Spatial management of Indian Ocean tropical tuna fisheries: Potential and perspectives

ICES Journal of Marine Science

Volumn 71, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 1728-1749

  Kaplan, David M ^a   Chassot, Emmanuel ^a   Amandé, Justin M ^a   Dueri, Sibylle ^a   Demarcq, Hervé ^a   Dagorn, Laurent ^a   Fonteneau, Alain ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

Bycatch; Indian Ocean; Marine protected areas (MPAs); Pelagic conservation; Spatial management of fisheries; Tropical tuna fisheries

Indexed keywords

BYCATCH; CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; JUVENILE; MIGRATION ROUTE; MOBILITY; PELAGIC ECOSYSTEM; PERCIFORM; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

INDIAN OCEAN; SOMALIA;

SCOMBRIDAE;

EID: 84908187230     PISSN: 10543139     EISSN: 10959289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fst233     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Adam, M., and Sibert, J. 2002. Population dynamics and movements of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Maldivian fishery: analysis of tagging data from an advection-diffusion-reaction model. Aquatic Living Resources, 15: 13-23.
2. Alcala, A., Russ, G., Maypa, A., and Calumpong, H. 2005. A long-term, spatially replicated experimental test of the effect of marine reserves on local fish yields. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62: 98-108.
3. Amandè, M., Chassot, E., Chavance, P., Murua, H., Delgado de Molina, A., and Bez, N. 2012. Precision in bycatch estimates: the case of tuna purse-seine fisheries in the Indian Ocean. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1501-1510.
4. Apostolaki, P., Milner-Gulland, E., McAllister, M., and Kirkwood, G. 2002. Modelling the effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59: 405-415.
5. Barr, L. M., and Possingham, H. P. 2013. Are outcomes matching policy commitments in Australian marine conservation planning? Marine Policy, 42: 39-48.
6. Blake, R.W. 2004. Fish functional design and swimming performance. Journal of Fish Biology, 65: 1193-1222.
7. Block, B., Jonsen, I., Jorgensen, S., Winship, A., Shaffer, S., Bograd, S., Hazen, E., et al. 2011. Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature, 475: 86-90.
8. Botsford, L., Brumbaugh, D., Grimes, C., Kellner, J., Largier, J., O'Farrell, M., Ralston, S., et al. 2009. Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the gap between conventional fisheries management and marine protected areas. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 19: 69-95.
9. Botsford, L.W., Hastings, A., and Gaines, S.D. 2001. Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance. Ecology Letters, 4: 144-150.
10. th edn, pp. 75-86. Ed. by J. B. Shipley. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
11. Butterworth, D. S., Brandao, A., de Moor, C. L., Robinson, W., and Coetzee, J. C. (2011). Claim by Pichegru et al. that marine no-take zone benefits penguins remains premature. Biology Letters. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/4/498.abstract/reply#roybiolett-el-15 (last accessed 7 October 2013).
12. Chang, S-K., Hoyle, S., and Liu, H-I. 2011. Catch rate standardization for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Taiwan's distant-water longline fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, with consideration of target change. Fisheries Research, 107: 210-220.
13. Chassot, E., Dewals, P., Floch, L., Lucas, V., Morales-Vargas, M., and Kaplan, D. M. 2010. Analysis of the effects of Somali piracy on the European tuna purse seine fisheries of the Indian Ocean. IOTC-2010-SC-09. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Victoria, Seychelles. http://www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2010/sc/IOTC-2010-SC-09.pdf (last accessed 12 February 2013).
14. Cheung, W., Alder, J., Karpouzi, V., Watson, R., Lam, V., Day, C., Kaschner, K., et al. 2005. Patterns of species richness in the high seas. CDB Technical Series, 20. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada. http://cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-20.pdf (last accessed 11 October 2012).
15. Claudet, J., Osenberg, C.W., Domenici, P., Badalamenti, F., Milazzo, M., Falcón, J. M., Bertocci, I., et al. 2010. Marine reserves: fish life history and ecological traits matter. Ecological Applications, 20: 830-839.
16. Corbineau, A., Rouyer, T., Fromentin, J-M., Cazelles, B., Fonteneau, A., and Ménard, F. 2010. Patterns of variations in large pelagic fish: a comparative approach between the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans. Progress In Oceanography, 86: 276-282.
17. Cullis-Suzuki, S., and Pauly, D. 2010. Failing the high seas: a global evaluation of regional fisheries management organizations. Marine Policy, 34: 1036-1042.
18. Dagorn, L., Holland, K. N., Restrepo, V., and Moreno, G. 2012. Is it good or bad to fish with FADs? What are the real impacts of the use of drifting FADs on pelagic marine ecosystems? Fish and Fisheries, 14: 391-415.
19. Dawson, M. N., Grosberg, R. K., and Botsford, L.W. 2006. Connectivity in marine protected areas. Science, 313: 43-44.
20. De Santo, E. M., Jones, P. J., and Miller, A. M. 2011. Fortress conservation at sea: a commentary on the Chagos marine protected area. Marine Policy, 35: 258-260.
21. Dingemanse, N. J., Kazem, A. J. N., Réale, D., and Wright, J. 2010. Behavioural reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25: 81-89.
22. Doty, M. S., and Oguri, M. 1956. The island mass effect. Journal du Conseil, 22: 33-37.
23. Dueri, S., and Maury, O. 2012. Modelling the effect of marine protected areas on the population of skipjack tuna in the Indian Ocean. Aquatic Living Resources, 26: 171-178.
24. Dutton, P. H., and Squires, D. 2008. Reconciling biodiversity with fishing: a holistic strategy for Pacific sea turtle recovery. Ocean Development and International Law, 39: 200-222.
25. Filmalter, J. D., Capello, M., Deneubourg, J-L., Cowley, P. D., and Dagorn, L. 2013. Looking behind the curtain: quantifying massive shark mortality in fish aggregating devices. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 11: 291-296.
26. Filmalter, J.D., Dagorn, L., and Soria, M. 2010. Double tagging juvenile silky sharks to improve our understanding of the behavioural ecology: preliminary results. IOTC-2010-WPEB-10. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Victoria, Seychelles. http://www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2010/wpeb/IOTC-2010-WPEB-10.pdf (lat accessed 4 February 2014).
27. Fonteneau, A., Lucas, V., Tewkai, E., Delgado, A., and Demarcq, H. 2008. Mesoscale exploitation of a major tuna concentration in the Indian Ocean. Aquatic Living Resources, 21: 109-121.
28. Franco, J., Dagorn, L., Sancristobal, I., and Moreno, G. 2009. Design of ecological FADs. IOTC-2009-WPEB-16. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. http://www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2009/wpeb/IOTC-2009-WPEB-16.pdf (last accessed 20 January 2014).
29. Fulton, E. A., Smith, A. D. M., Smith, D. C., and van Putten, I. E. 2011. Human behaviour: the key source of uncertainty in fisheries management. Fish and Fisheries, 12: 2-17.
30. Game, E. T., Grantham, H. S., Hobday, A. J., Pressey, R. L., Lombard, A. T., Beckley, L. E., Gjerde, K., et al. 2009. Pelagic protected areas: the missing dimension in ocean conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24: 360-369.
31. Gormley, A. M., Slooten, E., Dawson, S., Barker, R. J., Rayment, W., du Fresne, S., and Bräger, S. 2012. First evidence that marine protected areas can work for marine mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 474-480.
32. Goujon, M., and Labaisse-Bodilis, C. 2000. Effets des plans de protection des thonidés de l'Atlantique depuis 1997 d'après les observations faites sur les thoniers senneurs gérés par les armements franc¸ais. ICCAT Collective Volume of Scientific Papers, 52: 575-589.
33. Grüss, A., Kaplan, D. M., Guénette, S., Roberts, C. M., and Botsford, L. W. 2011a. Consequences of adult and juvenile movement for marine protected areas. Biological Conservation, 144: 692-702.
34. Grüss, A., Kaplan, D. M., and Hart, D. R. 2011b. Relative impacts of adult movement, larval dispersal and harvester movement on the effectiveness of reserve networks. PLOS ONE, 6: e19960.
35. Hallier, J., and Gaertner, D. 2008. Drifting fish aggregation devices could act as an ecological trap for tropical tuna species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 353: 255-264.
36. Halpern, B. S., and Warner, R. R. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters, 5: 361-366.
37. Harrington, J. M., Myers, R. A., and Rosenberg, A. A. 2005. Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA. Fish and Fisheries, 6: 350-361.
38. Hastings, A., and Botsford, L. W. 2003. Comparing designs of marine reserves for fisheries and for biodiversity. Ecological Applications, 13: S65-S70.
39. Herrera, M., and Pierre, L. 2010. Status of IOTC databases for tropical tunas. IOTC-2010-WPTT-03. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Victoria, Seychelles.
40. Hilborn, R., and Walters, C. J. 1992. Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Springer, Boston.
41. Hinz, H., Murray, L. G., Lambert, G. I., Hiddink, J. G., and Kaiser, M. J. 2012. Confidentiality over fishing effort data threatens science and management progress. Fish and Fisheries, 14: 110-117.
42. Hobday, A. J., Young, J.W., Moeseneder, C., and Dambacher, J.M. 2011. Defining dynamic pelagic habitats in oceanic waters off eastern Australia. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58: 734-745.
43. IOTC. 2008. Report of the First Session of the IOTCWorking Party on Tagging Data Analysis. IOTC-2008-WPTDA-R[E]. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Victoria, Seychelles.
44. IOTC. 2010a. For the Conservation and Management of Tropical Tunas Stocks in the IOTC Area of Competence. IOTC Resolution, IOTC Resolution, 10/01. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. http://www.iotc.org/files/CMM/Resolution%2010-01.pdf (last accessed 12 February 2013).
45. IOTC. 2010b. On the Implementation of a Ban On Discards Of Skipjack Tuna, Yellow Fin Tuna, Bigeye Tuna And Non Targeted Species Caught By Purse-seiners. IOTC Recommendation, IOTC Recommendation, 10/13. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. http://www.iotc.org/files/CMM/Recommendation%2010-13.pdf (last accessed 12 February 2013).
46. IOTC. 2010c. Mandatory Statistical Requirements for IOTC Members and Cooperating Noncontracting Parties (CPCs). IOTC Resolution, IOTC Resolution, 10/02. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. http://www.iotc.org/files/CMM/Resolution%2010-01.pdf (last accessed 12 February 2013).
47. IOTC. 2011. On a Regional Observer Scheme. IOTC Resolution, IOTC Resolution, 11 /04. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission.
48. IOTC Scientific Committee. 2010. Report of the Thirteenth Session of the Scientific Committee. IOTC-2010-SC-R[E]. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Victoria, Seychelles.
49. IOTC Scientific Committee. 2011. Report of the Fourteenth Session of the IOTC Scientific Committee. IOTC-2011-SC14-R[E]. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles.
50. Itano, D., and Holland, K. N. 2000. Movement and vulnerability of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in relation to FADs and natural aggregation points. Aquatic Living Resources, 13: 213-223.
51. Jaquemet, S., Potier, M., and Ménard, F. 2011. Dodrifting and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) similarly influence tuna feeding habits? A case study from the western Indian Ocean. Fisheries Research, 107: 283-290.
52. Jorgensen, S. J., Reeb, C. A., Chapple, T. K., Anderson, S., Perle, C., Van Sommeran, S. R., Fritz-Cope, C., et al. 2010. Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 277: 679-688.
53. Kaplan, D. M., Bach, P., Bonhommeau, S., Chassot, E., Chavance, P., Dagorn, L., Davies, T., et al. 2013. The true challenge of giant marine reserves. Science, 340: 810-811.
54. Kaplan, D. M., Chassot, E., Grüss, A., and Fonteneau, A. 2010a. Pelagic MPAs: the devil is in the details. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25: 62-63.
55. Kaplan, D. M., Planes, S., Fauvelot, C., Brochier, T., Lett, C., Bodin, N., Le Loc'h, F., et al. 2010b. New tools for the spatial management of living marine resources. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2: 88-93.
56. Kaschner, K., Tittensor, D. P., Ready, J., Gerrodette, T., and Worm, B. 2011. Current and future patterns of global marine mammal biodiversity. PLOS ONE, 6: e19653.
57. Kiszka, J., Bein, A., Bach, P., Jamon, A., Layssac, K., Labart, S., and Wickel, J. 2010. Catch and bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery around Mayotte (NE Mozambique Channel), July 2009-September 2010. IOTC-2010-WPEB-19. Victoria, Seychelles.
58. Koldewey, H.J., Curnick, D., Harding, S., Harrison, L. R., and Gollock, M. 2010. Potential benefits to fisheries and biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago/British Indian Ocean Territory as a no-take marine reserve.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1906-1915.
59. Le Quesne, W. J. F., and Codling, E. A. 2009. Managing mobile species with MPAs: the effects of mobility, larval dispersal, and fishing mortality on closure size. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 122-131.
60. Lewison, R. L., Freeman, S. A., and Crowder, L. B. 2004.Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic long-lines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters, 7: 221-231.
61. Liu, K. M., Joung, S. J., and Tsai, W. P. 2009. Preliminary estimates of Blue and Mako sharks by-catch and cpue of the Taiwanese longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean. ICCATCollective Volume of Scientific Papers, 64: 1703-1716.
62. Longhurst, A. R. 2006. Ecological Geography of the Sea. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. 560 pp.
63. Marinesque, S., Kaplan, D. M., and Rodwell, L. D. 2012. Global implementation of marine protected areas: is the developing world being left behind? Marine Policy, 36: 727-737.
64. Martin, S., Mees, C., Edwards, C.T.T., and Nelson, L. 2011. A preliminary investigation into the effects of Indian Ocean MPAs on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, with particularemphasis on the IOTC closed area. IOTC-2011-SC14-40. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles. www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2011/sc/IOTC-2011-SC14-40[E].pdf (last accessed 20 January 2014).
65. Maunder, M. N., and Punt, A. E. 2004. Standardizing catch and effort data: a review of recent approaches. Fisheries Research, 70: 141-159.
66. Ménard, F., Marsac, F., Bellier, E., and Cazelles, B. 2007. Climatic oscillations and tuna catch rates in the Indian Ocean: a wavelet approach to time series analysis. Fisheries Oceanography, 16: 95-104.
67. Meyer, C. G., Papastamatiou, Y. P., and Holland, K. N. 2010. A multiple instrument approach to quantifying the movement patterns and habitat use of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis) at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii. Marine Biology, 157: 1857-1868.
68. Meyers, G., McIntosh, P., Pigot, L., and Pook, M. 2007. The years of El Niño, La Niña, and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 20: 2872-2880.
69. Micheli, F., Halpern, B. S., Botsford, L. W., and Warner, R. R. 2004. Trajectories and correlates of community change in no-take marine reserves. Ecological Applications, 14: 1709-1723.
70. Miethe, T., Dytham, C., Dieckmann, U., and Pitchford, J. W. 2010. Marine reserves and the evolutionary effects of fishing on size at maturation. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 412-425.
71. Moffitt, E. A., Botsford, L.W., Kaplan, D. M., and O'Farrell, M. R. 2009. Marine reserve networks for species that move within a home range. Ecological Applications, 19: 1835-1847.
72. Murawski, S. A., Wigley, S. E., Fogarty, M. J., Rago, P. J., and Mountain, D. G. 2005. Effort distribution and catch patterns adjacent to temperate MPAs. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 1150-1167.
73. Murua, H., Herrera, M., Fonteneau, A., and Marsac, F. 2011. Evaluation of current and alternative time/area closures by catch reductions scenarios. IOTC-2011-SC14-39[E]. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Mahé, Seychelles.
74. Myers, R. A., and Worm, B. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423: 280-283.
75. Neubert, M. G. 2003. Marine reserves and optimal harvesting. Ecology Letters, 6: 843-849.
76. Ohta, I., and Kakuma, S. 2004. Periodic behavior and residence time of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices around Okinawa Islands, as identified with automated listening stations. Marine Biology, 146: 581-594.
77. Okamoto, H. 2011. Preliminary analysis of the effect of piracy activity in the northwestern Indian Ocean on the cpue trend on bigeye and yellowfin. IOTC-2011-WPTT13-44. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Malé, Maldives. http://www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2011/wptt/IOTC-2011-WPTT13-44.pdf (last accessed 20 January 2014).
78. Parsons, D. M., Morrison, M. A., and Slater, M. J. 2010. Responses to marine reserves: decreased dispersion of the sparid Pagrus auratus (snapper). Biological Conservation, 143: 2039-2048.
79. Pelletier, D., and Magal, P. 1996. Dynamics of a migratory population under different fishing effort allocation schemes in time and space. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53: 1186-1199.
80. Pichegru, L., Gremillet, D., Crawford, R. J. M., and Ryan, P. G. 2010. Marine no-take zone rapidly benefits endangered penguin. Biology Letters, 6: 498-501.
81. Pirates Love Fish - Somalia. 2009. http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=kP5K6n5C6jQ&feature=youtube-gdata-player (last accessed 10 October 2011).
82. Potier, M., Marsac, F., Cherel, Y., Lucas, V., Sabatié, R., Maury, O., and Ménard, F. 2007. Forage fauna in the diet of three large pelagic fishes (lancetfish, swordfish and yellowfin tuna) in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. Fisheries Research, 83: 60-72.
83. Reygondeau, G., Maury, O., Beaugrand, G., Fromentin, J. M., Fonteneau, A., and Cury, P. 2012. Biogeography of tuna and billfish communities. Journal of Biogeography, 39: 114-129.
84. Roberts, C. M., Bohnsack, J. A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J. P., and Goodridge, R. 2001. Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science, 294: 1920-1923.
85. Rouyer, T., Fromentin, J-M., Ménard, F., Cazelles, B., Briand, K., Pianet, R., Planque, B., et al. 2008. Complex interplays among population dynamics, environmental forcing, and exploitation in fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105: 5420-5425.
86. Salvanes, A., and Kristofersen, J. 2001. Mesopelagic fishes. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, pp. 1711-1717. Ed. by J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe, and K. K. Turekian. Academic Press, New York.
87. Schaefer, K. M., and Fuller, D. W. 2002. Movements, behavior, and habitat selection of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern equatorial Pacific, ascertained through archival tags. Fishery Bulletin, 100: 765-788.
88. Schaefer, K. M., and Fuller, D.W. 2009. Horizontalmovements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, as determined from conventional and archival tagging experiments initiated during 2000-2005. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin, 24: 191-247.
89. Schaefer, K. M., Fuller, D.W., and Block, B. A. 2007. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained through archival tag data. Marine Biology, 152: 503-525.
90. Schaefer, K. M., Fuller, D.W., and Block, B. A. 2011. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Pacific Ocean off Baja California, Mexico, determined from archival tag data analyses, including unscented Kalman filtering. Fisheries Research, 112: 22-37.
91. Schott, F. A., and McCreary, J. P. 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 51: 1-123.
92. Schott, F. A., Xie, S-P., and McCreary, J. P., Jr. 2009. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics, 47: RG1002, doi:10.1029/2007RG000245.
93. Sheppard, C. 2010. Marine protected areas and pelagic fishing: the case of the Chagos Archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1899-1901.
94. Sheppard, C. R. C., Ateweberhan, M., Bowen, B.W., Carr, P., Chen, C. A., Clubbe, C., Craig, M. T., et al. 2012. Reefs and islands of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean: why it is the world's largest no-take marine protected area. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 22: 232-261.
95. Sibert, J., and Hampton, J. 2003. Mobility of tropical tunas and the implications for fisheries management. Marine Policy, 27: 87-95.
96. Sibert, J. R., Hampton, J., Fournier, D. A., and Bills, P. J. 1999. An advection-diffusion-reaction model for the estimation of fish movement parameters from tagging data, with application to skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56: 925-938.
97. Sibert, J., Senina, I., Lehodey, P., and Hampton, J. 2012. Shifting from marine reserves to maritime zoning for conservation of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, doi:10.1073/pnas.1209468109.
98. Soria, M., Dagorn, L., Potin, G., and Freon, P. 2009. First field-based experiment supporting the meeting point hypothesis for schooling in pelagic fish. Animal Behaviour, 78: 1441-1446.
99. Starr, R. M., O'Connell, V., and Ralston, S. 2004. Movements of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in southeast Alaska: potential for increased conservation and yield from marine reserves. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61: 1083-1094.
100. Stéquert, B., Rodriguez, J. N., Cuisset, B., and Le Menn, F. 2001. Gonadosomatic index and seasonal variations of plasma sex steroids in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the western Indian Ocean. Aquatic Living Resources, 14: 313-318.
101. Sumaila, U. R., Zeller, D., Watson, R., Alder, J., and Pauly, D. 2007. Potential costs and benefits of marine reserves in the high seas. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 345: 305-310.
102. Susanto, R. D., and Marra, J. 2005. Effect of the 1997/98 El Niño on chlorophyll a variability along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra. Oceanography, 18: 124-127.
103. Tew Kai, E., Rossi, V., Sudre, J., Weimerskirch, H., Lopez, C., Hernandez-Garcia, E., Marsac, F., et al. 2009. Top marine predators track Lagrangian coherent structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106: 8245-8250.
104. Torres-Irineo, E., Gaertner, D., de Molina, A. D., and Ariz, J. 2011. Effects of time-area closure on tropical tuna purse-seine fleet dynamics through some fishery indicators. Aquatic Living Resources, 24: 337-350.
105. Walters, C. 2003. Folly and fantasy in the analysis of spatial catch rate data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60: 1433-1436.
106. Weimerskirch, H., Le Corre, M., Tew Kai, E., and Marsac, F. 2010. Foraging movements of great frigatebirds from Aldabra Island: relationship with environmental variables and interactions with fisheries. Progress in Oceanography, 86: 204-213.
107. West, C. D., Dytham, C., Righton, D., and Pitchford, J. W. 2009. Preventing overexploitation of migratory fish stocks: the efficacy of marine protected areas in a stochastic environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1919-1930.
108. Wiggert, J.D., Vialard, J., and Behrenfeld, M. J. 2009. Basin-wide modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes by the positive phase of the Indian Ocean dipole during the SeaWiFS era. In Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, pp. 385-407. Ed. by J. D. Wiggert, R. R. Hood, S. Wajih, A. Naqvi, K. H. Brink, and S. L. Smith. AGU, Washington, D. C. http://www.agu.org/books/gm/v185/2008GM000776/2008GM000776.shtml (last accessed 1 October 2012).
109. Wikileaks. Undated. HMG floats proposal for marine reserve covering the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory). Reference ID 09LONDON1156, 15 May 2009. http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/05/09LONDON1156.html (last accessed 4 February 2014).
110. Worm, B., and Tittensor, D. P. 2011. Range contraction in large pelagic predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108: 11942-11947.
111. Zhu, G., Dai, X., Xu, L., and Zhou, Y. 2010. Reproductive biology of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, (Scombridae) in the eastern and central tropical Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 88: 253-260.