients Digestive Diseases and Sciences 48 3 2003 488 497 (PubMed PMID: 12757160)
26. M. Grover, C.E. Bernard, P.J. Pasricha, M.S. Lurken, M.S. Faussone-Pellegrini, and T.C. Smyrk Clinical-histological associations in gastroparesis: Results from the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 24 6 2012 531 539 (e249)
27. M. Grover, G. Farrugia, M.S. Lurken, C.E. Bernard, M.S. Faussone-Pellegrini, and T.C. Smyrk Cellular changes in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis Gastroenterology 140 5 2011 1575 1585 (e8. PubMed PMID: 21300066. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3081914)
28. G. Grunberger Novel therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Part 1. Pramlintide and bromocriptine-QR Journal of Diabetes 5 2 2013 110 117 (PubMed PMID: 23452312)
29. W.L. Hasler Dumping Syndrome Current treatment options in gastroenterology 5 2 2002 139 145 (PubMed PMID: 11879594)
30. C.L. He, E.E. Soffer, C.D. Ferris, R.M. Walsh, J.H. Szurszewski, and G. Farrugia Loss of interstitial cells of cajal and inhibitory innervation in insulin-dependent diabetes Gastroenterology 121 2 2001 427 434 (PubMed PMID: 11487552)
31. M. Horowitz, K.M. Cunningham, J.M. Wishart, K.L. Jones, and N.W. Read The effect of short-term dietary supplementation with glucose on gastric emptying of glucose and fructose and oral glucose tolerance in normal subjects Diabetologia 39 4 1996 481 486 (PubMed PMID: 8777999)
32. M. Horowitz, M.A. Edelbroek, J.M. Wishart, and J.W. Straathof Relationship between oral glucose tolerance and gastric emptying in normal healthy subjects Diabetologia 36 9 1993 857 862 (PubMed PMID: 8405758)
33. M. Horowitz, K.L. Jones, C.K. Rayner, and N.W. Read 'Gastric' hypoglycaemia - An important concept in diabetes management Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 18 6 2006 405 407 (PubMed PMID: 16700718)
34. M. Horowitz, A.F. Maddox, J.M. Wishart, P.E. Harding, B.E. Chatterton, and D.J. Shearman Relationships between oesophageal transit and solid and liquid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 18 4 1991 229 234 (PubMed PMID: 2070801. Epub 1991/01/01. Eng)
35. M. Horowitz, D. O'Donovan, K.L. Jones, C. Feinle, C.K. Rayner, and M. Samsom Gastric emptying in diabetes: Clinical significance and treatment Diabetic Medicine 19 3 2002 177 194 (PubMed PMID: 11918620)
36. M. Horowitz, C.K. Rayner, and K.L. Jones Mechanisms and clinical efficacy of lixisenatide for the management of type 2 diabetes Advances in Therapy 30 2 2013 81 101 (PubMed PMID: 23423907)
37. M. Horowitz, Y.C. Su, C.K. Rayner, and K.L. Jones Gastroparesis: Prevalence, clinical significance and treatment Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology Journal Canadien de Gastroenterologie 15 12 2001 805 813 (PubMed PMID: 11773947)
38. K.L. Jones, M. Horowitz, B.I. Carney, J.M. Wishart, S. Guha, and L. Green Gastric emptying in early noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Journal of Nuclear Medicine 37 10 1996 1643 1648 (PubMed PMID: 8862300)
39. K.L. Jones, M. Horowitz, M.J. Wishart, A.F. Maddox, P.E. Harding, and B.E. Chatterton Relationships between gastric emptying, intragastric meal distribution and blood glucose concentrations in diabetes mellitus Journal of Nuclear Medicine 36 12 1995 2220 2228 (PubMed PMID: 8523109. Epub 1995/12/01. Eng)
40. K.L. Jones, A. Russo, M.K. Berry, J.E. Stevens, J.M. Wishart, and M. Horowitz A longitudinal study of gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus The American Journal of Medicine 113 6 2002 449 455 (PubMed PMID: 12427492)
41. K.L. Jones, A. Russo, J.E. Stevens, J.M. Wishart, M.K. Berry, and M. Horowitz Predictors of delayed gastric emptying in diabetes Diabetes Care 24 7 2001 1264 1269 (PubMed PMID: 11423513)
42. P. Kashyap, and G. Farrugia Diabetic gastroparesis: What we have learned and had to unlearn in the past 5 years Gut 59 12 2010 1716 1726 (PubMed PMID: 20871131. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2996823)
43. P. Kassander Asymptomatic gastric retention in diabetics (gastroparesis diabeticorum) Annals of Internal Medicine 48 4 1958 797 812 (PubMed PMID: 13521605)
44. O.G. Kolterman, J.B. Buse, M.S. Fineman, E. Gaines, S. Heintz, and T.A. Bicsak Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 7 2003 3082 3089 (PubMed PMID: 12843147)
45. M.F. Kong, P. King, I.A. Macdonald, T.A. Stubbs, A.C. Perkins, and P.E. Blackshaw Infusion of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, delays gastric emptying in men with IDDM Diabetologia 40 1 1997 82 88 (PubMed PMID: 9028722)
46. M.F. Kong, T.A. Stubbs, P. King, I.A. Macdonald, J.E. Lambourne, and P.E. Blackshaw The effect of single doses of pramlintide on gastric emptying of two meals in men with IDDM Diabetologia 41 5 1998 577 583 (PubMed PMID: 9628276)
47. A. Kumar, A. Attaluri, S. Hashmi, K.S. Schulze, and S.S. Rao Visceral hypersensitivity and impaired accommodation in refractory diabetic gastroparesis Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 20 6 2008 635 642 (PubMed PMID: 18282170)
48. P. Kuo, D. Gentilcore, N. Nair, J.E. Stevens, J.M. Wishart, and K. Lange The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Ng-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester, attenuates the delay in gastric emptying induced by hyperglycaemia in healthy humans Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 21 11 2009 1175-e103 (PubMed PMID: 19460102)
49. H.C. Lin, G.W. Van Citters, X.T. Zhao, and A. Waxman Fat intolerance depends on rapid gastric emptying Digestive Diseases and Sciences 44 2 1999 330 335 (PubMed PMID: 10063919)
50. H. Linnebjerg, S. Park, P.A. Kothare, M.E. Trautmann, K. Mace, and M. Fineman Effect of exenatide on gastric emptying and relationship to postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes Regulatory Peptides 151 1-3 2008 123 129 (PubMed PMID: 18675854)
51. T.J. Little, A.N. Pilichiewicz, A. Russo, L. Phillips, K.L. Jones, and M.A. Nauck Effects of intravenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on gastric emptying and intragastric distribution in healthy subjects: Relationships with postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 5 2006 1916 1923 (PubMed PMID: 16492694. Epub 2006/02/24. eng)
52. J. Lysy, E. Israeli, N. Strauss-Liviatan, and E. Goldin Relationships between hypoglycaemia and gastric emptying abnormalities in insulin-treated diabetic patients Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 18 6 2006 433 440 (PubMed PMID: 16700722)
53. J. Ma, H.L. Checklin, J.M. Wishart, J.E. Stevens, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz A randomised trial of enteric-coated nutrient pellets to stimulate gastrointestinal peptide release and lower glycaemia in type 2 diabetes Diabetologia 56 6 2013 1236 1242 (PubMed PMID: 23471488)
54. J. Ma, A.N. Pilichiewicz, C. Feinle-Bisset, J.M. Wishart, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz Effects of variations in duodenal glucose load on glycaemic, insulin, and incretin responses in type 2 diabetes Diabetic Medicine 29 5 2012 604 608 (PubMed PMID: 22004512)
55. C.S. Marathe, C.K. Rayner, M. Bound, H. Checklin, S. Standfield, and J. Wishart Small intestinal glucose exposure determines the magnitude of the incretin effect in health and type 2 diabetes Diabetes 2014 10.2337/db13-1757 (Epub ahead of print)
56. C.S. Marathe, C.K. Rayner, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones Diabetes Care 36 5 2013 1396 1405 (PubMed PMID: 23613599. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3631884. Epub 2013/04/25. eng)
57. J.J. Meier GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 8 12 2012 728 742 (PubMed PMID: 22945360)
58. J.J. Meier, G. Kemmeries, J.J. Holst, and M.A. Nauck Erythromycin antagonizes the deceleration of gastric emptying by glucagon-like peptide 1 and unmasks its insulinotropic effect in healthy subjects Diabetes 54 7 2005 2212 2218 (PubMed PMID: 15983224)
59. L. Monnier, H. Lapinski, and C. Colette Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: Variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c) Diabetes Care 26 3 2003 881 885 (PubMed PMID: 12610053. Epub 2003/03/01. Eng)
60. J. Mourot, P. Thouvenot, C. Couet, J.M. Antoine, A. Krobicka, and G. Debry Relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods in young healthy adults American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 4 1988 1035 1040 (PubMed PMID: 3048076)
61. M.A. Nauck, G. Kemmeries, J.J. Holst, and J.J. Meier Rapid tachyphylaxis of the glucagon-like peptide 1-induced deceleration of gastric emptying in humans Diabetes 60 5 2011 1561 1565 (PubMed PMID: 21430088. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3292331)
62. R.A. Noel, D.K. Braun, R.E. Patterson, and G.L. Bloomgren Increased risk of acute pancreatitis and biliary disease observed in patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study Diabetes Care 32 5 2009 834 838 (PubMed PMID: 19208917. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2671118)
63. T. Nonaka, Y. Sekino, H. Iida, E. Yamada, H. Ohkubo, and E. Sakai Early effect of single-dose sitagliptin administration on gastric emptying: Crossover study using the (13)C breath test Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 19 2 2013 227 232 (PubMed PMID: 23667754. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3644659)
64. D.G. O'Donovan, S. Doran, C. Feinle-Bisset, K.L. Jones, J.H. Meyer, and J.M. Wishart Effect of variations in small intestinal glucose delivery on plasma glucose, insulin, and incretin hormones in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 7 2004 3431 3435 (PubMed PMID: 15240627)
65. D. O'Donovan, T. Hausken, Y. Lei, A. Russo, J. Keogh, and M. Horowitz Effect of aging on transpyloric flow, gastric emptying, and intragastric distribution in healthy humans - Impact on glycemia Digestive Diseases and Sciences 50 4 2005 671 676 (PubMed PMID: 15844700)
66. D.R. Owens, L. Monnier, and G.B. Bolli Differential effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on components of dysglycaemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes & Metabolism 39 6 2013 485 496 (PubMed PMID: 24156868)
67. H.P. Parkman, W.L. Hasler, and R.S. Fisher American Gastroenterological A. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis Gastroenterology 127 5 2004 1592 1622 (PubMed PMID: 15521026)
68. W.T. Phillips, J.G. Schwartz, and C.A. McMahan Rapid gastric emptying of an oral glucose solution in type 2 diabetic patients Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 33 8 1992 1496 1500 (PubMed PMID: 1634941)
69. T.R. Pieber, G.A. Brunner, W.J. Schnedl, S. Schattenberg, P. Kaufmann, and G.J. Krejs Evaluation of a structured outpatient group education program for intensive insulin therapy Diabetes Care 18 5 1995 625 630 (PubMed PMID: 8585999)
70. A.N. Pilichiewicz, R. Chaikomin, I.M. Brennan, J.M. Wishart, C.K. Rayner, and K.L. Jones Load-dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 293 3 2007 E743 E753 (PubMed PMID: 17609258)
71. R.J. Playford, C. Pither, R. Gao, and S.J. Middleton Use of the alpha glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in patients with 'Middleton syndrome': Normal gastric anatomy but with accelerated gastric emptying causing postprandial reactive hypoglycemia and diarrhea Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 27 7 2013 403 404 (PubMed PMID: 23862171)
72. M.P. Plummer, K.L. Jones, C.E. Annink, C.E. Cousins, J.J. Meier, and M.J. Chapman Glucagon-like peptide 1 attenuates the acceleration of gastric emptying induced by hypoglycemia in healthy subjects Diabetes Care 37 6 2014 1509 1515
73. C.K. Rayner, M. Samsom, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control Diabetes Care 24 2 2001 371 381 (PubMed PMID: 11213895)
74. C.K. Rayner, M.A. Verhagen, G.S. Hebbard, A.C. DiMatteo, S.M. Doran, and M. Horowitz Proximal gastric compliance and perception of distension in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Effects of hyperglycemia The American Journal of Gastroenterology 95 5 2000 1175 1183 (PubMed PMID: 10811324)
75. M. Riddle, G. Umpierrez, A. DiGenio, R. Zhou, and J. Rosenstock Contributions of basal and postprandial hyperglycemia over a wide range of A1C levels before and after treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 34 12 2011 2508 2514 (PubMed PMID: 22028279. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3220846)
76. A. Russo, J.E. Stevens, R. Chen, D. Gentilcore, R. Burnet, and M. Horowitz Insulin-induced hypoglycemia accelerates gastric emptying of solids and liquids in long-standing type 1 diabetes Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 8 2005 4489 4495 (PubMed PMID: 15899955. Epub 2005/05/19. Eng)
77. P. Sachdeva, N. Malhotra, M. Pathikonda, U. Khayyam, R.S. Fisher, and A.H. Maurer Gastric emptying of solids and liquids for evaluation for gastroparesis Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56 4 2011 1138 1146 (PubMed PMID: 21365240)
78. M. Samsom, L.A. Szarka, M. Camilleri, A. Vella, A.R. Zinsmeister, and R.A. Rizza Pramlintide, an amylin analog, selectively delays gastric emptying: Potential role of vagal inhibition American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 278 6 2000 G946 G951 (PubMed PMID: 10859225)
79. M. Samsom, J.R. Vermeijden, A.J. Smout, E. Van Doorn, J. Roelofs, and P.S. Van Dam Prevalence of delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients and relationship to dyspeptic symptoms: A prospective study in unselected diabetic patients Diabetes Care 26 11 2003 3116 3122 (PubMed PMID: 14578248)
80. E. Schvarcz, M. Palmer, J. Aman, M. Horowitz, M. Stridsberg, and C. Berne Physiological hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in normal subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Gastroenterology 113 1 1997 60 66 (PubMed PMID: 9207262)
81. J.G. Schwartz, G.M. Green, D. Guan, C.A. McMahan, and W.T. Phillips Rapid gastric emptying of a solid pancake meal in type II diabetic patients Diabetes Care 19 5 1996 468 471 (PubMed PMID: 8732711)
82. J.G. Schwartz, C.A. McMahan, G.M. Green, and W.T. Phillips Gastric emptying in Mexican Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40 3 1995 624 630 (PubMed PMID: 7895557)
83. A.S. Shin, and M. Camilleri Diagnostic assessment of diabetic gastroparesis Diabetes 62 8 2013 2667 2673 (PubMed PMID: 23881199. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3717858)
84. J.E. Stevens, O.H. Gilja, D. Gentilcore, T. Hausken, M. Horowitz, and K.L. Jones Measurement of gastric emptying of a high-nutrient liquid by 3D ultrasonography in diabetic gastroparesis Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 23 3 2011 220 225 (e113-4)
85. J.E. Stevens, M. Horowitz, C.F. Deacon, M. Nauck, C.K. Rayner, and K.L. Jones The effects of sitagliptin on gastric emptying in healthy humans - A randomised, controlled study Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 36 4 2012 379 390 (PubMed PMID: 22738299)
86. J.E. Stevens, K.L. Jones, C.K. Rayner, and M. Horowitz Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis: Current and future perspectives Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 14 9 2013 1171 1186 (PubMed PMID: 23663133)
87. G. Tougas, E.Y. Eaker, T.L. Abell, H. Abrahamsson, M. Boivin, and J. Chen Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: Establishment of international control values American Journal of Gastroenterology 95 6 2000 1456 1462 (PubMed PMID: 10894578)
88. L.G. Trahair, M. Horowitz, C.K. Rayner, D. Gentilcore, K. Lange, and J.M. Wishart Comparative effects of variations in duodenal glucose load on glycemic, insulinemic, and incretin responses in healthy young and older subjects Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97 3 2012 844 851 (PubMed PMID: 22238398. Epub 2012/01/13. eng)
89. M.M. Umapathysivam, M.Y. Lee, K.L. Jones, C.E. Annink, C.E. Cousins, and L.G. Trahair Comparative effects of prolonged and intermittent stimulation of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor on gastric emptying and glycemia Diabetes 63 2 2014 785 790 (PubMed PMID: 24089511. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3900552)
90. A. Vella, G. Bock, P.D. Giesler, D.B. Burton, D.B. Serra, and M.L. Saylan Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition on gastrointestinal function, meal appearance, and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes Diabetes 56 5 2007 1475 1480 (PubMed PMID: 17303799)
91. A. Vinik, A. Nakave, and P. Chuecos Mdel A break in the brake mechanism in diabetes: A cause of postprandial hyperglycemia Diabetes Care 31 12 2008 2410 2413 (PubMed PMID: 19033422. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2584204)
92. B.E. Viramontes, D.Y. Kim, M. Camilleri, J.S. Lee, D. Stephens, and D.D. Burton Validation of a stable isotope gastric emptying test for normal, accelerated or delayed gastric emptying Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 13 6 2001 567 574 (PubMed PMID: 11903917)
93. C.C. Watkins, A. Sawa, S. Jaffrey, S. Blackshaw, R.K. Barrow, and S.H. Snyder Insulin restores neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and function that is lost in diabetic gastropathy Journal of Clinical Investigation 106 3 2000 373 384 (PubMed PMID: 10930440. Pubmed Central PMCID: 314323)
94. T. Wu, M.J. Bound, S.D. Standfield, K.L. Jones, M. Horowitz, and C.K. Rayner Effects of taurocholic acid on glycemic, glucagon-like peptide-1, and insulin responses to small intestinal glucose infusion in healthy humans Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 98 4 2013 E718 E722 (PubMed PMID: 23418316)
95. D. Ziegler, P. Schadewaldt, A. Pour Mirza, R. Piolot, B. Schommartz, and M. Reinhardt [13C]octanoic acid breath test for non-invasive assessment of gastric emptying in diabetic patients: Validation and relationship to gastric symptoms and cardiovascular autonomic function Diabetologia 39 7 1996 823 830 (PubMed PMID: 8817107)