Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: The CARTA consortium

BMJ Open

Volumn 4, Issue 10, 2014, Pages

  Taylor, Amy E ^a   Fluharty, Meg E ^a   Bjørngaard, Johan H ^b,c   Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad ^b   Skorpen, Frank ^b   Marioni, Riccardo E ^d,e   Campbell, Archie ^d   Engmann, Jorgen ^f   Mirza, Saira Saeed ^g   Loukola, Anu ^h   Laatikainen, Tiina ^i,j,k   Partonen, Timo ^j   Kaakinen, Marika ^l   Ducci, Francesca ^m   Cavadino, Alana ⁿ   Husemoen, Lise Lotte N ^o   Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh ^p,q   Jacobsen, Rikke Kart ^o   Skaaby, Tea ^o   Ebstrup, Jeanette Frost ^o   Mortensen, Erik Lykke ^r   Minica, Camelia C ^s   Vink, Jacqueline M ^s   Willemsen, Gonneke ^s   Marques Vidal, Pedro ^t   Dale, Caroline E ^u   Amuzu, Antoinette ^u   Lennon, Lucy T ^f   Lahti, Jari ^h,v   Palotie, Aarno ^h,w,x   Räikkönen, Katri ^v   Wong, Andrew ^f   Paternoster, Lavinia ^a   Wong, Angelita Pui Yee ^y,z   Horwood, L John ^aa   Murphy, Michael ^ab   Johnstone, Elaine C ^ac   Kennedy, Martin A ^aa   Pausova, Zdenka ^y,ad   Paus, Tomáš ^y,z   Ben Shlomo, Yoav ^a   Nohr, Ellen A ^ae   Kuh, Diana ^f   Kivimaki, Mika ^f   Eriksson, Johan G ^h,j,v,af,ag   Morris, Richard W ^f   Casas, Juan P ^f,u   Preisig, Martin ^t   Boomsma, Dorret I ^s   Linneberg, Allan ^o,p,ah   Power, Chris ⁿ   Hyppönen, Elina ^n,ai,aj   Veijola, Juha ^ak   Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta ^j,l,ak,al   Korhonen, Tellervo ^h,i,j   Tiemeier, Henning ^g   Kumari, Meena ^f   Porteous, David J ^d   Hayward, Caroline ^am   Romundstad, Pål R ^b   Smith, George Davey ^a   Munafò, Marcus R ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^c TRONDHEIM UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^g ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^h UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^j NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^k Hospital District of North Karelia   (Finland)

^l UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^m SOUTH WEST LONDON AND ST GEORGE'S MENTAL HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^o Unit for Psychotherapy Education and Research   (Denmark)

^p UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^q GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^r UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^s VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^t LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^u LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^v FOLKHÄLSAN RESEARCH CENTER   (Finland)

^w WELLCOME TRUST SANGER INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^x BROAD INSTITUTE OF MIT AND HARVARD   (United States)

^y UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^z ROTMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^aa UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^ac UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^ad HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^ae UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^af HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^ag VAASA CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^ah GLOSTRUP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^ai UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^aj SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^ak OULU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^al IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^am UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FEMALE; GENE CLUSTER; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CAUSALITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; GENETICS; MENTAL STRESS; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; YOUNG ADULT;

CHRNA5 PROTEIN, HUMAN; CHRNB4 PROTEIN, HUMAN; NERVE PROTEIN; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR SUBUNIT ALPHA3;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CAUSALITY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC; SMOKING; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908120809     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Weyerer S, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Wiese B, et al . Incidence and predictors of depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older: results from a 3-year follow-up study. Age Ageing 2013;42:173-80.
2. Chaiton MO, Cohen JE, O'Loughlin J, et al. A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2009;9:356.
3. Audrain-McGovern J, Rodriguez D, Rodgers K, et al. Declining alternative reinforcers link depression to young adult smoking. Addiction 2011;106:178-87.
4. Franko DL, Striegel-Moore RH, Bean J, et al. Psychosocial and health consequences of adolescent depression in Black and White young adult women. Health Psychol 2005;24:586-93.
5. Dierker L, Donny E. The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:439-46.
6. Byers AL, Vittinghoff E, Lui LY, et al. Twenty-year depressive trajectories among older women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:1073-9.
7. Leung J, Gartner C, Hall W, et al . A longitudinal study of the bi-directional relationship between tobacco smoking and psychological distress in a community sample of young Australian women. Psychol Med 2012;42:1273-82.
8. Tjora T, Hetland J, Aaro LE, et al. The association between smoking and depression from adolescence to adulthood. Addiction 2014;109:1022-30.
9. Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, et al. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Med 2012;10:123.
10. Cook BL, Wayne GF, Kafali EN, et al. Trends in smoking among adults with mental illness and association between mental health treatment and smoking cessation. JAMA 2014;311:172-82.
11. Warren CW, Jones NR, Eriksen MP, et al. Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults. Lancet 2006;367:749-53.
12. Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001547.
13. Gage SH, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, et al. Using Mendelian randomisation to infer causality in depression and anxiety research. Depress Anxiety 2013;30:1185-93.
14. Munafo MR, Araya R. Cigarette smoking and depression: a question of causation. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:425-6.
15. Dierker LC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR, et al. Association between psychiatric disorders and the progression of tobacco use behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:1159-67.
16. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Schultz LR, et al. Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161-6.
17. Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, et al. Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1518-22.
18. Burgess ES, Brown RA, Kahler CW, et al. Patterns of change in depressive symptoms during smoking cessation: Who's at risk for relapse? J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:356-61.
19. Munafo MR, Hitsman B, Rende R, et al. Effects of progression to cigarette smoking on depressed mood in adolescents: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Addiction 2008;103:162-71.
20. Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:440-6.
21. Breslau N, Novak SP, Kessler RC. Daily smoking and the subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2004;34:323-33.
22. Taylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, et al. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;348:g1151.
23. Markou A, Kosten TR, Koob GF. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:135-74.
24. Badrick E, Kirschbaum C, Kumari M. The relationship between smoking status and cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:819-24.
25. Rose JE, Behm FM, Ramsey C, et al. Platelet monoamine oxidase, smoking cessation, and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine Tob Res 2001;3:383-90.
26. Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A, et al . Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003;37:577-82.
27. Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:1-22.
28. Davey Smith G. Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health. Genes Nutr 2011;6:27-43.
29. Furberg H, Kim Y, Dackor J, et al. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet 2010;42:441-7.
30. Ware JJ, van den Bree M, Munafo MR. From men to mice: CHRNA5/CHRNA3, smoking behavior and disease. Nicotine Tob Res 2012;14:1291-9.
31. Munafo MR, Timofeeva MN, Morris RW, et al. Association between genetic variants on chromosome 15q25 locus and objective measures of tobacco exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:740-8.
32. Ducci F, Kaakinen M, Pouta A, et al. TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 influence different pathways leading to smoking behavior from adolescence to mid-adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:650-60.
33. Fowler CD, Lu Q, Johnson PM, et al. Habenular alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit signalling controls nicotine intake. Nature 2011;471:597-601.
34. Ware JJ, van den Bree MB, Munafo MR. Association of the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster with heaviness of smoking: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2011;13:1167-75.
35. Keskitalo K, Broms U, Heliovaara M, et al. Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:4007-12.
36. Freathy RM, Ring SM, Shields B, et al. A common genetic variant in the 15q24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) is associated with a reduced ability of women to quit smoking in pregnancy. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:2922-7.
37. Asvold BO, Bjørngaard JH, Carslake D, et al. Causal associations of tobacco smoking with cardiovascular risk factors: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT Study in Norway. Int J Epidemiol 2014 May 26. pii: dyu113. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24867305.
38. Freathy RM, Kazeem GR, Morris RW, et al. Genetic variation at CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 interacts with smoking status to influence body mass index. Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:1617-28.
39. Tyrrell J, Huikari V, Christie JT, et al . Genetic variation in the 15q25 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) interacts with maternal self-reported smoking status during pregnancy to influence birth weight. Hum Mol Genet 2012;21:5344-58.
40. Bjorngaard JH, Gunnell D, Elvestad MB, et al. The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study. Psychol Med 2013;43:711-19.
41. Lewis SJ, Araya R, Smith GD, et al. Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy - a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e21689.
42. Needham BL. Gender differences in trajectories of depressive symptomatology and substance use during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Soc Sci Med 2007;65:1166-79.
43. Fleming CB, Mason WA, Mazza JJ, et al. Latent growth modeling of the relationship between depressive symptoms and substance use during adolescence. Psychol Addict Behav 2008;22:186-97.
44. Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine dependence and major depression. New evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:31-5.
45. Kendler KS, Neale MC, MacLean CJ, et al. Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:36-43.
46. Moon SS, Mo BC, Basham R. Adolescent depression and future smoking behavior: a prospective study. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 2010;27:405-22.
47. Escobedo LG, Reddy M, Giovino GA. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction 1998;93:433-40.
48. McKenzie M, Olsson CA, Jorm AF, et al. Association of adolescent symptoms of depression and anxiety with daily smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood: findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2010;105:1652-9.
49. Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, et al. Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GC. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18:497-511.
50. Taylor AE, Davies NM, Ware JJ, et al. Mendelian randomization in health research: using appropriate genetic variants and avoiding biased estimates. Econ Hum Biol 2013;13:99-106.
51. VanderWeele TJ, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Cornelis M, et al. Methodological challenges in Mendelian randomization. Epidemiology 2014;25:427-35.
52. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:295-300.
53. Loukola A, Hallfors J, Korhonen T, et al. Genetics and smoking. Curr Addict Rep 2014;1:75-82.
54. Li MD, Cheng R, Ma JZ, et al. A meta-analysis of estimated genetic and environmental effects on smoking behavior in male and female adult twins. Addiction 2003;98:23-31.
55. Saccone NL, Culverhouse RC, Schwantes-An TH, et al. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD. PLoS Genet 2010;6:pii: e1001053.
56. Thorgeirsson TE, Gudbjartsson DF, Surakka I, et al. Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior. Nat Genet 2010;42:448-53.
57. Picciotto MR, Brunzell DH, Caldarone BJ. Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport 2002;13:1097-106.
58. Otowa T, Kawamura Y, Nishida N, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for panic disorder in the Japanese population. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2:e186.
59. Trzaskowski M, Eley TC, Davis OS, et al. First genome-wide association study on anxiety-related behaviours in childhood. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e58676.
60. Glymour MM, Tchetgen EJ, Robins JM. Credible Mendelian randomization studies: approaches for evaluating the instrumental variable assumptions. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:332-9.
61. Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:417-20.
62. Munafo MR, Johnstone EC, Walther D, et al. CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype and short-term smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2011;13:982-8.
63. Bergen AW, Javitz HS, Krasnow R, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor variation and response to smoking cessation therapies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013;23:94-103.
64. Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, et al. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:488-95.
65. Johansson R, Carlbring P, Heedman A, et al. Depression, anxiety and their comorbidity in the Swedish general population: point prevalence and the effect on health-related quality of life. Peer J 2013;1:e98.
66. Judd LL, Kessler RC, Paulus MP, et al. Comorbidity as a fundamental feature of generalized anxiety disorders: results from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS). Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1998;393:6-11.
67. Sandanger I, Moum T, Ingebrigtsen G, et al. Concordance between symptom screening and diagnostic procedure: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview I. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998;33:345-54.
68. Head J, Stansfeld SA, Ebmeier KP, et al. Use of self-administered instruments to assess psychiatric disorders in older people: validity of the General Health Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the self-completion version of the revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Psychol Med 2013;43:2649-56.