Fish functional design and swimming performance

Journal of Fish Biology

Volumn 65, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1193-1222

  Blake, R W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles; Coupled and decoupled locomotor mechanisms; Fish swimming; Functional design; Gaits; Performance

Indexed keywords

ECOMORPHOLOGY; FISH; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; SWIMMING;

PISCES; SALMONIDAE; SCOMBRIDAE GEN. SP.; TELEOSTEI; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 9244245285     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00568.x     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahlborn, B., Harper, D., Blake, R., Ahlborn, D. & Cam, M. (1991). Fish without footprints. Journal of Theoretical Biology 148, 521-533.
2. Ahlborn, B., Chapman, S., Stafford, R., Blake, R. W. & Harper, D. G. (1997). Experimental simulation of the thrust phases of fast-start swimming of fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2301-2312.
3. Alexander, R. McN. (1989). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiological Reviews 69, 1199-1227.
4. Altringham, J. D. & Block, B. A. (1996). Why do tuna maintain elevated slow muscle temperatures? Power output of muscle isolated from endothermic and ectothermic fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2617-2627.
5. Altringham, J. D. & Shadwick, R. E. (2001). Swimming and muscle function. In Tuna Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution (Block, B. A. & Stevens, E. D., eds), pp. 313-344. London: Academic Press.
6. Anderson, E. J. & Chhabra, N. K. (2002). Maneuvering and stability performance of a robotic tuna. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 118-126.
7. Anderson, J. M., McGillis, W. R. & Grosenbaugh, M. A. (2001). The boundary layer of swimming fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 81-102.
8. Andrews, R. D. (1998a). Instrumentation for the remote monitoring of physiological and behaviourial variables. Journal of Applied Physiology 85, 1974-1981.
9. Andrews, R. D. (1998b). Remotely releasable instruments for monitoring the foraging behaviour of pinnipeds. Marine Ecological Progress Series 175, 289-294.
10. Bainbridge, R. (1960). Speed and stamina in three fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 37, 129-153.
11. Bandyopadhyay, P. R. (2002). Maneuvering hydrodynamics of fish and small underwater vehicles. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 102-117.
12. Barret, D. S., Triantafyllou, M. S., Yue, D. K. P., Grosenbaugh, M. A. & Wolfgang, M. J. (1999). Drag reduction in fish-like locomotion. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 392, 183-212.
13. Bartol, I. K., Gharib, M., Weihs, D., Webb, P. W., Hove, J. R. & Gordon, M. S. (2003). Hydrodynamic stability of swimmimg in ostraciid fishes: role of the carapace in the smooth trunkfish Lactophrys triqueter (Teleostei: Ostraciidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 725-744.
14. Batty, R. S. & Domenici, P. D. (2000). Predator-prey interactions in fish and other aquatic vertebrates: kinematics and behaviour. In Biomechanics in Animal Behaviour (Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W., eds), pp. 237-257. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers.
15. Beamish, F. W. H. (1978). Swimming capacity. In Fish Physiology, Vol. 7 (Hoar, W. S. & Randall, D. J., eds), pp. 101-187. New York, London: Academic Press.
16. Behnke, R. J. (1972). The systematics of salmonid fishes of recently glaciated lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29, 639-671.
17. Bellwood, D. R. & Wainwright, P. C. (2001). Locomotion in labrid fishes: implications for habitat use and cross-shelf biogeography on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 20, 139-150.
18. Blake, R. W. (1976). On seahorse locomotion. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56, 939-949.
19. Blake, R. W. (1977). On ostraciiform locomotion. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57, 1047-1055.
20. Blake, R. W. (1978). On balistiform locomotion. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 58, 73-80.
21. Blake, R. W. (1979a). The Mechanics of Labriform Locomotion. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
22. Blake, R. W. (1979b). The mechanics of labriform locomotion I: Labriform locomotion in the Angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei): an analysis of the power stroke. Journal of Experimental Biology 82, 255-271.
23. Blake, R. W. (1980a). Undulatory median fin propulsion of two species of teleost with different modes of life. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 2116-2119.
24. Blake, R. W. (1980b). The mechanics of labriform locomotion II: An analysis of the recovery stroke and the overall fin-beat propulsive efficiency in the Angelfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 85, 333-342.
25. Blake, R. W. (1981a). Influence of pectoral fin shape on thrust and drag in labriform locomotion. Journal of Zoology (London) 194, 53-66.
26. Blake, R. W. (1981b). Mechanics of drag-based mechanisms of propulsion in aquatic vertebrates. In Vertebrate Locomotion (Day, M. H., ed.). Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 48, 29-52. London: Academic Press.
27. Blake, R. W. (1983a). Fish Locomotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Blake, R. W. (1983b). Median and paired fin propulsion. In Fish Biomechanics (Webb, P. W. & Weihs, D., eds), pp. 214-247. New York: Praeger Press.
29. Blake, R. W. (1983c). Functional design and burst-and-coast swimming in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61, 2491-2494.
30. Blake, R. W. (1983d). Swimming in the electric-eels and knifefishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61, 1432-1441.
31. Blake, R. W. (1991). On the efficiency of energy transformations in cells and animals. In Efficiency and Economy in Animal Physiology (Blake, R. W., ed.), pp. 13-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Blake, R. W. (2000). The biomechanics of intermittent swimming behaviours in aquatic vertebrates. In Biomechanics in Animal Behaviour (Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W., eds), pp. 79-100. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers.
33. Blake, R. W., Chatters, L. M. & Domenici, P. D. (1995). Turning radius of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in unsteady swimming maneuvres. Journal of Fish Biology 46, 536-538.
34. Blaxter, J. H. S. & Fuiman, L. A. (1990). The role of the sensory systems of herring larvae in evading predatory fishes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70, 413-427.
35. Block, B. A. (1987). Strategies for regulating brain and eye temperatures: a thermogenic tissue. In Comparative Physiology: Life in Water and on Land (Dejours, P., Bolis, L., Taylor, C. R. & Weibel, E. E., eds), pp. 401-420. Padova: Fida Research Series IX.
36. Block, B. A., Finnerty, J. R., Stewart, A. F. R. & Kidd, J. (1993). Evolution of endothermy in fish: mapping physiological traits on a molecular phylogeny. Science 260, 210-214.
37. Boisclair, D. & Tancy, M. (1993). Empirical analysis of the influence of swimming pattern on the net energetic cost of swimming fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 42, 169-183.
38. Bone, Q. (1975). Muscular and energetic aspects of fish swimming. In Swimming and Flying in Nature, Vol. 2 (Wu, T. Y., Brokaw, C. J. & Brennan, C., eds), pp. 493-528. New York: Plenum Press.
39. Breder, C. M. (1926). The locomotion of fishes. Zoologica 4, 159-297.
40. Breder, C. M. (1967). On the survival value of fish schools. Zoologica 52, 25-40.
41. Breinerd, E. L. & Patek, S. N. (1998). Vertebral column morphology, C-start curvature, and the evolution of mechanical defenses in tetradontiform fishes. Copeia 1998, 971-984.
42. Brett, J. R. (1964). The respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of young sockeye salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21, 1183-1226.
43. Brill, R. W. & Bushnell, P. G. (1991). Metabolic and cardiac scope of high energy demand teleosts, the tunas. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 2002-2009.
44. Brill, R. W., Lowe, T. E. & Cousins, K. L. (2000). Hot water temperature really limits the vertical movements of tunas and billfishes - it's the heart stupid. Pelagic Fisheries Research Program. JIMAR-SOEST, University of Hawaii.
45. D'Aout, K. & Aerts, P. (1999), A kinematic comparison of forward and backward swimming in the eel Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 1511-1521.
46. Dickson, K. A. (1994). Tunas as small as 207 mm fork length can elevate muscle temperatures significantly above ambient water temperature. Journal of Experimental Biology 190, 79-93.
47. Dickson, K. A., Johnson, N. M., Hoskinson, J. A., Hanson, M. W. & D'Souza, J. (2000). Ontogenetic changes in characteristics required for endothermy in juvenile black skipjack tuna (Euthynnus lineatus). Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3077-3087.
48. Dill, L. M. (1974). The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio). I. The stimulus for escape. Animal Behaviour 22, 710-721.
49. Domenici, P. D. (2001). The scaling of locomotor performance in predator-prey encounters: from fish to killer whales. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 131, 169-182.
50. Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W. (1991). The kinematics and performance of the escape response in the angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei). Journal of Experimental Biology 156, 187-205.
51. Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W. (1993a). The effect of size on the kinematics and performance of angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 2319-2326.
52. Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W. (1993b). Escape trajectories in angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei). Journal of Experimental Biology 177, 253-272.
53. Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W. (1997). The kinematics and performance of fast-start swimming. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 1165-1178.
54. Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W. (2000). Biomechanics in behaviour. In Biomechanics in Animal Behaviour (Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W., eds), pp. 1-17. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers.
55. Donley, J. M. & Dickson, K. A. (2000). Swimming kinematics of juvenile Kawakawa Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3103-3116.
56. Donley, J. M., Sepulveda, C. A., Konstantinidis, P., Gemballa, S. & Shadwick, R. E. (2004). Convergent evolution in mechanical design of lamnid sharks and tunas. Nature 429, 61-65.
57. Drucker, E. G. & Jensen, J. S. (1997). Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of steady pectoral fin swimming in the surfperches. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 1709-1723.
58. Eaton, R. C., Bombardieri, R. A. & Meyer, D. L. (1977). The Mauthner-initiated startle response in fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 66, 65-81.
59. Eaton, R. C. & Hackett, J. T. (1984). The role of Mauthner cell in fast-starts involving escape in teleosts. In Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behaviour (Eaton, R. C., ed.), pp. 213-266. New York: Plenum Press.
60. Ehlinger, T. J. (1990). Habitat choice and phenotype limited feeding efficiency in Bluegill: individual differences and trophic polymorphisms. Ecology 71, 886-896.
61. Ehlinger, T. J. & Wilson, D. S. (1988). Complex foraging polymorhphism in bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 85, 1878-1882.
62. Farlinger, S. & Beamish, F. W. H. (1977). Effects of time and velocity increments on the critical swimming speed of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106, 436-439.
63. Frith, H. R. & Blake, R. W. (1991). Mechanics of the startle response in northern pike, Esox lucius. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 2831-2839.
64. Frith, H. D. & Blake, R. W. (1995). The mechanical power output and hydrodynamic efficiency of northern pike (Esox lucius) fast-starts. Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 1863-1873.
65. Fulton, C. J., Bellwood, D. R. & Wainwright, P. C. (2001). The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Marine Biology 139, 25-33.
66. Gero, D. R. (1952). The hydrodynamic aspects of fish propulsion. American Museum Notivates 1601, 1-32.
67. Gerstner, C. L. (1999). Maneuverability of four species of coral reef fish that differ in body and pectoral fin morphology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1102-1110.
68. Gillis, G. B. (1997). Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 767-784.
69. Gordon, M. S., Hove, J. R., Webb, P. W. & Weihs, D. (2000). Boxfishes as unusually well controlled autonomous underwater vehicles. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73, 663-671.
70. Graham, J. B. & Dickson, K. A. (2001). Anatomical and physiological specialization for endothermy. In Tuna: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution (Block, B. A. & Stevens, E. D., eds), pp. 121-165. London: Academic Press.
71. Hammer, C. (1995). Fatigue and exercise tests with fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 112(A), 1-20.
72. Harper, D. G. & Blake, R. W. (1988). Energetics of piscivorous predator-prey interactions. Journal of Theoretical Biology 134, 59-76.
73. Harper, D. G. & Blake, R. W. (1989a). A critical analysis of the use of high-speed film to determine maximum acceleration in fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 142, 465-471.
74. Harper, D. G. & Blake, R. W. (1989b). On the error involved in high-speed film when used to evaluate maximum accelerations of fish. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 1929-1936.
75. Harper, D. G. & Blake, R. W. (1990). Prey capture and the fast-start performance of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and northern pike Esox lucius. Journal of Experimental Biology 150, 321-342.
76. Harper, D. G. & Blake, R. W. (1991). Prey capture and the fast start performance of northern pike, Esox lucius. Journal of Experimental Biology 155, 175-192.
77. Hayes, J. P. & Garland, T. (1995). The evolution of endothermy: testing the aerobic capacity model. Evolution 49, 836-847.
78. Hertel, H. (1966). Structure, Form and Movement. New York: Reinhold.
79. Hove, J. R., O'Brien, L. M., Gordon, M. S., Webb, P. W. & Weihs, D. (2001). Boxfishes (Teleostei: Ostraciidae) as a model system for fishes swimming with many fins: kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 1459-1471.
80. Howland, H. C. (1974). Optimal strategies for predator avoidance: The relative importance of speed and maneuverability. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47, 333-350.
81. Hughes, N. F. & Kelly, L. H. (1996). A hydrodynamic model for estimating the energetic cost of swimming maneuvers from a description of their geometry and dynamics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 2484-2493.
82. Jonsson, B. & Jonsson, N. (2001). Polymorphism and speciation in Arctic charr. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 605-638.
83. Kasapi, M. A., Domenici, P. D., Blake, R. W. & Harper, D. G. (1993). The kinematics and performance of the escape response in the knifefish, Xenomystus nigri. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 189-195.
84. Katz, S. L. (2002). Design of heterothermic muscle in fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2251-2266.
85. Katz, S. L., Syme, D. A. & Shadwick, R. E. (2001). High speed swimming enhanced power in yellow fin tuna. Nature 410, 770-771.
86. Kolok, A. S. (1992). The swimming performance of individual largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are repeatable. Journal of Experimental Biology 170, 265-270.
87. Korsmeyer, K. E. & Dewar, H. (2001). Tuna metabolism and energetics. In Tuna: Physiology, Ecology, and, Evolution (Block, B. A. & Stevens, E. D., eds), pp. 35-78. London: Academic Press.
88. Korsmeyer, K. E., Steffensen, J. F. & Herskin, K. (2002). Energetics of median and paired fin swimming, body and caudal fin swimming, and gait transition in parrot fish (Scarus schlegeli) and triggerfish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus). Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 1253-1263.
89. Law, T. C. & Blake, R. W. (1996). Comparison of the fast-start performance of closely related morphologically distinct threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.). Journal of Experimental Biology 199, 2595-2604.
90. Lee, G. G., Farrell, A. P., Lotto, A., Hinch, S. G. & Healey, M. C. (2003a). Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in adult sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon following critical speed swimming. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 3253-3260.
91. Lee, G. G., Farrell, A. P., Lotto, A., MacNutt, M. J., Hinch, S. G. & Healey, M. C. (2003b). The effect of temperature on swimming performance and oxygen consumption in adult sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon stocks. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 3239-3251.
92. Liao, C. L., Beal, D. N., Lauder, G. V. & Triantafyllou, M. S. (2003a). The Kárman gait: novel body kinematics of rainbow trout swimming in a vortex street. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 1059-1073.
93. Liao, C. L., Beal, D. N., Lauder, G. V. & Triantafyllou, M. S. (2003b). Fish exploiting vortices decrease muscle activity. Science 302, 1566-1569.
94. Lighthill, M. J. (1969). Hydromechanics of aquatic propulsion: a survey. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1, 413-446.
95. Lighthill, M. J. (1975). Mathematical Biofluiddynamics. Philadelphia: Society for Applied and Industrial Mathematics.
96. Lighthill, M. J. & Blake, R. W. (1990). Biofluiddynamics of balistiform and gymnotiform locomotion. Part I. Biological background and analysis by elongated body theory. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 212, 187-207.
97. Lindsey, C. C. (1968). Temperatures of red and white muscle in recently caught marlin and other large tropical fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 1987-1992.
98. Lindsey, C. C. (1978). Form, function and locomotory habits in fish. In Fish Physiology, Vol. 7 (Hoar, W. S. & Randall, D. J., eds), pp. 1-100. London: Academic Press.
99. McCutcheon, C. W. (1977). Froude propulsive efficiency of a small fish measured by wake visualization. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (Pedley, T. J., ed.), pp. 339-363. London: Academic Press.
100. Nauen, J. C. & Lauder, G. V. (2000). Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the chum mackerel, Scomber japonicus. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2247-2259.
101. O'Steen, S., Cullum, A. J. & Bennett, A. F. (2002). Rapid evolution of escape performance in Trinidad guppies (Poecillia reticulatus). Evolution 56, 776-784.
102. Parry, D. A. (1949). The swimming of whales and a discussion of Gray's Paradox. Journal of Experimental Biology 26, 24-34.
103. Partridge, B. L., Johansson, J. & Kalish, J. (1983). The structure of schools of giant bluefin tuna in Cape Cod bay. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9, 253-262.
104. Rayner, J. M. V. (1981). Flight adaptations in vertebrates. In Vertebrate Locomotion (Day, M. H., ed.). Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 48, 137-172. London: Academic Press.
105. Rohr, J., Latz, M. I., Fallon, S., Nauen, J. C. & Hendricks, E. (1998). Experimental approaches towards interpreting dolphin-stimulated bioluminescence. Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 1447-1460.
106. Rome, L. C. (1995). Influence of temperature on muscle properties in relation to swimming performance. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes, Vol. 5 (Hochachka, P. W. & Mommsen, T. P., eds), pp. 73-99. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
107. Rosenberger, L. J. (2001). Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus oscillation. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 379-394.
108. Schrank, A. J., Webb, P. W. & Mayberry, S. (1999). How do body and paired-fin positions affect the ability of three fishes to maneuver around bends? Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 203-210.
109. Schriefer, J. E. & Hale, M. E. (2004). Strikes and startles of northern pike (Esox lucius): a comparison of muscle activity and kinematics between S-start behaviors. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 535-544.
110. Sepulveda, C. & Dickson, K. A. (2000). Maximum sustainable speeds and cost of swimming in juvenile Kawakawa Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3089-3101.
111. Sfakiotakis, M., Lane, D. M. & Davies, B. C. (1999). Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 24, 237-251.
112. Skulason, S., Noakes, L. G. & Snorrason, S. S. (1989). Ontogeny of trophic morphology in four sympatric morphs of char Salvelinus alpinus in Thinguallauatin, Iceland. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 38, 281-301.
113. Sparenberg, J. A. (2002). Survey of the mathematical theory of fish locomotion. Journal of Engineering Mathematics 44, 395-448.
114. Spierts, I. L. Y. & van Leeuwen, J. L. (1999). Kinematics and muscle dynamics of C- and S-starts of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 393-406.
115. Taylor, E. B. & Foote, C. J. (1991). Critical swimming velocities of juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee, the anadromous and non-anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Biology 38, 407-419.
116. Taylor, E. B. & McPhail, J. D. (1986), Prolonged and burst swimming in anadromous and freshwater sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, 416-420.
117. Triantafyllou, M. S. & Triantafyllou, G. S. (1995). An efficient swimming machine. Scientific American 272, 64-70.
118. Triantafyllou, M. S., Triantafyllou, G. S. & Yue, D. K. P. (2000). Hydrodynamics of fish-like swimming. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 32, 33-53.
119. Videler, J. J. (1993). Fish Swimming. London: Chapman & Hall.
120. Wakefield, J. (2002). Mimicing mother nature. Scientific American 286, 26-27.
121. Wakeling, J. M. & Johnston, I. A. (1999). Body bending during fast-starts in fish can be explained in terms of muscle torque and hydrodynamic resistance. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 675-682.
122. Wakeling, J. M., Kemp, K. M. & Johnston, I. A. (1999). The biomechanics of fast-starts during ontogeny in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 3057-3067.
123. Walker, J. A. (2000). Does a rigid body limit maneuverability? Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3391-3396.
124. Walker, J. A. & Westneat, M. W. (1997). Labriform propulsion in fishes: kinematics of flapping aquatic flight in the bird wrasse Gomphosus varius (Labridae). Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 1549-1569.
125. Ware, D. M. (1975). Growth, metabolism, and optimal swimming speed of a pelagic fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32, 33-41.
126. Webb, P. W. (1975). Hydrodynamics and energetics of fish propulsion. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 190, 1-159.
127. Webb, P. W. (1976). The effect of size on the fast-start performance of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and a consideration of piscivorous predator-prey interactions. Journal of Experimental Biology 65, 157-177.
128. Webb, P. W. (1977). Effects of median-fin amputation on fast-start performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Experimental Biology 68, 123-135.
129. Webb, P. W. (1978a). Temperature effects on acceleration of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35, 1417-1422.
130. Webb, P. W. (1978b). Fast-start performance and body form in seven species of teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 74, 211-226.
131. Webb, P. W. (1983). Speed, acceleration and maneuverability of two teleost fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 102, 115-122.
132. Webb, P. W. (1984a). Body form, locomotion and foraging in aquatic vertebrates. American Zoologist 24, 107-120.
133. Webb, P. W. (1984b). Chase response latencies of some teleostean piscivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97(A), 45-48.
134. Webb, P. W. (1986). Effect of body form and response threshold on the vulnerability of four species of teleost attacked by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 43, 763-771.
135. Webb, P. W. (1988). Steady swimming kinematics of tiger musky, an escociform accelerator, and rainbow trout, a cruiser generalist. Journal of Experimental Biology 138, 51-69.
136. Webb, P. W. (1994). The biology of fish swimming. In Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming (Maddock, L., Bone, Q. & Rayner, J. M. V., eds), pp. 45-62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. Webb, P. W. (1998). Swimming. In The Physiology of Fishes (Evans, D. H., ed.), pp. 3-24. New York: CRC Marine Science Series.
138. Webb, P. W. (2002). Control of posture, depth, and swimming trajectories of fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 94-101.
139. Webb, P. W. & Blake, R. W. (1985). Swimming. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (Hildebrand, M., Bramble, D. M., Liem, K. F. & Wake, D. B., eds), pp. 111-128. Harvard: Belknap Press.
140. Webb, P. W. & de Buffrenil, V. (1990). Locomotion in the biology of large aquatic vertebrates. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119, 629-641.
141. Webb, P. W. & Gerster, C. L. (2000). Swimming behaviour: predictions from hydromechanical principles. In Biomechanics in Animal Behaviour (Domenici, P. D. & Blake, R. W., eds), pp. 59-77. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.
142. Webb, P. W. & Keyes, R. S. (1981). Division of labour between median fins in swimming dolphin (Pisces: Coryphaeidae). Copeia 1981, 901-904.
143. Webb, P. W. & Skadsen, J. M. (1980). Strike tactics of Esox. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 1462-1469.
144. Weihs, D. (1973a). The mechanism of rapid starting of slender fish. Biorheology 10, 343-350.
145. Weihs, D. (1973b). Optimal fish cruising speed. Nature 245, 48-50.
146. Weihs, D. (1973c). Mechanically efficient swimming techniques for fish with negative buoyancy. Journal of Marine Research 31, 194-209.
147. Weihs, D. (1974). Some hydromechanical aspects of fish schooling. In Swimming and Flying in Nature, Vol. 2 (Wu, T. Y., Brokaw, C. J. & Brennen, C., eds), pp. 203-218. New York: Plenum Press.
148. Weihs, D. (1989). Design features and mechanics of axial locomotion in fish. American Zoologist 29, 151-160.
149. Weihs, D. (2002). Stability versus maneuverability in aquatic locomotion. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 127-134.
150. Weihs, D. & Webb, P. W. (1983). Optimization of locomotion. In Fish Biomechanics (Webb, P. W. & Weihs, D., eds), pp. 339-371. New York: Praeger.
151. Wu, T. Y. (1971). Hydromechanics of swimming propulsion. Part 1. Swimming of a two-dimensional flexible plate at variable forward speeds in an inviscid fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 46, 337-355.