Cultural diversity and paleomobility in the Andean Middle Horizon: Radiogenic strontium isotope analyses in the San Pedro de Atacama oases of Northern Chile

Latin American Antiquity

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 170-188

  Knudson, Kelly J ^a   Torres Rouff, Christina ^b,c  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908225535     PISSN: 10456635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7183/1045-6635.25.2.170     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abercrombie, Thomas A. 1998 Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
2. Alcock, Susan, Terence N. D'Altroy, Kathleen D. Morrison, and Carla M. Sinopoli (editors) 2001 Empires: Archaeological and Historical Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Anderson, Karen 2009 Tiwanaku Influence on Local Drinking Patterns in Cochabamba, Bolivia. In Drink, Power, and Society in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda J. Bowser, pp. 167-199. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
4. Andrushko, Valerie A., Michele R. Buzon, Arminda M. Gibaja, Gordon F. McEwan, Antonio Simonetti, and Robert A. Creaser 2011 Investigating a Child Sacrifice Event from the Inca Heartland. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(2):323-333.
5. Andrushko, Valerie A., Michele R. Buzon, Antonio Simonetti, and Robert A. Creaser 2009 Strontium Isotope Evidence for Prehistoric Migration at Chokepukio, Valley of Cuzco, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 20(1):57-75.
6. Argollo, Jaime, Leocadio Ticcla, Alan L. Kolata, and Oswaldo Rivera 1996 Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils of the Tiwanaku and Catari River Basins. In Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Volume 1, edited by Alan L. Kolata, pp. 57-88. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
7. Barón Parra, Ana María 2004 Excavación del Cementerio Larache, Conde Duque en San Pedro de Atacama. In Tiwanaku: aproximaciones a sus contextos históricos y sociales, edited by Mario Rivera and Alan L. Kolata, pp. 67-98. Colección Estudios Regionales, Santiago, Chile.
8. Benavente Aninat, Maria Antonia, Claudio Massone Mezzano, and Carlos Thomas Winter 1986 Larrache, evidencias atipicas. Tihuanaco en San Pedro de Atacama? Chungará 16-17:67-73.
9. Bentley, R. Alexander 2006 Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 13(3):135-187.
10. Bentley, R. Alexander, T. Douglas Price, and Elisabeth Stephan 2004 Determining the "Local" 87Sr/86Sr Range for Archaeological Skeletons: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:365-375.
11. Berenguer, José (editor) 2000 Tiwanaku: Señores del Lago Sagrado. Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Santiago de Chile.
12. Berenguer, José, and Percy Dauelsberg 1988 El Norte Grande en la orbita de Tiwanaku (400 a 1.200 d.C.). In Culturas de Chile: Prehistoria desde sus orígenes hasta los albores de la conquista, edited by Jorge Hidalgo, Virgilio Schiappacasse, Hans Niemeyer, Carlos Aldunate and Ivan Solimano, pp. 129-180. Editorial Andres Bello, Santiago.
13. Blom, Deborah E. 2005a Embodying Borders: Human Body Modification and Diversity in Tiwanaku Society. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24(1):1-24.
14. 2005b A Bioarchaeological Approach to Tiwanaku Group Dynamics. In Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 153-182. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles.
15. Boschetti, T., G. Cortecci, M. Barbieri and M. Mussi 2007 New and Past Geochemical Data on Fresh to Brine Waters of the Salar de Atacama and Andean Altiplano, Northern Chile. Geofluids 7(1):33-50.
16. Bravo, Leandro, and Agustín Llagostera 1986 Solcor-3: Un aporte al conocimiento de la cultura San Pedro. Periodo 500 al 900 d.C. Chungará 16-17:323-332.
17. Buzon, Michele R., Christina A. Conlee, Antonio Simonettii, and Gabriel J. Bowen 2012 The Consequences of Wari Contact in the Nasca Region during the Middle Horizon: Archaeological, Skeletal, and Isotopic Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(8):2627-2636.
18. Caballero, Geraldine B. 1984 El Tiwanaku en Cochabamba. Arqueología Boliviana 1:67-72.
19. Cocilovo, José A., and María V. Zavattieri 1994 Biología del grupo prehistórico de Coyo Oriental (San Pedro de Atacama, Norte de Chile): II Deformación craneana artificial. Estudios Atacameños 11:135-143.
20. Conklin, William J., and Barbara Malllon Conklin 2007 An Aguada Textile in an Atacamenian Context. Andean Past 8:407-448.
21. Conlee, Christina A., Michele R. Buzon, Aldo Noriega Gutierrez, Antonio Simonetti, and Robert A. Creaser 2009 Identifying Foreigners versus Locals in a Burial Population from Nasca, Peru: An Investigation Using Strontium Isotope Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(12):2755-2764.
22. Costa Junqueira, María Antonietta 1988 Reconstitución física y cultural de la población tardía del cementerio de Quitor-6 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacameños 9:99-126.
23. Costa Junqueira, María Antonietta, and Agustín Llagostera 1994 Coyo-3: Momentos finales del periodo medio en San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 11:73-143.
24. Coudrain, Anne, Michel Loubet, Thomas Condom, Amal Talbi, Pierre Ribstein, Bernard Pouyaud, Jorge Quintanilla, Claudine Dieulin, and Bernard Dupre 2002 Données isotopiques (87Sr/86Sr) et changements hydrologiques depuis 15 000 ans sur l'Altiplano andin (Isotopic Data (87Sr/86Sr) and Hydrological Changes during the Last 15,000 Years on the Andean Altiplano). Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(2):293-306.
25. Doyle, Michael W. 1986 Empires. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
26. Evans, Jane A., and Sarah Tatham 2004 Defining "Local Signature" in Terms of Sr Isotope Composition Using a Tenth- to Twelfth-Century Anglo-Saxon Population Living on a Jurassic Clay-Carbonate Terrain, Rutland, UK. Forensic Geoscience: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 232:237-248.
27. Francis, P. W., S. Moorbath and R.S. Thorpe 1977 Strontium Isotope Data for Recent Andesites in Ecuador and North Chile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37(2):197-202.
28. Francis, P. W., R. S. Thorpe, S. Moorbath, G. A. Kretzschmar and M. Hammill 1980 Strontium Isotope Evidence for Crustal Contamination of Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks from Cerro Galan, Northwest Argentina. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48(2):257-267.
29. Goldstein, Paul S. 2005 Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South America Empire. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
30. 2009 Diasporas within the Ancient State: Tiwanaku as Ayllus in Motion. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 277-302. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
31. Goldstein, Paul S., and Mario Rivera 2005 Arts of Greater Tiwanaku: An Expansive Culture in Historical Context. In Tiwanaku: Ancestors of the Inka, edited by Margaret Young-Sánchez, pp. 150-185. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
32. Grove, Matthew J., Paul A. Baker, Scott L. Cross, Catherine A. Rigsby, and Geoffrey O. Seltzer 2003 Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194:281-297.
33. Hawkesworth, Christopher J., M. Hammill, A.R. Gledhill, P. van Calsteren, and Graeme Rogers 1982 Isotope and Trace Element Evidence for Late-Stage Intra-Crustal Melting in the High Andes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 58:240-254.
34. Higueras-Hare, Alváro 2001 El Periodo Intermedio (Horizonte Medio) en los valles del Cochabamba: Una perspectiva del análisis de asentamientos humanos y uso de tierras. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:25-646.
35. Houston, John 2006a Variability of Precipitation in the Atacama Desert: Its Causes and Hydrological Impact. International Journal of Climatology 26(15):2181-2198.
36. 2006b The Great Atacama Flood of 2001 and Its Implications for Andean Hydrology. Hydrological Processes 20(3):591-610.
37. Hubbe, Mark, and Christina Torres-Rouff 2013 The Sequence of Human Occupation in the Atacama Oases, Chile: A Radiocarbon Chronology Based on Human Skeletal Remains. Latin American Antiquity 24(3):330-344.
38. Hubbe, Mark, Christina Torres-Rouff, Walter Alves Neves, Laura M. King, Pedro Da-Gloria, and Maria Antonietta Costa 2012 Dental Health in Northern Chile's Atacama Oases: Evaluating the Middle Horizon (A.D. 500-1000) Impact on Local Diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:62-72.
39. James, David E. 1982 A Combined O, Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopic and Trace Element Study of Crustal Contamination in Central Andean Lavas, I. Local Geochemical Variations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 57:47-62.
40. Janusek, John Wayne 2004 Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities through Time. Routledge, London.
41. 2008 Ancient Tiwanaku. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42. Knudson, Kelly J. 2007 La influencia de Tiwanaku en San Pedro de Atacama: una investigación utilizando el análisis de isótopes del estroncio. Estudios Atacameños 33:7-24.
43. 2008 Tiwanaku Influence in the South Central Andes: Strontium Isotope Analysis and Middle Horizon Migration. Latin American Antiquity 19(1):3-23.
44. 2011 Identifying Archaeological Human Migration Using Biogeochemistry: Case Studies from the South Central Andes. In Rethinking Anthropological Perspectives on Migration, edited by Graciela S. Cabana and Jeffrey Clark, pp. 231-247. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.
45. Knudson, Kelly J., and Deborah E. Blom 2009 The Complex Relationship between Tiwanaku Mortuary Identity and Geographic Origin in the South Central Andes. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Chrisopher M. Stojanowski, pp. 194-211. Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, Clark Spencer Larson, general editor, University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.
46. Knudson, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger 2012 Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(2):479-491.
47. Knudson, Kelly J., William J. Pestle, Christina Torres-Rouff, and Gonzalo Pimentel 2012 Assessing the Life History of an Andean Traveler through Biogeochemistry: Stable and Radiogenic Isotope Analyses of Archaeological Human Remains from Northern Chile. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22(4):435-451.
48. Knudson, Kelly J., and T. Douglas Price 2007 Utility of Multiple Chemical Techniques in Archaeological Residential Mobility Studies: Case Studies from Tiwanaku- and Chiribaya-Affiliated Sites in the Andes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132(1):25-39.
49. Knudson, Kelly J., T. Douglas Price, Jane E. Buikstra, and Deborah E. Blom 2004 The Use of Strontium Isotope Analysis to Investigate Tiwanaku Migration and Mortuary Ritual in Bolivia and Peru. Archaeometry 46(1):5-18.
50. Knudson, Kelly J., and Christina Torres-Rouff 2009 Investigating Cultural Heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile through Biogeochemistry and Bioarchaeology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138(4):473-485.
51. Knudson, Kelly J., and Tiffiny A. Tung 2011 Investigating Regional Mobility in the Southern Hinterland of the Wari Empire: Biogeochemistry at the Site of Beringa, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145(2):299-310.
52. Knudson, Kelly J., Tiffiny Tung, Kenneth C. Nystrom, T. Douglas Price, and Paul D. Fullagar 2005 The Origin of the Juch'uypampa Cave Mummies: Strontium Isotope Analysis of Archaeological Human Remains from Bolivia. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:903-913.
53. Knudson, Kelly J., Hope M. Williams, Jane E. Buikstra, Paula Tomczak, Gwyneth Gordon, and Ariel D. Anbar 2010 Introducing d88/86Sr Analysis in Archaeology: A Demonstration of the Utility of Strontium Isotope Fractionation in Paleodietary Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2010):2352-2364.
54. Knudson, Kelly J., Sloan R. Williams, Rebecca Osborne, Kathleen Forgey, and Patrick Ryan Williams 2009 The Geographic Origins of Nasca Trophy Heads in the Kroeber Collection Using Strontium, Oxygen, and Carbon Isotope Data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28(2):244-257.
55. Kolata, Alan L. 1993 The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Blackwell, Oxford.
56. 1996 Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
57. 2003 Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations of an Andean Civilization: Urban and Rural Archaeology. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry, Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
58. Lechtman, Heather 2003 Middle Horizon Bronze: Centers and Outliers. In Patterns and Process: A Festschrift in Honor of Edward V. Sayre, edited by Lambertus van Zelst, pp. 248-268. Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, Suitland, Maryland.
59. Lechtman, Heather, and Andrew Macfarlane 2005 La metalurgia del bronce en los Andes Sur Centrales: Tiwanaku y San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 30:7-27.
60. Lechtman, Heather, and Andrew Macfarlane 2006 Bronce y redes de intercambio andino durante el Horizone Medio: Tiwanaku y San Pedro de Atacama. In Esferas de interacción prehistóricas y fronters nacionales modernas: los Andes sur centrales, edited by Heather Lechtman, pp. 503-539. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.
61. Lewis, Cecil M., and Anne C. Stone 2005 MtDNA Diversity at the Archaeological Site of Chen Chen in Perú. In Biomolecular Archaeology: Genetic Approaches to the Past: Proceedings from the 19th Annual Visiting Scholar Conference, edited by David M. Reed, pp. 47-60. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
62. Llagostera, Agustín 1995 Art in the Snuff Trays of San Pedro de Atacama (Northern Chile). In Andean Art: Visual Expression and Its Relation to Andean Beliefs and Values, edited by Penny Dransart, pp. 51-77. Worldwide Archaeology Series, Vol.13, Avebury, Aldershot.
63. 1996 San Pedro de Atacama: Nodo de complementaridad reticular. In La integración sur andina cinco siglos después, edited by Xavier Albó, María Inés Anatia, Jorge Hidalgo, Lautaro Nuñez, Agustín Llagostera, María Isabel Remy and Bruno Revesz, pp. 17-42. Universidad Católica del Norte de Antofogasta, Chile, Antofogasta, Chile.
64. 2006 Contextualización e iconografñia de las tabletas psicotrópicas Tiwanaku de San Pedro de Atacama. Chungará 28(1):83-111.
65. Llagostera, Agustín, Constantino Manuel Torres, and Maria Antonietta Costa 1988 El complejo psicotrópico en Solcor-3 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacameños 9:61-98.
66. Lucas, Cristin A. 2012 People on the Move: Examining Tiwanaku State Expansion in the Cochabamba Valley through Strontium Isotope Analysis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona Univesity, Flagstaff, Arizona.
67. Magaritz, M., R. Aravena, H. Pena, O. Suzuki and A. Grilli 1990 Source of Ground Water in the Deserts of Northern Chile: Evidence of Deep Circulation of Ground Water from the Andes. Ground Water 28(4):513-517.
68. Nado, Kristin L., Sara J. Marsteller, Laura M. King, Blair M. Daverman, Christina Torres-Rouff, and Kelly J. Knudson 2012 Examining Local Social Identities through Patterns of Biological and Cultural Variation in the Solcor Ayllu, San Pedro de Atacama. Chungará 44(2):341-357.
69. Nester, Peter L., Eugenia Gayo, Claudio Latorre, Teresa E. Jordan, and Nicolás Blanco 2007 Perennial Stream Discharge in the Hyperarid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile during the Latest Pleistocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(50):19724-19729.
70. Nielsen-Marsh, Christina M., and Robert E. Hedges 2000 Patterns of Diagenesis in Bone II: Effects of Acetic Acid Treatment and the Removal of Diagenetic CO3. Journal of Archaeological Science 27(12):1151-1159.
71. Niemeyer, Hermann M. 2013 On the Provenience of Wood Used in the Manufacture of Snuff Trays from San Pedro de Atacama (Northern Chile). Journal of Archaeological Science 40(1):398-404.
72. O'Callaghan, L. J., and P. W. Francis 1986 Volcanological and Petrological Evolution of San Pedro Volcano, Provincia El Loa, North Chile. Journal of the Geological Society 143(2):275-286.
73. Oakland Rodman, Amy 1992 Textiles and Ethnicity: Tiwanaku in San Pedro de Atacama, North Chile. Latin American Antiquity 3(4):316-340.
74. 1994 Tradición e inovación en la prehistoria andina de San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 11:109-120.
75. Placzek, Christa J., Jay Quade, and P. Jonathan Patchett 2011 Isotopic Tracers of Paleohydrologic Change in Large Lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano. Quaternary Research 75(1):231-244.
76. Pochettino, M., A. Cortella and M. Ruiz 1999 Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material. Economic Botany 53(2):127-132.
77. Price, T. Douglas, Jennifer Blitz, James H. Burton, and Joseph Ezzo 1992 Diagenesis in Prehistoric Human Bone: Problems and Solutions. Journal of Archaeological Science 19:513-529.
78. Price, T. Douglas, James H. Burton, and R. Alexander Bentley 2002 The Characterization of Biologically Available Strontium Isotope Ratios for the Study of Prehistoric Migration. Archaeometry 44(1):117-136.
79. Rogers, Graeme, and Christopher J. Hawkesworth 1989 A Geochemical Traverse across the North Chilean Andes: Evidence for Crust Generation from the Mantle Wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 91:271-285.
80. Sillen, Andrew, and R. LeGros 1991 Solubility Profiles of Synthetic Apatites and of Modern and Fossil Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:661-672.
81. Slovak, Nicole M., and Adina Paytan 2011 Applications of Sr Isotopes in Archaeology. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 36, edited by Mark Baskaran, pp. 743-768. Springer, New York.
82. Slovak, Nicole M., Adina Paytan, and Bettina A. Wiegand 2009 Reconstructing Middle Horizon Mobility Patterns on the Coast of Peru through Strontium Isotope Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(1):157-165.
83. Stanish, Charles 2003 Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. University of California Press, Berkeley.
84. Stanish, Charles, Edmundo de la Vega, Michael Moseley, Patrick Ryan Williams, Cecilia Chavez J., Benjamin Vining, and Karl LaFavre 2010 Tiwanaku Trade Patterns in Southern Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29(4):524-532.
85. Stein, Gil J. 2005 The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters: Comparative Perspectives. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series:445.
86. Stimson, J., S. Frape, R. Drimmie, and D. Rudolph 2001 Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence of Regional-Scale Anisotropy and Interconnectivity of an Alluvial Fan System, Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia. Applied Geochemistry 16(9-10):1097-1114.
87. Stovel, Emily 2001 Patrones funerarios de San Pedro de Atacama y el problema de la presencia de los contextos tiwanaku. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:375-398.
88. 2008 Interaction and Social Fields in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 979-1002. Springer, New York.
89. Sutter, Richard C. 2009 Prehistoric Population Dynamics in the Andes. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 9-38. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
90. Tamblay, Javier 2004 El cementerio Larache, los metales y la estratificación social durante el horizonte Tiwanaku en San Pedro de Ata cama. In Tiwanaku: aproximaciones a sus contextos históricos y sociales, edited by Mario Rivera and Alan L. Kolata, pp. 31-66. Colección Estudios Regionales, Santiago, Chile.
91. Torres, Constantino M. 1985 Estilo e iconografia Tiwanaku en las tabletas para inhalar substancias psicoactivas. Dialogo Andino 4:223-245.
92. 1987 The Iconography of the Prehispanic Snuff Trays from San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. Andean Past 1:191-245.
93. 2001 Iconografía Tiwanaku en la parafernalia inhalatoria de los Andes centro-sur. Boletín de Arqueología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú 5:427-454.
94. Torres, Constantino M., and William J. Conklin 1995 Exploring the San Pedro de Atacama/ Tiwanaku Relationship. In Andean Art: Visual Expression and Its Relation to Andean Beliefs and Values, edited by Penny Dransart, pp. 78-108. Worldwide Archaeology Series, Vol.13, Avebury, Aldershot.
95. Torres, Constantino M., and David B. Repke 2006 Adadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America. The Haworth Press, New York.
96. Torres, Constantino M., David B. Repke, Kelvin Chan, Dennis McKenna, Agustín Llagostera, and Richard Evan Schultes 1991 Snuff Powders from Pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and Contextual Analysis. Current Anthropology 32(5):640-649.
97. Torres-Rouff, Christina 2008 The Influence of Tiwanaku on Life in the Chilean Atacama: Mortuary and Bodily Perspectives. American Anthropologist 110(3):325-337.
98. 2009 The Bodily Expression of Ethnic Identity: Head Shaping in the Chilean Atacama. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Christopher M. Stojanowski, pp. 212-277. Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, Clark Spencer Larson, general editor, University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.
99. 2011 Hiding Inequality beneath Prosperity: Patterns of Cranial Injury in Middle Period San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(1):28-37.
100. Torres-Rouff, Christina, and Kelly J. Knudson 2007 Examining the Life History of an Individual from Solcor 3, San Pedro de Atacama: Combining Bioarchaeology and Archaeological Chemistry. Chungará39(2):235-257.
101. Torres-Rouff, Christina, William J. Pestle, and Francisco Gallardo 2012 Eating Fish in the Driest Desert in the World: Osteological and Biogeochemical Analyses of Human Skeletal Remains from the San Salvador Cemetery, North Chile. Latin American Antiquity 23(1):51-69.
102. Torres-Rouff, Christina, Kelly J. Knudson, and Mark Hubbe 2013 Issues of Affinity: Exploring Population Structure in the Middle and Regional Developments Period of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152(3):370-382.
103. Tung, Tiffiny A., and Kelly J. Knudson 2008 Social Identities and Geographical Origins of Wari Trophy Heads from Conchopata, Peru. Current Anthropology 49(5):915-925.
104. 2010 Childhood Lost: Abductions, Sacrifice, and Trophy Heads of Children in the Wari Empire. Latin American Anquity 21(1):44-66.
105. 2011 Identifying Locals, Migrants, and Captives in the Wari Heartland: A Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Study of Human Remains from Conchopata, Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30(3):247-261.
106. Turner, Bethany L., George D. Kamenov, John D. Kingston, and George J. Armelagos 2009 Insights into Immigration and Social Class at Machu Picchu, Peru based on Oxygen, Strontium, and Lead Isotopic Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):317-332.
107. Uribe Rodríguez, Mauricio, and Carolina Agüero Piwonka 2001 Alfarería, textiles y la integración del Norte Grande de Chile a Tiwanaku. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:397-427.
108. Varela, Héctor H., Tyler G. O'Brien, and José A. Cocilovo 2008 The Genetic Divergence of Prehistoric Populations of the South-Central Andes as Established by Means of Craniometric Traits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137(3):274-282.
109. Varela, Hector Hugo, and José A. Cocilovo 2000 Structure of the Prehistoric Population of San Pedro de Atacama. Current Anthropology 41(1):125-132.
110. Vargas, Bertha 1994 Informe sobre tumbas intactas (334) excavadas durante el Proyecto 'Rescate Arqueológico en el Cementerio de Chen Chen, Moquegua', Manuscript on file at Museo Contisuyo, Moquegua, Peru.
111. Veizer, Jan 1989 Strontium Isotopes in Seawater through Time. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1:141-167.
112. Wright, Lori E. 2005 Identifying Immigrants to Tikal, Guatemala: Defining Local Variability in Strontium Isotope Ratios of Human Tooth Enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(4):555-566.