Assessing the life history of an andean traveller through biogeochemistry: Stable and radiogenic isotope analyses of archaeological human remains from northern chile

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 435-451

  Knudson, K J ^a   Pestle, W J ^b   Torres Rouff, C ^c,d   Pimentel, G ^c  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE   (Chile)

^d Department of Chemistry   (United States)

Author keywords

Atacama Desert; Carbon isotopes; Late Formative Period; Nitrogen isotopes; Oxygen isotopes; Strontium isotopes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864855115     PISSN: 1047482X     EISSN: 10991212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/oa.1217     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Ambrose SH.1990.Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis.Journal of Archaeological Science17:430-451.
2. Ambrose SH.1991.Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs.Journal of Archaeological Science18:293-317.
3. Ambrose SH.1993.Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: methodological and interpretive considerations. InInvestigations in Ancient Human Tissue: Chemical Analyses in Anthropology, Sandford MK (ed.).Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: Langhorne, PA;59-130.
4. Ambrose SH, DeNiro MJ.1987.Bone nitrogen isotope composition and climate.Nature325:201.
5. Ambrose SH, Norr L.1993.Experimental evidence for the relationship of carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. InPrehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, Lambert J, Grupe G (eds).Springer-Verlag: Berlin;1-38.
6. Balcaen L, Schrijver ID, Moens L, Vanhaecke F.2005.Determination of the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio in USGS silicate reference materials by multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry24:251-255.
7. Bentley RA.2006.Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: A review.Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory13:135-187.
8. Bentley RA, Buckley HR, Spriggs M, Bedford S, Ottley CJ, Nowell GM, Macpherson CG, Pearson DG.2007.Lapita migrants in the pacific's oldest cemetery: Isotopic analysis at Teouma, Vanuatu.American Antiquity72:645-656.
9. Betancourt JL, Latorre C, Rech JA, Quade J, Rylander KA.2000.A 22, 000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from Northern Chile's Atacama Desert.Science289:1542.
10. Blum JD, Taliaferro EH, Weisse MT, Holmes RT.2000.Changes in Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios between trophic levels in two forest ecosystems in the Northeastern USA.Biogeochemistry49:87-8101.
11. Bobst AL, Lowenstein TK, Jordan TE, Godfrey LV, Ku T-L, Luo S.2001.A 106ka paleoclimate record from drill core of the Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology173:21-42.
12. Boschetti T, Cortecci G, Barbieri M, Mussi M.2007.New and past geochemical data on fresh to brine waters of the Salar de Atacama and Andean Altiplano, Northern Chile.Geofluids7:33-50.
13. Bowen GJ, Wilkinson B.2002.Spatial distribution of {delta}18O in meteoric precipitation.Geology30:315-318.
14. Budd P, Montgomery J, Barreiro B, Thomas RG.2000.Differential diagenesis of strontium in archaeological human dental tissues.Applied Geochemistry15:687-694.
15. Budd P, Montgomery J, Cox A, Krause P, Barreiro B, Thomas RG.1998.The distribution of lead within ancient and modern human teeth: Implications for long-term and historical exposure modeling.The Science of the Total Environment220:121-136.
16. Burger RL, van der Merwe NJ.1990.Maize and the origins of highland Chavin civilization.American Anthropologist92:85-95.
17. Burton JH, Price TD, Cahue L, Wright L.2003.The use of barium and strontium abundances in human skeletal tissues to determine their geographic origins.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology13:88-195.
18. Calvin M, Benson AA.1948.The path of carbon in photosynthesis.Science107:476-480.
19. Carr TEF, Harrison GE, Loutit JF, Sutton A.1962.Movement of strontium in the human body.British Medical Journal2:773-775.
20. Cases B, Rees C, Pimentel G, Labarca R, Leiva D.2008.Sugerencias desde un contexto funeraria en un "espacio vacío" del desierto de Atacama.Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolumbino.13:51-70.
21. Chisholm BS, Nelson DE, Schwarcz HP.1982.Stable-carbon isotope ratios as a measure of marine versus terrestrial protein in ancient diets.Science216:1131-1132.
22. Cho H, Stout SD, Bishop TA.2006.Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs.American Journal of Physical Anthropology130:214-226.
23. Clark BJ, Wilkie LA.2006.The prism of self: gender and personhood. InHandbook of Gender in Archaeology, Nelson SM (ed.).AltaMira Press: Lanham, Md;333-364.
24. Coplen TB.1994.Reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope abundances.Pure and Applied Chemistry66:271-276.
25. Courteix D, Lespessailles E, Jaffre C, Obert P, Benhamou C.1999.Bone mineral acquisition and somatic development in highly trained girl gymnasts.Acta Paediatrica88:803-809.
26. Craig H.1961a.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters.Science133:1702-1703.
27. Craig H.1961b.Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural waters.Science133:1833-1834.
28. Dansgaard W.1964.Stable isotopes in precipitation.Tellus16:436-468.
29. DeNiro MJ, Epstein S.1978.Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta25:495-506.
30. DeNiro MJ, Epstein S.1981.Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta45:341-351.
31. DeNiro MJ, Hastorf CA.1985.Alteration of 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios of plant matter during the initial stages of diagenesis: Studies utilizing archaeological specimens from Peru.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta49:97-115.
32. Ehleringer JR, Bowen GJ, Chesson LA, West AG, Podlesak DW, Cerling TE.2008.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in human hair are related to geography.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences105:2788-2793.
33. Elias M.1980.The feasibility of dental strontium analysis for diet-assessment of human populations.American Journal of Physical Anthropology53:1-4.
34. Epstein S, Mayeda T.1953.Variation of O18 content of waters from natural sources.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta4:213-224.
35. Ericson JE.1985.Strontium isotope characterization in the study of prehistoric human ecology.Journal of Human Evolution14:503-514.
36. Falabella F, Planella MT, Tykot RH.2008.El maíz (Zea mays) en el mundo Prehispánico de Chile Central.Latin American Antiquity19:25-46.
37. Faure G.1986.Principles of Isotope Geology.John Wiley: New York.
38. Finucane B, Agurto PM, Isbell W.2006.Human and animal diet at Conchopata, Peru: Stable isotope evidence for maize agriculture and animal management practices during the Middle Horizon.Journal of Archaeological Science33:1766-1776.
39. Finucane BC.2009.Maize and sociopolitical complexity in the Ayacucho Valley, Peru.Current Anthropology50:535-545.
40. Fowler C.2004.The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach.Routledge: London.
41. Francis PW, Moorbath S, Thorpe RS.1977.Strontium isotope data for recent andesites in Ecuador and North Chile.Earth and Planetary Science Letters37:197-202.
42. Fry B.2007.Stable Isotope Ecology.Springer: New York.
43. Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Sage NE, Harris DA, O'Connell TC, Hedges REM.2005.Nitrogen balance and [delta]15N: Why you're not what you eat during nutritional stress.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry19:2497-2506.
44. Gat JR.1996.Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the hydrologic cycle.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences24:225-262.
45. Gilchrist R.2000.Archaeological biographies: Realizing human lifecycles, -courses, and -histories.World Archaeology31:325-328.
46. Gleiser I, Hunt EE Jr. 1955.The permanent mandibular first molar: Its calcification, eruption, and decay.American Journal of Physical Anthropology13:253-281.
47. Grove MJ, Baker PA, Cross SL, Rigsby CA, Seltzer GO.2003.Application of strontium isotopes to understanding the hydrology and paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology194:281-297.
48. Hancock RGV, Grynpass MD, Akesson K, Obrant KB, Turnquist JB, Kessler MJ.1993.Baselines and variabilites of major and trace elements in bone. InPrehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, Lambert JB, Grupe G (eds).Springer-Verlag: New York;189-201.
49. Hancock RGV, Grynpass MD, Protzker KPH.1989.Abuses of bone analysis for archaeological dietary studies.Archaeometry31:169-179.
50. Harris EF.2007.Mineralization of the mandibular third molar: A study of american blacks and whites.American Journal of Physical Anthropology132:98-109.
51. Hastorf C.1990.The effect of the Inka state on Sausa agricultural production and crop consumption.American Antiquity55:262-290.
52. Hatch MD, Slack CR.1966.Photosynthesis by sugarcane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation.Biochemical Journal101:103-111.
53. Hatch MD, Slack CR, Johnson HS.1967.Further studies on a new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane, and its occurrence in other species.Biochemical Journal102:417-422.
54. Hawkesworth CJ, Hammill M, Gledhill AR, van Calsteren P, Rogers G.1982.Isotope and trace element evidence for late-stage intra-crustal melting in the High Andes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters58:240-254.
55. Hedges RE.2002.Bone diagenesis: An overview of progress.Archaeometry44:319-328.
56. Hedges REM, Clement JG, Thomas CDL, O'Connell TC.2007.Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: Modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements.American Journal of Physical Anthropology133:808-816.
57. Hillson S.1996.Dental Anthropology.Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
58. Hodder I.2000.Agency and individuals in long-term processes. InAgency in Archaeology, Dobres M-A, Robb JE (eds).Routledge: New York;21-33.
59. Horn P, Holzl S, Rummel S, Aberg G, Schiegel S, Biermann D, Struck U, Rossman A.2009.Humans and camelids in river oases of the Ica-Palpa-Nazca region in pre-Hispanic times-insights from H-C-N-O-S-Sr isotope signatures. InNew Technologies for Archaeology, Reindel M, Wagner GA (eds).Springer-Verlag: Berlin;173-192.
60. Houston J.2006.Variability of precipitation in the Atacama Desert: Its causes and hydrological impact.International Journal of Climatology26:2181-2198.
61. Hückstädt LA, Rojas CP, Antezana T.2007.Stable isotope analysis reveals pelagic foraging by the southern sea lion in Central Chile.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology347:123-133.
62. IAEA/WMO. 2006. Global network of isotopes in precipitation. The GNIP database. Accessible at http://isohis.iaea.org
63. Izeta AD, Laguens AG, Marconetto MB, Scattolin MC.2009.Camelid handling in the meridional Andes during the first millennium AD: A preliminary approach using stable isotopes.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology19:204-214.
64. James DE.1982.A combined O, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic and trace element study of crustal contamination in Central Andean lavas, I. local geochemical variations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters57:47-62.
65. Jim S, Ambrose SH, Evershed RP.2004.Stable carbon isotopic evidence for differences in the dietary origin of bone cholesterol, collagen and apatite: Implications for their use in palaeodietary reconstruction.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta68:61-72.
66. Katzenberg MA.2000.Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet, demography and life history. InBiological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR (eds).Wiley-Liss: New York;305-328.
67. Kellner CM, Schoeninger MJ.2007.A simple carbon isotope model for reconstructing prehistoric human diet.American Journal of Physical Anthropology133:1112-1127.
68. Kellner CM, Schoeninger MJ.2008.Wari's imperial influence on local Nasca diet: The stable isotope evidence.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology27:226-243.
69. Knudson KJ.2007.La influencia de Tiwanaku en San Pedro de Atacama: Una investigación utilizando el análisis de isótopes del estroncio.Estudios Atacameños33:7-24.
70. Knudson KJ.2008.Tiwanaku influence in the South Central Andes: Strontium isotope analysis and Middle Horizon migration.Latin American Antiquity19:3-23.
71. Knudson KJ.2009.Oxygen isotope analysis in a land of environmental extremes: The complexities of isotopic work in the Andes.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology19:171-191.
72. Knudson KJ, Aufderheide AE, Buikstra JE.2007.Seasonality and paleodiet in the Chiribaya polity of Southern Peru.Journal of Archaeological Science34:451-462.
73. Knudson KJ, Buikstra JE.2007.Residential mobility and resource use in the Chiribaya polity of Southern Peru: Strontium isotope analysis of archaeological tooth enamel and bone.International Journal of Osteoarchaeology17:563-580.
74. Knudson KJ, Price TD.2007.Utility of multiple chemical techniques in archaeological residential mobility studies: Case studies from Tiwanaku- and Chiribaya-affiliated sites in the Andes.American Journal of Physical Anthropology132:25-39.
75. Knudson KJ, Torres-Rouff C.2009.Investigating cultural heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile through biogeochemistry and bioarchaeology.American Journal of Physical Anthropology138:473-485.
76. Knudson KJ, Tung T, Nystrom KC, Price TD, Fullagar PD.2005.The origin of the Juch'uypampa cave mummies: Strontium isotope analysis of archaeological human remains from Bolivia.Journal of Archaeological Science32:903-913.
77. Knudson KJ, Williams HM, Buikstra JE, Tomczak P, Gordon G, Anbar AD.2010.Introducing δ88/86Sr analysis in archaeology: A demonstration of the utility of strontium isotope fractionation in paleodietary studies.Journal of Archaeological Science27:2352-2364.
78. Koch PL.1998.Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences26:573-613.
79. Koch PL, Tuross N, Fogel M.1997.The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite.Journal of Archaeological Science24:417-429.
80. Kohn MJ, Schoeninger MJ, Barker WW.1999.Altered states: Effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta63:2737-2747.
81. Kortshack HP, Hart CE, Burr CO.1965.Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves.Plant Physiology40:209-213.
82. Kramer W, Siebel W, Romer RL, Haase G, Zimmer M, Ehrlichmann R.2005.Geochemical and isotopic characteristics and evolution of the Jurassic volcanic arc between Arica (18°30'S) and Tocopilla (22°S), North Chilean Coastal Cordillera.Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry65:47-78.
83. Kulp JL, Schulert AR.1962.Strontium-90 in Man V.Science136:619-632.
84. Lee-Thorp J, Sponheimer M.2003.Three case studies used to reassess the reliability of fossil bone and enamel isotope signals for paleodietary studies.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology22:208-216.
85. Lee-Thorp JA.2008.On isotopes and old bones.Archaeometry50:925-950.
86. Lee-Thorp JA, Sealy JC, Merwe NJvd.1989.Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet.Journal of Archaeological Science16:585-599.
87. Longin R.1971.New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating.Nature230:241-242.
88. Lubec G, Nauer G, Seifert K, Strouhal E, Porteder H, Szilvassy J, Teschler M.1987.Structural stability of hair over three thousand years.Journal of Archaeological Science14:113-230.
89. Macko SA, Engel MH, Andrusevich V, Lubec G, Connell TCO, Hedges REM.1999.Documenting the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences35:65-76.
90. Mariotti A.1983.Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements.Nature303:685-687.
91. McCullagh JSO, Tripp JA, Hedges REM.2005.Carbon isotope analysis of bulk keratin and single amino acids from British and North American hair.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry19:3227-3231.
92. Messerli B, Grosjean M, Bonani G, Bürgi A, Geyh MA, Graf K, Ramseyer K, Romero H, Schotterer U, Schreier H, Vuille M.1993.Climate change and natural resource dynamics of the Atacama Altiplano during the last 18, 000 years: A preliminary synthesis.Mountain Research and Development13:117-127.
93. Minagawa M, Wada E.1984.Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between [delta]15N and animal age.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta48:1135-1140.
94. Montgomery J, Budd P, Cox A, Krause P, Thomas RG.1999.LA-ICP-MS evidence for the distribution of lead and strontium in Romano-British, medieval and modern human teeth: Implications for life history and exposure reconstruction. InMetals in Antiquity, Young SMM, Pollard AM, Budd P, Ixer RA (eds). BAR International Series No. 792, British Archaeological Reports: Oxford;290-296.
95. Montgomery J, Evans JA, Powlesland D, Roberts CA.2005.Continuity or colonization in Anglo-Saxon England? Isotope evidence for mobility, subsistence practice, and status at West Heslerton.American Journal of Physical Anthropology126:123-138.
96. Montgomery J, Evans JE, Cooper RE.2007.Resolving archaeological populations with 87Sr/86Sr mixing diagrams.Applied Geochemistry22:1502-1514.
97. Mulhern DM.2000.Rib remodeling dynamics in a skeletal population from Kulubnarti, Nubia.American Journal of Physical Anthropology111:519-530.
98. Mulhern DM, Van Gerven DP.1997.Patterns of femoral bone remodeling dynamics in a medieval Nubian population.American Journal of Physical Anthropology104:133-146.
99. Murra JV.1972.El 'control vertical' de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economía de las sociedades andinas. InVisita de la Provincia de Leon de Huanuco en 1562, Murra JV (ed.).Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan: Huanuco;429-476.
100. Murra JV.1985 "El Archipielago Vertical" revisited. InAndean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity, Masuda S, Shimada I, Morris C (eds).University of Tokyo Press: Tokyo;3-14.
101. Nester PL, Gayo E, Latorre C, Jordan TE, Blanco N.2007.Perennial stream discharge in the hyperarid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile during the latest Pleistocene.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104:19724-19729.
102. Nielsen A.2006.Estudios internodales e interacción interregional en los Andes Circumpuneños: Teoría, método y ejemplos de aplicación. InEsferas de Interacción Prehistóricas y Fronteras Nacionales Modernas en los Andes Sur Centrales, Lechtman H (ed.).Instituto de Estudios Peruanos e Institute of Andean Research: Lima;29-62.
103. Núñez L, Dillehay T.1995.Movilidad Giratoria, Armonía Social y Desarrollo en los Andes Meridionales: Patrones de Tráfico e Interacción Económica.Universidad Católica del Norte: Antofagasta.
104. Núñez L, Grosjean M.1994.Cambios ambientales Pleistoceno-Holocénicos: Ocupación humana y uso de recursos en la puna de Atacama (Norte de Chile).Estudios Atacameños11:11-24.
105. Núñez L, Grosjean M, Cartajena I.2002.Human occupations and climate change in the Puna de Atacama, Chile.Science298:821-824.
106. O'Brien DM, Wooller MJ.2007.Tracking human migration using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses of hair and urine.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry21:2422-2430.
107. O'Callaghan LJ, Francis PW.1986.Volcanological and petrological evolution of San Pedro Volcano, Provincia El Loa, North Chile.Journal of the Geological Society143:275-286.
108. O'Connell TC, Hedges REM.1999a.Investigations into the effect of diet on modern human hair isotopic values.American Journal of Physical Anthropology108:409-425.
109. O'Connell TC, Hedges REM.1999b.Isotopic comparison of hair and bone: Archaeological analyses.Journal of Archaeological Science26:661-665.
110. O'Connell TC, Hedges REM, Healey MA, Simpson AHRW.2001.Isotopic comparison of hair, nail and bone: Modern analyses.Journal of Archaeological Science28:1247-1255.
111. Olze A, van Niekerk P, Schmidt S, Wernecke K-D, Rosing FW, Geserick G, Schumeling A.2006.Studies on the progress of third-molar mineralisation in a Black African population.HOMO-Journal of Comparative Human Biology57:209-217.
112. Parada MA, Nyström JO, Levi B.1999.Multiple sources for the coastal batholith of Central Chile (31-34°S): Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence and tectonic implications.Lithos46:505-521.
113. Parfitt AM.1983.The physiologic and clinical significance of bone histomorphometric data. InBone Histomorphometry: Techniques and Interpretation, Recker RR (ed.).CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, Florida;143-223.
114. Pimentel G, Rees C, Souza Pd, Arancibia L.2010a.Viajeros costeros y caravaneros. Dos estrategias de movilidad transversal del Período Formativo (Desierto de Atacama, Chile). InViajeros en Ruta: Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía del Tráfico Surandino, Núñez L, Nielsen A (eds).Ed. Brujas: Córdoba.
115. Pimentel G, Rees C, Souza Pd, Ayala P.2010b.Estrategias de movilidad del Período Formativo en la Depresión Intermedia, Desierto de Atacama. InActas del XVII Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena, (eds).Sociedad Chilena de Arqueología, Universidad Austral de Chile. Ediciones Kultrún: Valdivia;1353-1364.
116. Price TD.2008.Isotopes and human migration: Case studies in biogeochemistry. InBetween Biology and Culture, Schutkowski H (ed.).Cambridge University Press: Cambridge;243-272.
117. Price TD, Blitz J, Burton JH, Ezzo J.1992.Diagenesis in prehistoric human bone: Problems and solutions.Journal of Archaeological Science19:513-529.
118. Price TD, Burton JH, Bentley RA.2002.The characterization of biologically available strontium isotope ratios for the study of prehistoric migration.Archaeometry44:117-136.
119. Price TD, Johnson CM, Ezzo JA, Ericson J, Burton JH.1994.Residential mobility in the prehistoric southwest United States: A preliminary study using strontium isotope analysis.Journal of Archaeological Science21:315-330.
120. Price TD, Tiesler V, Burton JH.2006.Early African diaspora in Colonial Campeche, Mexico: Strontium isotopic evidence.American Journal of Physical Anthropology130:485-490.
121. Prowse TL, Schwarcz HP, Garnsey P, Knyf M, Macchiarelli R, Bondioli L.2007.Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome.American Journal of Physical Anthropology132:510-519.
122. Quade J, Rech JA, Latorre C, Betancourt JL, Gleeson E, Kalin MTK.2007.Soils at the hyperarid margin: The isotopic composition of soil carbonate from the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta71:3772-3795.
123. Randall VA, Ebling FJ.1991.Seasonal changes in human hair growth.British Journal of Dermatology124:146-151.
124. Ranson SL, Thomas M.1960.Crassulacean acid metabolism.Annual Review of Plant Physiology11:81-110.
125. Richards MP, Greer S, Beattie O, Mackie A, Evershed RP, Finster Av, Southon J.2007.Radiocarbon dating and dietary stable isotope analysis of Kwaday Dän Ts'inchí.American Antiquity72:719-733.
126. Roberts SB, Coward WA, Ewing G, Savage J, Cole TJ, Lucas A.1988.Effect of weaning on accuracy of doubly labeled water method in infants.American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology254:R622-627.
127. Rogers G, Hawkesworth CJ.1989.A geochemical traverse across the North Chilean Andes: Evidence for crust generation from the mantle wedge.Earth and Planetary Science Letters91:271-285.
128. Roy DM, Hall R, Mix AC, Bonnichsen R.2005.Using stable isotope analysis to obtain dietary profiles from old hair: A case study from Plains Indians.American Journal of Physical Anthropology128:444-452.
129. Sandford MK, Kissling GE.1993.Chemical analyses of human hair: Anthropological applications. InInvestigations of Ancient Human Tissue: Chemical Analyses in Anthropology, Sandford MK (ed.).Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: New York;131-166.
130. Schoeninger MJ.1985.Trophic level effects on 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in bone collagen and strontium levels in bone mineral.Journal of Human Evolution14:515-525.
131. Schoeninger MJ, DeNiro MJ.1984.Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta48:625-639.
132. Schoeninger MJ, DeNiro MJ, Tauber H.1983.Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet.Science220:1381-1383.
133. Sealy J, Armstrong R, Schrire C.1995.Beyond lifetime averages: Tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons.Antiquity69:290-300.
134. Sharp ZD.2007.Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry.Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
135. Sillen A.1989.Diagenesis of the inorganic phase of cortical bone. InThe Chemistry of Prehistoric Human Bone, Price TD (ed.).Cambridge University Press: Cambridge;211-228.
136. Sillen A, LeGros R.1991.Solubility profiles of synthetic apatites and of modern and fossil bone.Journal of Archaeological Science16:661-672.
137. Stein M, Starinsky A, Goldstein SL, Katz A, Machlus M, Schramm A.1997.Strontium isotopic, chemical, and sedimentological evidence for the evolution of Lake Lisan and the Dead Sea.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta61:3975-3992.
138. Stodder ALW, Palkovich AM.2007.Individuals and populations: Complementary domains in bioarchaeology.American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement44:226.
139. Tieszen LL, Chapman M.1992.Carbon and nitrogen isotopic status of the major marine and terrestrial resources in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. InProceedings of the First World Congress on Mummy Studies, (eds).Museo Arqueológico y Etnográfico de Tenerife: Tenerife;409-425.
140. Tomczak P.2003.Prehistoric diet and socio-economic relationships within the Osmore Valley of Southern Peru.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology22:262-278.
141. Torres-Rouff C, Knudson KJ.2007.Examining the life history of an individual from Solcor 3, San Pedro de Atacama: Combining bioarchaeology and archaeological chemistry.Chungara39:235-257.
142. Tuross N, Behrensmeyer AK, Eanes ED.1989.Strontium increases and crystallinity changes in taphonomic and archaeological bone.Journal of Archaeological Science16:661-672.
143. Tykot RH, Staller JE.2002.The importance of early maize agriculture in Coastal Ecuador: New data from La Emerenciana.Current Anthropology43:666-677.
144. Valkovic V.1988.Human Hair Volume I: Fundamentals and Methods for Measurement of Elemental Composition.CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, FL.
145. Van Buren M.1996.Rethinking the vertical archipelago: Ethnicity, exchange, and history in the South Central Andes.American Anthropologist98:328-351.
146. van Klinken GJ.1999.Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements.Journal of Archaeological Science26:687-695.
147. Veizer J.1989.Strontium isotopes in seawater through time.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences1:141-167.
148. Waldron HA.1981.Postmortem absorption of lead by the skeleton.American Journal of Physical Anthropology55:395-398.
149. Waldron HA.1983.On the post-mortem accumulation of lead by skeletal tissues.Journal of Archaeological Science10:35-40.
150. Waldron HA, Khera A, Walker G, Wibberly G, Green CJS.1979.Lead concentrations in bones and soil.Journal of Archaeological Science6:295-298.
151. Warinner C, Tuross N.2009.Alkaline cooking and stable isotope tissue-diet spacing in swine: Archaeological implications.Journal of Archaeological Science36:1690-1697.
152. Whipkey CE, Capo RC, Chadwick OA, Stewart BW.2000.The importance of sea spray to the cation budget of a Coastal Hawaiian soil: A strontium isotope approach.Chemical Geology168:37-48.
153. White CD, Longstaffe FJ, Pendergast DM, Maxwell J.2009a.Cultural embodiment and the enigmatic identity of the lovers from Lamanai. InBioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, Knudson KJ, Stojanowski CM (eds).University Press of Florida: Tallahassee;155-176.
154. White CD, Nelson AJ, Longstaffe FJ, Grupe G, Jung A.2009b.Landscape bioarchaeology at Pacatnamu, Peru: Inferring mobility from [delta]13C and [delta]15N values of hair.Journal of Archaeological Science36:1527-1537.
155. Williams L.2007.The eleven percent solution? Reducing growth cycle error in isotopic analysis of hair segments using tissue rehydration and phase identification.American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement44:250.
156. Wilson AS, Taylor T, Ceruti MC, Chavez JA, Reinhard J, Grimes V, Meier-Augenstein W, Cartmell L, Stern B, Richards MP, Worobey M, Barnes I, Gilbert MTP.2007.Stable isotope and DNA evidence for ritual sequences in inca child sacrifice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104:16456-16461.
157. Wolfe BB, Aravena R, Abbott MB, Seltzer GO, Gibson JJ.2001.Reconstruction of paleohydrology and paleohumidity from oxygen isotope records in the Bolivian Andes.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology176:177-192.