Trends in particle-phase liquid water during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 20, 2014, Pages 10911-10930

  Nguyen, T K V ^a   Petters, M D ^b   Suda, S R ^b   Guo, H ^c   Weber, R J ^c   Carlton, A G ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); HYGROSCOPICITY; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; OXIDANT; PARTITIONING; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84908052492     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-10911-2014     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Asa-Awuku, A., Nenes, A., Gao, S., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Water-soluble SOA from Alkene ozonolysis: composition and droplet activation kinetics inferences from analysis of CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1585-1597, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1585-2010, 2010.
2. Barley, M., Topping, D. O., Jenkin, M. E., and McFiggans, G.: Sensitivities of the absorptive partitioning model of secondary organic aerosol formation to the inclusion of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2919-2932, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2919-2009, 2009.
3. Berg, O. H., Swietlicki, E., and Krejci, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over the Pacific and Southern Oceans during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16535-16545, doi:10.1029/97jd02851, 1998.
4. Bertram, A. K., Martin, S. T., Hanna, S. J., Smith, M. L., Bodsworth, A., Chen, Q., Kuwata, M., Liu, A., You, Y., and Zorn, S. R.: Predicting the relative humidities of liquid-liquid phase separation, efflorescence, and deliquescence of mixed particles of ammonium sulfate, organic material, and water using the organic-to-sulfate mass ratio of the particle and the oxygen-tocarbon elemental ratio of the organic component, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10995-11006, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10995-2011, 2011.
5. Bilde, M., Svenningsson, B., Monster, J., and Rosenorn, T.: Evenodd alternation of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of C3-C9 dicarboxylic acid aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1371-1378, doi:10.1021/es0201810, 2003.
6. Booth, A. M., Barley, M. H., Topping, D. O., McFiggans, G., Garforth, A., and Percival, C. J.: Solid state and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures of substituted dicarboxylic acids using Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4879-4892, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4879-2010, 2010.
7. Calvert, J. G., Lazrus, A., Kok, G. L., Heikes, B. G., Walega, J. G., Lind, J., and Cantrell, C. A.: Chemical Mechanisms of Acid Generation in the Troposphere, Nature, 317, 27-35, doi:10.1038/317027a0, 1985.
8. Cappa, C. D. and Jimenez, J. L.: Quantitative estimates of the volatility of ambient organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5409-5424, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5409-2010, 2010.
9. Carlton, A. G. and Turpin, B. J.: Particle partitioning potential of organic compounds is highest in the Eastern US and driven by anthropogenic water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10203-10214, doi:10.5194/acp-13-10203-2013, 2013.
10. Carlton, A. G., Wiedinmyer, C., and Kroll, J. H.: A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4987-5005, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4987-2009, 2009.
11. Carlton, A. G., Pinder, R. W., Bhave, P. V., and Pouliot, G. A.: To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3376-3380, doi:10.1021/es903506b, 2010.
12. Chan, M. N., Surratt, J. D., Claeys, M., Edgerton, E. S., Tanner, R. L., Shaw, S. L., Zheng, M., Knipping, E. M., Eddingsaas, N. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Characterization and Quantification of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols in Ambient Aerosol in the Southeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4590-4596, doi:10.1021/es100596b, 2010.
13. Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S.: Thermodynamic Model of the System H+-NH+4-Na+-SO2? 4-NO?3-Cl?-H2O at 298.15 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2155-2171, doi:10.1021/jp973043j, 1998.
14. Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2205-2214, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00054-X, 1997.
15. Dick, W. D., Saxena, P., and McMurry, P. H.: Estimation of water uptake by organic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1471-1479, doi:10.1029/1999jd901001, 2000.
16. Ding, X., Zheng, M., Yu, L. P., Zhang, X. L., Weber, R. J., Yan, B., Russell, A. G., Edgerton, E. S., andWang, X. M.: Spatial and seasonal trends in biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers and water-soluble organic carbon in the southeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5171-5176, doi:10.1021/es7032636, 2008.
17. Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Sjogren, S., Meyer, N., Good, N., Kammermann, L., Michaud, V., Weigel, R., Martins dos Santos, S., Gruening, C., Villani, P., Laj, P., Sellegri, K., Metzger, A., McFiggans, G. B., Wehrle, G., Richter, R., Dommen, J., Ristovski, Z., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Intercomparison study of six HTDMAs: results and recommendations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 363-378, doi:10.5194/amt-2-363-2009, 2009.
18. Engelhart, G. J., Hildebrandt, L., Kostenidou, E., Mihalopoulos, N., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Water content of aged aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 911-920, doi:10.5194/acp-11-911-2011, 2011.
19. Ervens, B., Turpin, B. J., and Weber, R. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11069-11102, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011, 2011.
20. Feingold, G.: Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1997, doi:10.1029/2003gl017967, 2003.
21. Gunthe, S. S., King, S. M., Rose, D., Chen, Q., Roldin, P., Farmer, D. K., Jimenez, J. L., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M. O., Martin, S. T., and Pöschl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in pristine tropical rainforest air of Amazonia: size-resolved measurements and modeling of atmospheric aerosol composition and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7551-7575, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7551-2009, 2009.
22. Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 2. Theoretical and experimental hygroscopic properties of laboratory generated aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 63-68, doi:10.1021/es010055g, 2002.
23. Gysel, M., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: Inversion of tandem differential mobility analyser (TDMA) measurements, J. Aerosol Sci., 40, 134-151, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.07.013, 2009.
24. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
25. Hatch, T. and Choate, S. P.: Statistical description of the size properties of non uniform particulate substances, J. Frankl. Inst., 207, 369-387, doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(29)91451-4, 1929.
26. Hatch, L. E., Creamean, J. M., Ault, A. P., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., Seinfeld, J. H., Edgerton, E. S., Su, Y., and Prather, K. A.: Measurements of Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosols by Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Part 1: Single Particle Atmospheric Observations in Atlanta, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 5105-5111, doi:10.1021/es103944a, 2011.
27. Hecobian, A., Zhang, X., Zheng, M., Frank, N., Edgerton, E. S., and Weber, R. J.: Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol material and the light-absorption characteristics of aqueous extracts measured over the Southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5965-5977, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5965-2010, 2010.
28. Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., and Jonsson, H. H.: Measurements of size-resolved hygroscopicity in the California coastal zone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7193-7203, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7193-2008, 2008.
29. Hoyle, C. R., Boy, M., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Glasius, M., Guenther, A., Hallar, A. G., Huff Hartz, K., Petters, M. D., Petäjä, T., Rosenoern, T., and Sullivan, A. P.: A review of the anthropogenic influence on biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 321-343, doi:10.5194/acp-11-321-2011, 2011.
30. Jaenicke, R.: Tropospheric aerosols, in: Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, edited by: Hobbs, P. V., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1-31, 1993.
31. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, doi:10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
32. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005.
33. Kelly, W. P. and McMurry, P. H.: Measurement of Particle Density by Inertial Classification of Differential Mobility Analyzer-Generated Monodisperse Aerosols, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 17, 199-212, doi:10.1080/02786829208959571, 1992.
34. Khlystov, A., Stanier, C. O., Takahama, S., and Pandis, S. N.: Water content of ambient aerosol during the Pittsburgh air quality study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07S10, doi:10.1029/2004jd004651, 2005.
35. Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Lewis, C. W., Bhave, P. V., and Edney, E. O.: Estimates of the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons to secondary organic aerosol at a southeastern US location, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8288-8300, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.045, 2007.
36. Knote, C., Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Volkamer, R., Orlando, J. J., Baidar, S., Brioude, J., Fast, J., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Hayes, P. L., Knighton, W. B., Oetjen, H., Setyan, A., Stark, H., Thalman, R., Tyndall, G., Washenfelder, R., Waxman, E., and Zhang, Q.: Simulation of semi-explicit mechanisms of SOA formation from glyoxal in aerosol in a 3-D model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6213-6239, doi:10.5194/acp-14-6213-2014, 2014.
37. Knutson, E. O. and Whitby, K. T.: Aerosol classification by electric mobility: apparatus, theory, and applications, J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 443-451, doi:10.1016/0021-8502(75)90060-9, 1975.
38. Koponen, I. K., Riipinen, I., Hienola, A., Kulmala, M., and Bilde, M.: Thermodynamic properties of malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids: Evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3926-3933, doi:10.1021/es0611240, 2007.
39. Kreidenweis, S. M., Petters, M. D., and DeMott, P. J.: Singleparameter estimates of aerosol water content, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 035002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/035002, 2008.
40. Levin, E. J. T., Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Sullivan, R. C., Atwood, S. A., Ortega, J., DeMott, P. J., and Smith, J. N.: An annual cycle of size-resolved aerosol hygroscopicity at a forested site in Colorado, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 06201, doi:10.1029/2011jd016854, 2012.
41. Lewis, C. W., Klouda, G. A., and Ellenson, W. D.: Radiocarbon measurement of the biogenic contribution to summertime PM-2.5 ambient aerosol in Nashville, TN, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6053-6061, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.011, 2004.
42. Leibensperger, E. M., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Chen,W.-T., Seinfeld, J. H., Nenes, A., Adams, P. J., Streets, D. G., Kumar, N., and Rind, D.: Climatic effects of 1950-2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols-Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3333-3348, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3333-2012, 2012.
43. Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global impacts of gas-phase chemistryaerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D18208, doi:10.1029/2005jd005907, 2005.
44. Lim, Y. B., Tan, Y., Perri, M. J., Seitzinger, S. P., and Turpin, B. J.: Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10521-10539, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10521-2010, 2010.
45. Liu, J., Zhang, X., Parker, E., Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., Gouw, J. D., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., Ellis, R., and Weber, R. J.: On the Partitioning of Soluble Organic Aerosol in Two Urban Atmospheres with Contrasting Emissions: Part 2 Gas and Particle Phase Formic Acid, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V21, doi:10.1029/2012JD017912, 2012.
46. Liu, B. Y. H., Pui, D. Y. H., Whitby, K. T., Kittelson, D. B., Kousaka, Y., and McKenzie, R. L.: The aerosol mobility chromatograph: A new detector for sulfuric acid aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 99-104, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(78)90192-0, 1978.
47. Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and Seasonal Trends in Particle Concentration and Optical Extinction in the United-States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 1347-1370, doi:10.1029/93jd02916, 1994.
48. Martin, S. T., Andreae, M. O., Althausen, D., Artaxo, P., Baars, H., Borrmann, S., Chen, Q., Farmer, D. K., Guenther, A., Gunthe, S. S., Jimenez, J. L., Karl, T., Longo, K., Manzi, A., Müller, T., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M. D., Prenni, A. J., Pöschl, U., Rizzo, L. V., Schneider, J., Smith, J. N., Swietlicki, E., Tota, J., Wang, J., Wiedensohler, A., and Zorn, S. R.: An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11415-11438, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11415-2010, 2010.
49. McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593-2649, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.
50. McMurry, P. H. and Stolzenburg, M. R.: On the Sensitivity of Particle-Size to Relative-Humidity for Los-Angeles Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 497-507, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90593-3, 1989.
51. Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Niessner, R., and Pöschl, U.: Interaction of aerosol particles composed of protein and saltswith water vapor: hygroscopic growth and microstructural rearrangement, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 323-350, doi:10.5194/acp-4-323-2004, 2004.
52. Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Rose, D., and Pöschl, U.: Mass-based hygroscopicity parameter interaction model and measurement of atmospheric aerosol water uptake, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 717-740, doi:10.5194/acp-13-717-2013, 2013.
53. Mitchem, L. and Reid, J. P.: Optical manipulation and characterisation of aerosol particles using a single-beam gradient force optical trap, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37, 756-769, doi:10.1039/b609713h, 2008.
54. Murphy, D. M., Thomson, D. S., and Mahoney, T. M. J.: In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers, Science, 282, 1664-1669, doi:10.1126/science.282.5394.1664, 1998.
55. Orsini, D., Ma, Y., Sullivan, A., Sierau, B. , Baumann, K., and Weber, R.: Refinements to the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (Pils) For Ground and Airborne Measurements Of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1243-1259, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01015-4, 2003.
56. Patashnick, H., and Rupprecht, E. G.: Continuous Pm-10 Measurements Using the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance, J. Air Waste Manage., 41, 1079-1083, doi:10.1080/10473289.1991.10466903, 1991.
57. Pankow, J. F.: An Absorption-Model of the Gas Aerosol Partitioning Involved in the Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 28, 189-193, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90094-9, 1994.
58. Pankow, J. F. and Chang, E. I.: Variation in the sensitivity of predicted levels of atmospheric organic particulate matter (OPM), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7321-7329, doi:10.1021/es8003377, 2008.
59. Pankow, J. E., Seinfeld, J. H., Asher, W. E., and Erdakos, G. B.: Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). 2. The predicted effects of relative humidity on aerosol formation in the alpha-pinene-, beta-pinene-, sabinene-, Delta(3)-Carene-, and cyclohexene-ozone systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1806-1817, doi:10.1021/es001321d, 2001.
60. Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., Yantosca, R. M., and Chin, M.: Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols in the United States: Implications for policy, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D15204, doi:10.1029/2003jd004473, 2004.
61. Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961-1971, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
62. Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity-Part 2: Including solubility, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6273-6279, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6273-2008, 2008.
63. Petters, M. D., Carrico, C. M. Kreidenweis, S. M., Prenni, A. J., De-Mott, P. J., Collett Jr., J. R., and H. Moosmüller, H.:, Cloud condensation nucleation ability of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22205, doi:10.1029/2009JD012353, 2009a.
64. Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Prenni, A. J., Sullivan, R. C., Carrico, C. M., Koehler, K. A., and Ziemann, P. J.: Role of molecular size in cloud droplet activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22801, doi:10.1029/2009gl040131, 2009b.
65. Pitchford, M., Malm, W., Schichtel, B., Kumar, N., Lowenthal, D., and Hand, J.: Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation data, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1326-1336, doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.11.1326, 2007.
66. Pilinis, C., Pandis, S. N., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Sensitivity of direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols to aerosol size and composition, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18739, doi:10.1029/95JD02119, 1995.
67. Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 44, 7520-7540, doi:10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005.
68. Prisle, N. L., Engelhart, G. J., Bilde, M., and Donahue, N. M.: Humidity influence on gas-particle phase partitioning of-pinene + O3 secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01802, doi:10.1029/2009gl041402, 2010.
69. Rader, D. J. and McMurry, P. H.: Application of the tandem differential mobility analyzer to studies of droplet growth or evaporation, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 771-787, doi:10.1016/0021-8502(86)90031-5, 1986.
70. Renbaum-Wolff, L., Grayson, J. W., Bateman, A. P., Kuwata, M., Sellier, M., Murray, B. J., Shilling, J. E., Martin, S. T., and Bertram, A. K.: Viscosity of-pinene secondary organic material and implications for particle growth and reactivity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 8014-8019, doi:10.1073/pnas.1219548110, 2013.
71. Riipinen, I., Pierce, J. R., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Equilibration time scales of organic aerosol inside thermodenuders: Evaporation kinetics versus thermodynamics, Atmos. Environ., 44, 597-607, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2009.11.022, 2010.
72. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.
73. Rood, M. J., Larson, T. V., Covert, D. S., and Ahlquist, N. C.: Measurement of Laboratory and Ambient Aerosols with Temperature and Humidity Controlled Nephelometry, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1181-1190, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90202-1, 1985.
74. Russell, L. M., Zhang, S. H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Stolzenburg, M. R., and Caldow, R.: Radially classified aerosol detector for aircraft-based submicron aerosol measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 13, 598-609, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1996)0132.0.CO;2, 1996.
75. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., J.Wiley, New York, 350-395, 2006.
76. Sihto, S.-L., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Ehn, M., Liao, L., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P. P., Duplissy, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., and Kulmala, M.: Seasonal variation of CCN concentrations and aerosol activation properties in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13269-13285, doi:10.5194/acp-11-13269-2011, 2011.
77. Snider, J. R. and Petters, M. D.: Optical particle counter measurement of marine aerosol hygroscopic growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1949-1962, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1949-2008, 2008.
78. Sorooshian, A., Hersey, S., Brechtel, F. J., Corless, A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Rapid, size-resolved aerosol hygroscopic growth measurements: Differential aerosol sizing and hygroscopicity spectrometer probe (DASH-SP), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 445-464, doi:10.1080/02786820802178506, 2008.
79. Speer, R. E., Edney, E. O., and Kleindienst, T. E.: Impact of organic compounds on the concentrations of liquid water in ambient PM2.5, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 63-77, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(02)00152-0, 2003.
80. Stanier, C. O., Khlystov, A. Y., Chan,W. R., Mandiro, M., and Pandis, S. N.: A method for the in situ measurement of fine aerosol water content of ambient aerosols: The dry-ambient aerosol size spectrometer (DAASS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 215-228, doi:10.1080/02786820390229525, 2004.
81. Stokes, R. H. and Robinson, R. A.: Interactions in Aqueous Nonelectrolyte Solutions. I. Solute-Solvent Equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 2126-2131, doi:10.1021/j100879a010, 1966.
82. Stolzenburg, M., Kreisberg, N., and Hering, S.: Atmospheric size distributions measured by differential mobility optical particle size spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 29, 402-418, doi:10.1080/02786829808965579, 1998.
83. Stratmann, F., Kiselev, A., Wurzler, S., Wendisch, M., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., Diehl, K., Wex, H., and Schmidt, S.: Laboratory studies and numerical simulations of cloud droplet formation under realistic supersaturation conditions, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 21, 876-887, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)0212.0.CO;2, 2004.
84. Suda, S. R. and Petters, M. D.: Accurate Determination of Aerosol Activity Coefficients at Relative Humidities up to 99% Using the Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer Technique, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 47, 991-1000, doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.807906, 2013.
85. Suda, S. R., Petters, M. D., Matsunaga, A., Sullivan, R. C., Ziemann, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Hygroscopicity frequency distributions of secondary organic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D04207, doi:10.1029/2011jd016823, 2012.
86. Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., Hameri, K., Svenningsson, B., Massling, A., McFiggans, G., McMurry, P. H., Petaja, T., Tunved, P., Gysel, M., Topping, D., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Rissler, J., Wiedensohler, A., and Kulmala, M.: Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments-a review, Tellus B, 60, 432-469, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x, 2008.
87. Tang, I. N.: Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19245-19250, doi:10.1029/96jd03003, 1996.
88. Topping, D. O. and McFiggans, G.: Tight coupling of particle size, number and composition in atmospheric cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3253-3260, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3253-2012, 2012.
89. Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H. J.: Species contributing to PM2.5 mass concentrations: revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 602-610, doi:10.1080/02786820119445, 2001.
90. Vaden, T. D., Imre, D., Beranek, J., Shrivastava, M., and Zelenyuk, A.: Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 2190-2195, doi:10.1073/pnas.1013391108, 2011.
91. Wang, S. C. and Flagan, R. C.: Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 13, 230-240, doi:10.1080/02786829008959441, 1990.
92. Wex, H., Kiselev, A., Stratmann, F., Zoboki, J., and Brechtel, F.: Measured and modeled equilibrium sizes of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 particles at relative humidities up to 99.1%, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D21212, doi:10.1029/2004jd005507, 2005.
93. Wexler, A. S. and Clegg, S. L.: Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including the ions H+, NH+4 , Na+, SO2? 4 , NO?3 , Cl?, Br?, and H2O, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 14-11-ACH 14-14, doi:10.1029/2001jd000451, 2002.
94. Wiedensohler, A., Cheng, Y. F., Nowak, A.,Wehner, B., Achtert, P., Berghof, M., Birmili, W., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Zhu, T., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Lou, S. R., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Wahner, A., Gunthe, S. S., Rose, D., Su, H., and Pöschl, U.: Rapid aerosol particle growth and increase of cloud condensation nucleus activity by secondary aerosol formation and condensation: A case study for regional air pollution in northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00G08, doi:10.1029/2008JD010884, 2009.
95. Zhou, Y., Zhang, H. F., Parikh, H. M., Chen, E. H., Rattanavaraha, W., Rosen, E. P., Wang, W. X., and Kamens, R. M.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from xylenes and mixtures of toluene and xylenes in an atmospheric urban hydrocarbon mixture:Water and particle seed effects (II), Atmos. Environ., 45, 3882-3890, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.048, 2011.