A review of the embedded time scales of flood basalt volcanism with special emphasis on dramatically short magmatic pulses

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 505, Issue , 2014, Pages 301-317

  Courtillot, Vincent ^a   Fluteau, Frédéric ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLOOD BASALT VOLCANISM; TIME-SCALES;

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE; DISCONTINUITY; FLOOD BASALT; LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCE; LAVA FLOW; LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY; MAGMATISM; MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY; MASS EXTINCTION; PALEOMAGNETISM; PHANEROZOIC; TIMESCALE; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANISM;

EID: 84907528468     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2014.2505(15)     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Ali, J.R., Thompson, G.M., Song, X.Y., and Wang, Y.L., 2002, Emeishan basalts (SW China) and the "end-Guadalupian" crisis: Magnetobiostratigraphic constraints: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 159, p. 21-29, doi:10.1144/0016-764901086.
2. Ali, J.R., Thompson, G.R., Zhou, M.F., and Song, X.Y., 2005, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: Lithos, v. 79, p. 475-489, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.013.
3. Archibald, J.D., et al., 2010, Cretaceous extinctions: Multiple causes: Science, v. 328, p. 973-974, doi:10.1126/science.328.5981.973-a.
4. Armstrong, H.A., and Harper, D.A., 2013, End-Ordovician mass extinction, in Abstracts, Conference on Volcanism, Impacts and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: London, The Natural History Museum, p. 23.
5. Arndt, N., and Menzies, M.A., 2005, The Ethiopian large igneous province: http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/05jan (accessed June 2013).
6. 2detected from changes in leaf physiognomy across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval of East Greenland: PLoS ONE, v. 8, p. e60614, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060614.
7. Baker, J., Snee, L., and Menzies, M., 1996, A brief Oligocene period of flood volcanism in Yemen: Implications for the duration and rate of continental flood volcanism at the Afro-Arabian triple junction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 138, p. 39-55, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00229-6.
8. Bambach, R.K., Knoll, A.H., Steve, C., and Wang, S.C., 2004, Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity: Paleobiology, v. 30, p. 522-542, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030〈0522:OEAMDO〉2.0.CO;2.
9. 39Ar dating of the Grande Ronde lavas, Columbia River Basalts, USA: Implications for duration of flood basalt eruption episodes: Lithos, v. 118, p. 213-222, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.03.014.
10. Benton, M.J., 1995, Diversification and extinction in the history of life: Science, v. 268, p. 52-58, doi:10.1126/science.7701342.
11. Bhandari, N., Shukla, P.N., Ghevariya, Z.G., and Sundaram, S., 1995, Impact did not trigger Deccan volcanism: Evidence from Anjar K/T boundary intertrappean sediments: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, p. 433-436, doi:10.1029/94GL03271.
12. Biggin, A.J., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Langereis, C.G., Straathof, G.B., and Deenen, M.H.L., 2008, Geomagnetic secular variation in the Cretaceous normal superchron and in the Jurassic: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 169, p. 3-19, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.004.
13. Black, B.A., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Rowe, M.C., and Ukstins Peate, I., 2012, Magnitude and consequences of volatile release from the Siberian Traps: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 317-318, p. 363-373, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.001.
14. Blackburn, T.J., Olsen, P.E., Bowring, S.A., McLean, N.M., Kent, D.V., Puffer, J., McHone, G., Rasbury, E.T., and Et-Touhami, M., 2013, Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic magmatic province: Science, v. 340, no. 6135, p. 941-945, doi:10.1126/science.1234204.
15. Bond, D.P.G., Hilton, J., Wignall, P.B., Ali, J.R., Stevens, L.G., Sun, Y.D., and Lai, X.L., 2010, The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 100-116, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004.
16. Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Jin, Y., Martin, M.W., Davidek, K., and Wang, W., 1998, U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 280, p. 1039-1045, doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039.
17. Bryan, S.E., Peate, I.U., Peate, D.W., Self, S., Jerram, D.A., Mawby, M.R., Marsh, J.S., and Miller, J.A., 2010, The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 207-229, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
18. Buggisch, W., Joachimski, M.M., Lehnert, O., Bergström, S.M., Repetski, J.E., and Webers, G.F., 2010, Did intense volcanism trigger the first Late Ordovician icehouse?: Geology, v. 38, p. 327-330, doi:10.1130/G30577.1.
19. Caruthers, A.H., Gröcke, D.R., and Smith, P.L., 2011, The significance of an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) carbon-isotope excursion in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 307, p. 19-26, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.013.
20. Caruthers, A.H., Smith, P.L., and Gröcke, D.R., 2013, The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 386, p. 104-118.
21. Chavagnac, V., German, C.R., and Taylor, R.N., 2008, Global environmental effects of large volcanic eruptions on ocean chemistry: Evidence from "hydrothermal" sediments (ODP Leg 185, Site 1149B): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, no. B6, p. B06201, doi:10.1029/2007JB005333.
22. Chenet, A.-L., Fluteau, F., and Courtillot, V., 2005, Modelling massive sulphate aerosol pollution, following the large 1783 Laki basaltic eruption: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 236, p. 721-731, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.046.
23. 40Ar dating of the main Deccan large igneous province: Further evidence of KTB age and short duration: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 263, p. 1-15, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.011.
24. Chenet, A.-L., Fluteau, F., Courtillot, V., Gérard, M., and Subbarao, K.V., 2008, Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: Results from a 1200-m-thick section in the Mahabaleshwar escarpment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, p. B04101, doi:10.1029/2006JB004635.
25. Chenet, A.-L., Courtillot, V., Fluteau, F., Gérard, M., Quidelleur, X., Khadri, S.F.R., Subbarao, K.V., and Thodarson, T., 2009, Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500-m-thick composite section: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, p. B06103, doi:10.1029/2008JB005644.
26. Chung, S.L., Jahn, B.M., Wu, G., Lo, C.H., and Cong, B., 1998, The Emeishan flood basalt in SW China: A mantle plume initiation model and its connection with continental breakup and mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary, in Flower, M.F.J., Chung, S.L., Lo, C.H., and Lee, T.Y., eds., Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia: American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Monograph 27, p. 47-58.
27. Coffin, M.F., and Eldholm, O., 1994, Large igneous provinces - Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 32, p. 1-36, doi:10.1029/93RG02508.
28. Coulié, E., Quidelleur, X., Gillot, P.Y., Courtillot, V., Lefèvre, J.C., and Chiesa, S., 2003, Comparative K-Ar and Ar/Ar dating of Ethiopian and Yemenite Oligocene volcanism: Implications for timing and duration of the Ethiopian Traps: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, p. 477-492, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01089-0.
29. Courtillot, V., 1994, Mass extinctions in the last 300 million years: One impact and seven flood basalts: Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 255-266.
30. Courtillot, V., 1999, Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 171 p.
31. Courtillot, V., 2009, Nouveau Voyage au Centre de la Terre: Paris, Editions Odile Jacob, 348 p.
32. Courtillot, V., and Fluteau, F., 2010, Cretaceous extinctions: The volcanic hypothesis: Science, v. 328, no. 5981, p. 973-974, doi:10.1126/science.328.5981.973-b.
33. Courtillot, V., and Olson, P., 2007, Mantle plumes link magnetic superchrons to Phanerozoic mass depletion events: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 260, p. 495-504, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.003.
34. Courtillot, V., and Renne, P.R., 2003, On the ages of flood basalt events: Comptes Rendus Geoscience, v. 335, no. 1, p. 113-140, doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3.
35. Courtillot, V., Besse, J., Vandamme, D., Montigny, R., Jaeger, J.-J., and Cappetta, H., 1986, Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 80, p. 361-374, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(86)90118-4.
36. Courtillot, V., Jaupart, C., Manighetti, I., Tapponnier, P., and Besse, J., 1999, On causal links between flood basalts and continental breakup: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 166, p. 177-195, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00282-9.
37. 39Ar dating and paleomagnetism of the KT sections in the Anjar area of the Deccan large igneous province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 182, p. 137-156, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00238-7.
38. Courtillot, V., Kravchinsky, V.A., Quidelleur, X., Renne, P.R., and Gladkochub, D.P., 2010, Preliminary dating of the Viluy Traps (eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 300, p. 239-245, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045.
39. Deenen, M., Ruhl, H.L., Bonis, M., Krijgsman, N.R., Reitsma, W.M., and van Bergen, M., 2010, A new chronology for the end-Triassic mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 291, p. 113-125, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.003.
40. Dera, G., Brigaud, B., Monna, F., Laffont, R., Pucéat, E., Deconinck, J.-F., Pellenard, P., Joachimski, M.M., and Durlet, C., 2011, Climatic ups and downs in a disturbed Jurassic world: Geology, v. 39, p. 215-218, doi:10.1130/G31579.1.
41. 86Sr: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 188, p. 459-474, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00317-X.
42. Doubrovine, P.V., Tarduno, J.A., and Zhao, X.X., 2009, On the magnetostratigraphic age of Nauru Basin basalts of the western Pacific Ocean and timing of Ontong Java volcanism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, no. 1-2, p. 175-184, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.040.
43. Dromart, G., Allemand, P., Garcia, J.P., and Robin, C., 1996, Variation cyclique de la production carbonatée au Jurassique le long d'un transect Bourgogne-Ardèche, E-France: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 167, p. 423-433.
44. Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Black, B., Lamarque, J.F., Shields, C., and Kiehl, J., 2013, The Siberian flood basalts: Connecting the mantle, the continental crust, and the atmosphere, in Abstracts, Conference on Volcanism, Impacts and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: London, The Natural History Museum, p. 35.
45. Finnegan, S., Heim., N.A., Peters, S.A., and Fisher, W.W., 2012, Climate change and the selective signature of the Late Ordovician mass extinction: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 18, p. 6829-6834, doi:10.1073/pnas.1117039109.
46. Font, E., Nedelec, A., Ellwood, B.B., Mirao, J., and Silva, P.F., 2011, A new sedimentary benchmark for the Deccan Traps volcanism?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, p. L24309, doi:10.1029/2011GL049824.
47. Gallet, Y., Genevey, A., and Goff, M.L., 2002, Three millennia of directional variation of the Earth's magnetic field in western Europe as revealed by archeological artifacts: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 131, p. 81-89, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00030-4.
48. Ganino, C., and Arndt, N.T., 2009, Climate changes caused by degassing of sediments during the emplacement of large igneous provinces: Geology, v. 37, p. 323-326, doi:10.1130/G25325A.1.
49. Glass, L.M., and Phillips, D., 2006, The Kalkarindji continental flood basalt province: A new Cambrian large igneous province in Australia with possible links to faunal extinctions: Geology, v. 34, p. 461-464, doi:10.1130/G22122.1.
50. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and van Kranendonk, M., 2008, On the Geologic Time Scale 2008: www.stratigraphy.org/bak/gts2008.pdf (accessed June 2013).
51. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, Massachusetts, Elsevier, 2 volumes plus chart, 1176 p.
52. Guex, J., Morard, A., Bartolini, A., and Morettini, E., 2001, Découverte d'une importante lacune stratigraphique à la limite Domérien-Toarcien: Implications paléo-océanographiques: Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, v. 87, p. 277-284.
53. Guex, J., Bartolini, A., Spangenberg, J., Vicente, J.-C., and Schaltegger, U., 2012, Ammonoid multi-extinction crises during the late Pliensbachian-Toarcian and carbon cycle instabilities: Solid Earth, Discuss, v. 4, p. 1205-1228, doi:10.5194/sed-4-1205-2012.
54. Gurevitch, E., Westphal, M., Daragan-Suchov, J., Feinberg, H., Pozzi, J.-P., and Khramov, A.N., 1995, Paleomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the traps from western Taymir (northern Siberia) and the Permo-Triassic crisis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 136, p. 461-473, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00183-D.
55. Gurevitch, E., Heunemann, C., Rad'ko, V., Westphal, M., Bachtadse, V., Pozzi, J.P., and Feinberg, H., 2004, Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic Siberian Trap basalts: Tectonophysics, v. 379, p. 211-226, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.11.005.
56. 12C-dated volcanic rocks in western North America: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, p. 1-14.
57. Hallam, A., and Wignall, P.B., 1999, Mass extinctions and sea-level changes: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 48, p. 217-250, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00055-0.
58. He, B., Xu, Y.G., Huang, X.L., Luo, Z.Y., Shi, Y.R., Yang, Q.J., and Yu, S.Y., 2007, Age and duration of the Emeishan flood volcanism, SW China: Geochemistry and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of silicic ignimbrites, post-volcanic Xuanwei Formation and clay tuff at the Chaotian section: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 255, p. 306-323.
59. Helmberg, G., 2007, Getting Acquainted With Fractals: Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 177 p.
60. Hermoso, M., Minoletti, F., Le Callonnec, L., Jenkyns, H.C., Hesselbo, S.P., Rickaby, R.E., Renard, M., de Rafélis, M., and Emmanuel, L., 2009, Global and local forcing of early Toarcian seawater chemistry: A comparative study of different paleoceanographic settings (Paris and Lusitanian Basins): Paleoceanography, v. 24, p. PA4208, doi:10.1029/2009PA001764.
61. Herrmann, A.D., Leslie, S.A., and MacLeod, K.G., 2011, Did intense volcanism trigger the first Late Ordovician icehouse?: Comment: Geology, v. 39, p. e237, doi:10.1130/G31758C.1.
62. Hesselbo, S.P., Gröcke, D.R., Jenkyns, H.C., Bjerrum, C.J., Farrimond, P., Morgans Bell, H.S., and Green, O.R., 2000, Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic event: Nature, v. 406, p. 392-395, doi:10.1038/35019044.
63. Heunemann, C., Krasa, D., Soffel, H.C., Gurevitch, E., and Bachtad, V., 2004, Directions and intensities of the Earth's magnetic field during a reversal: Results from the Permo-Triassic Siberian Trap basalts, Russia: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 218, p. 197-213, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00642-3.
64. Hofmann, C., Courtillot, V., Feraud, G., Rochette, P., Yirgu, G., Ketefo, E., and Pik, R., 1997, Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implication for plume birth and global change: Nature, v. 369, p. 838-841.
65. Holser, W.T., and Magaritz, M., 1987, Events near the Permian-Triassic boundary: Modern Geology, v. 11, p. 155-180.
66. Hong, Zhong, Campbell, I.H., Wei-Guang, Zhue, Allen, C.M., Rui-Zhong, Hu, Lie-Wen, Xie, and De-Feng, He, 2011, Timing and source constraints on the relationship between mafic and felsic intrusions in the Emeishan large igneous province: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 75, p. 1374-1395.
67. Janasi, V. de A., de Freitas, V.A., and Heaman, L.H., 2011, The onset of flood basalt volcanism, northern Parana Basin, Brazil: A precise U-Pb baddeleyite/zircon age for a Chapeco-type dacite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 302, p. 147-153, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.005.
68. Jarboe, N.A., Coe, R.S., Renne, P.R., Glen, J.M.G., and Mankinen, E.A., 2008, Quickly erupted volcanic sections of the Steens Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group: Secular variation, tectonic rotation, and the Steens Mountain reversal: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, p. Q11010, doi:10.1029/2008GC002067.
69. Jay, A.E., 2005, Volcanic Architecture of the Deccan Traps, Western Maharashtra, India: An Integrated Chemostratigraphic and Palaeomagnetic Study [Ph.D. thesis]: Milton Keynes, UK, Open University, 346 p.
70. Jay, A.E., and Widdowson, M., 2008, Stratigraphy, structure, and volcanology of the south-east Deccan continental flood basalt province: Implications for eruptive extent and volumes: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 165, p. 177-188, doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-062.
71. Jay, A.E., Mac Niocaill, C., Widdowson, M., Self, S., and Turner, W., 2009, New palaeomagnetic data from the Mahabaleshwar Plateau, Deccan flood basalt province, India: Implications for the volcano-stratigraphic architecture of continental flood basalt provinces: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 166, p. 13-24, doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-150.
72. Joachimski, M., 2013, Causes of the Late Devonian mass extinction: Extraterrestrial or Earth-bound?, in Abstracts, Conference on Volcanism, Impacts and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: London, The Natural History Museum, p. 47.
73. 39Ar ages of the sill complex of the Karoo large igneous province: Implications for the Pliensbachian-Toarcian climate change: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, p. Q06009, doi:10.1029/2008GC001994.
74. 40K decay constant bias: Lithos, v. 110, p. 167-180, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.12.011.
75. Kaminski, E., Chenet, A.-L., Jaupart, C., and Courtillot, V., 2011, Rise of volcanic plumes to the stratosphere aided by penetrative convection above large lava flows: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 301, p. 171-178, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.037.
76. Kaufmann, B., 2006, Calibrating the Devonian time scale: A synthesis of U-Pb ID-TIMS ages and conodont stratigraphy: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 76, p. 175-190, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.01.001.
77. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Gardin, S., Bartolini, A., and Bajpai, S., 2008, Main Deccan volcanism phase ends near the K-T boundary: Evidence from the Krishna Godavari Basin, SE India: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 268, p. 293-311, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.015.
78. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Pardo, Bajpai, S., Khosla, A., and Samant, B., 2010, Cretaceous extinctions: Evidence overlooked: Science, v. 328, p. 974-975, doi:10.1126/science.328.5981.974-a.
79. Keller, G., Bhowmick, P.K., Upadhyay, H., Dave, A., Reddy, A.N., Jaiprakash, B.C., and Adatte, T., 2011, Deccan volcanism linked to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) mass extinction: New evidence from ONGC wells in the Krishna-Godavari Basin: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 78, p. 399-428, doi:10.1007/s12594-011-0107-3.
80. Keller, G., Adatte, T., Bhowmick, P.K., Upadhyay, H., Dave, A., Reddy, A.N., and Jaiprakash, B.C., 2012, Nature and timing of extinctions in Cretaceous-Tertiary planktic foraminifera preserved in Deccan intertrappean sediments of the Krishna-Godavari Basin, India: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 341-344, p. 211-221, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.021.
81. 39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 228, p. 143-160, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.022.
82. Kravchinsky, V.A., 2012, Paleozoic large igneous provinces of northern Eurasia: Correlation with mass extinction events: Global and Planetary Change, v. 86-87, p. 31-36, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.01.007.
83. Kravchinsky, V.A., Konstantinov, K.M., Courtillot, V., Savrasov, J.I., Valet, J.-P., Chernyi, S., Mishenin, S., and Parasotka, B., 2002, Paleomagnetism of East Siberian Traps and kimberlites: Two new poles and paleogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma: Geophysical Journal International, v. 148, p. 1-33, doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01548.x.
84. Larsen, R.B., and Tegner, C., 2006, Pressure conditions for the solidification of the Skaergaard intrusion: Eruption of East Greenland flood basalts in less than 300,000 years: Lithos, v. 92, p. 181-197, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.032.
85. Lin, S.-C., and van Keken, P.E., 2005, Multiple volcanic episodes of flood basalts caused by thermochemical mantle plumes: Nature, v. 436, p. 250-252, doi:10.1038/nature03697.
86. Lind, E.N., Kropotov, S.V., Czamanske, G.K., Grommé, S.C., and Fedorenko, V.A., 1994, Paleomagnetism of the Siberian flood basalts of the Noril'sk area: A constraint on eruption duration: International Geology Review, v. 36, p. 1139-1150, doi:10.1080/00206819409465508.
87. Liu Chengying, Pan Yongxin, and Zhu Rixiang, 2012, New paleomagnetic investigations of the Emeishan basalts in NE Yunnan, southwestern China: Constraints on eruption history: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 52, p. 88-97, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.02.014.
88. Lund, S.P., 1996, A comparison of Holocene paleomagnetic secular variation records from North America: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 8007-8024, doi:10.1029/95JB00039.
89. Mankinen, E.A., Prévot, M., Grommé, C.S., and Coe, R.S., 1985, The Steen's Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90B, p. 10,393-10,416, doi:10.1029/JB090iB12p10393.
90. Mankinen, E.A., Larson, E.L., Grommé, C.S., Prévot, M., and Coe, R.S., 1987, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 3. Its regional significance: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92B, p. 8057-8076, doi:10.1029/JB092iB08p08057.
91. Marzoli, A., Bertrand, H., Knight, K.B., Cirilli, S., Buratti, N., Verati, C., Nomade, S., Renne, P.R., Youbi, N., Martini, R., Allenbach, K., Neuwerth, R., Rapaille, C., Zaninetti, L., and Bellieni, G., 2004, Synchrony of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary climatic and biotic crisis: Geology, v. 32, no. 11, p. 973-976, doi:10.1130/G20652.1.
92. Moulin, M., 2011, Les Traps du Karoo et les Extinctions du Jurassique Inférieur: Dynamique Éruptive et Perturbations de l'Environnement [Ph.D. thesis]: Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 390 p.
93. Moulin, M., Fluteau, F., Courtillot, V., Marsh, J., Delpech, G., Quidelleur, X., Gérard, M., and Jay, A.E., 2011, An attempt to constrain the age, duration, and eruptive history of the Karoo flood basalt: Naude's Nek section (South Africa): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, p. B07403, doi:10.1029/2011JB008210.
94. Moulin, M., Courtillot, V., Fluteau, F., and Valet, J.-P., 2012, The "van Zijl" Jurassic geomagnetic reversal revisited: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 13, p. Q03010, doi:10.1029/2011GC003910.
95. Mussard, M., Le Hir, G., Fluteau, F., Lefebvre, V., and Godderis, Y., 2014, this volume, Chapter 17, Modeling the carbon-sulfate interplays in climate changes related to the emplacement of continental flood basalts, in Keller, G., and Kerr, A., eds., Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: Geological Society of America Special Paper 505, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(17).
96. Olsen, P.E., 1997, Stratigraphic record of the early Mesozoic breakup of Pangea in the Laurasia-Gondwana rift system: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 25, p. 337-401, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.337.
97. Olsen, P.E., Schlische, R.W., and Fedosh, M.S., 1996, 580 ky duration of the Early Jurassic flood basalt event in eastern North America estimated using Milankovitch cyclostratigraphy: Bulletin of Museum of Northern Arizona, v. 60, p. 11-22.
98. Olsen, P.E., Kent, D.V., Sues, H.-D., Koeberl, C., Huber, H., Montanari, A., Rainforth, E.C., Fowell, S.J., Szajana, M.J., and Hartline, B.W., 2002, Ascent of dinosaurs linked to iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Science, v. 296, p. 1305-1307, doi:10.1126/science.1065522.
99. Paelike, H., 2013, Impact and extinction: Science, v. 339, no. 6120, p. 655-656, doi:10.1126/science.1233948.
100. Palfy, J., 2003, Volcanism of the Central Atlantic magmatic province as a potential driving force in the end-Triassic mass extinction, in Hames, W., Mchone, J.G., Renne, P., and Ruppel, C., eds., The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Insights from Fragments of Pangea: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 136, p. 255-267.
101. Palfy, J., 2013, Volcanism of the Central Atlantic magmatic province as the trigger of environmental and biotic changes around the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, in Abstracts, Conference on Volcanism, Impacts and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: London, The Natural History Museum, p. 64.
102. Palfy, J., and Smith, P.L., 2000, Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism: Geology, v. 28, p. 747-750, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28〈747:SBEJEO〉2.0.CO;2.
103. Paris, G., Donnadieu, Y., Beaumont, V., Fluteau, F., and Godderis, Y., 2012, Modeling the consequences on Late Triassic environment of intense pulse-like degassing during the Central Atlantic magmatic province using the GEOCLIM model: Climate of the Past, Discussions, v. 8, p. 2075-2110, doi:10.5194/cpd-8-2075-2012.
104. Pavlov, V.E., Fluteau, F., Veselovskiy, R.V., Fetisova, A.M., and Latyshev, A.V., 2011, Secular geomagnetic variations and volcanic pulses in the Permian-Triassic traps of the Norilsk and Maimecha-Kotui provinces: Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, v. 47, p. 402-417, doi:10.1134/S1069351311040070.
105. Peate, D.W., 2009, Global dispersal of Pb by large-volume silicic eruptions in the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province: Geology, v. 37, p. 1071-1074, doi:10.1130/G30338A.1.
106. Pinto Magalhães, V., Afraneo Hartmann, L., Orestes, S., Santos, J., McNaughton, N.J., and Wildner, W., 2011, Zircon U-Pb geochronology from the Paraná bimodal volcanic province supports a brief eruptive cycle at ∼135 Ma: Chemical Geology, v. 281, p. 93-102, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.11.031.
107. Prévot, M., Roberts, N., Thompson, J., Faynot, L., Perrin, M., and Camps, P., 2003, Revisiting the Jurassic geomagnetic reversal recorded in the Lesotho Basalt (southern Africa): Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, p. 367-378, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02029.x.
108. Rampino, M.R., and Stothers, R.B., 1988, Flood basalt volcanism during the past 250 million years: Science, v. 241, p. 663-668, doi:10.1126/science.241.4866.663.
109. Reidel, S.P., Tolan, T.L., Hooper, P.R., Beeson, M.H., Fecht, K.R., Bentley, R.D., and Anderson, J.L., 1989, The Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group; stratigraphic descriptions and correlations in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, in Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 21-54, doi:10.1130/SPE239-p21.
110. Renne, P.R., Zichao, Z., Richards, M.A., Black, M.T., and Basu, A., 1995, Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism: Science, v. 269, p. 1413-1416, doi:10.1126/ science.269.5229.1413.
111. Renne, P.R., Deino, A.L., Hilgen, F.J., Kuiper, K.F., Mark, D.F., Mitchell, W.S., III, Morgan, L.E., Mundil, R., and Smit, J., 2013, Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: Science, v. 339, no. 6120, p. 684-687, doi:10.1126/science.1230492.
112. 39Ar and K/Ar ages of the Viluy Traps (eastern Siberia): Further evidence for a relationship with the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 386, p. 531-540, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.020.
113. Richards, M.A., Duncan, R.A., and Courtillot, V., 1989, Flood basalts and hot spot tracks: Plume heads and tails: Science, v. 246, p. 103-107.
114. Riisager, J., Riisager, P., and Pedersen, A.K., 2003, Paleomagnetism of large igneous provinces: Case study from west Greenland, North Atlantic igneous province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 409-425, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00367-4.
115. Riisager, P., and Abrahamsen, N., 1999, Magnetostratigraphy of Paleocene basalts from the Vaigat Formation of West Greenland: Geophysical Journal International, v. 137, p. 774-782, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00830.x.
116. Riisager, P., Riisager, J., Abrahamsen, N., and Waagstein, R., 2002, New paleomagnetic pole and magnetostratigraphy of Faroe Islands flood volcanics, North Atlantic igneous province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 201, p. 261-276, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00720-3.
117. 39Ar geochronology of Yemeni Oligocene volcanics: Implications for timing and duration of Afro-Arabian traps and geometry of the Oligocene paleomagnetic field: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 237, p. 647-672, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.016.
118. 188Os record for the late Maastrichtian: Distinguishing the chemical fingerprints of Deccan volcanism and the KP impact event: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 281, p. 159-168, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.019.
119. Robock, A., 2000, Volcanic eruptions and climate: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 38, p. 191-219, doi:10.1029/1998RG000054.
120. Rochette, P., Tamrat, E., Feraud, G., Pik, R., Courtillot, V., Ketofo, E., Coulon, C., Hofmann, C., Vandamme, D., and Yirgu, G., 1998, Magnetostratigraphy and timing of the Oligocene Ethiopian traps: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 164, p. 497-510, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00241-6.
121. Ruhl, M., Bonis, N.R., Reichart, G.-J., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and Kürschner, W.M., 2011, Atmospheric carbon injection linked to end-Triassic mass extinction: Science, v. 333, p. 430-434, doi:10.1126/science.1204255.
122. Sallan, L.C., 2013, The end-Devonian Hangenberg event: Causes and consequences of a major bottleneck in vertebrate evolution, in Abstracts, Conference on Volcanism, Impacts and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: London, The Natural History Museum, p. 71.
123. Schoene, B., Guex, J., Bartolini, A., Schaltegger, U., and Blackburn, T.J., 2010, Correlating the end-Triassic mass extinction and flood basalt volcanism at the 100 ka level: Geology, v. 38, p. 387-390, doi:10.1130/G30683.1.
124. Schulte, P., and 40 others, 2010, The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: Science, v. 327, p. 1214-1218, doi:10.1126/science.1177265.
125. Segschneider, J., Beitsch, A., Timmreck, C., Brovkin, V., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J., Lorenz, S.J., Six, K.D., and Zanchettin, D., 2012, Impact of an extremely large magnitude volcanic eruption on the global climate and carbon cycle estimated from ensemble Earth System Model simulations: Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 9, p. 8693-8732, doi:10.5194/bgd-9-8693-2012.
126. Self, S., Widdowson, M., Thordarson, T., and Jay, A.E., 2006, Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: A Deccan perspective: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 248, p. 518-532, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.041.
127. Self, S., Jay, A.E., Widdowson, M., and Keszthelyi, L.P., 2008, Correlation of the Deccan and Rajahmundry Trap lavas: Are these the longest and largest lava flows on Earth?: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 172, p. 3-19, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.012.
128. Sepkoski, J.J., 1990, The taxonomic structure of periodic extinction, in Sharpton, V.L., and Ward, P.D., eds., Global Catastrophes in Earth History: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 33-44.
129. Sobolev, S., Sobolev, A., Kuzmin, D., Krivolutskaya, N., Petrunin, A., Arndt, N., Radko, V., and Vasiliev, Y., 2012, Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes: Nature, v. 477, no. 7364, p. 312-316, doi:10.1038/nature10385.
130. Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J., and Yin, H., 2013, Two pulses of extinction during the Permian-Triassic crisis: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, p. 52-56, doi:10.1038/ngeo1649.
131. Stanley, S.M., and Yang, X.A., 1994, Double mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic era: Science, v. 266, p. 1340-1344, doi:10.1126/science.266.5189.1340.
132. Storey, M., Duncan, R.A., and Tegner, C., 2007, Timing and duration of volcanism in the North Atlantic igneous province: Implications for geodynamics and links to the Iceland hotspot: Chemical Geology, v. 241, p. 264-281, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.016.
133. Stothers, R.B., Wolff, J.A., Self, S., and Rampino, M.R., 1986, Basaltic fissure eruptions, plume heights, and atmospheric aerosols: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 13, p. 725-728, doi:10.1029/GL013i008p00725.
134. Subbarao, K.V., Bodas, M.S., Khadri, S.F.R., and Beane, J. E., 2000, Penrose Deccan 2000, Field Excursion Guide to the Western Deccan Basalt Province: Penrose Field Guides: Bangalore, India, Geological Society of India, 243 p.
135. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sörenssen, A., Corfu, F., and Jamtveit, B.R., 2007, Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 554-566, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.013.
136. 39Ar ages of 65.0 million years ago from Chicxulub crater melt rock and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites: Science, v. 257, p. 954-958, doi:10.1126/science.257.5072.954.
137. Tegner, C., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, R.B., and Kent, A.J.R., 2012, East Greenland flood basalt volcanism: Duration, volatile flux and correlation to the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, in European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2012: Vienna, Austria, European Geosciences Union, p. 11296.
138. Thompson, G.M., Ali, J.R., Song, X., and Jolley, D.W., 2001, Emeishan Basalts, SW China: Reappraisal of the formation's type area stratigraphy and a discussion of its significance as a large igneous province: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 158, p. 593-599, doi:10.1144/jgs.158.4.593.
139. Thordarson, T., and Self, S., 1998, The Roza Member, Columbia River basalt group: A gigantic pahoehoe lava flow field formed by endogenous processes?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 27,411-27,445, doi:10.1029/98JB01355.
140. Thordarson, T., and Self, S., 2003, Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783-1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. D1, p. 4011, doi:10.1029/2001JD002042.
141. Timmreck, C., 2012, Modeling the climatic effects of large explosive volcanic eruptions: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, v. 3, no. 6, p. 545-564, doi:10.1002/wcc.192.
142. 18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous-Paleogene section: Links with Deccan volcanism: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 350-352, p. 180-188, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.029.
143. Valet, J.-P., Fournier, A., Courtillot, V., and Herrero-Bervera, E., 2012, Dynamical similarity of geomagnetic field reversals: Nature, v. 490, p. 89-93, doi:10.1038/nature11491.
144. Vandamme, D., and Courtillot, V., 1992, Paleomagnetic constraints on the structure of the Deccan Traps: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 74, p. 241-261, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(92)90013-L.
145. Vandamme, D., Courtillot, V., Besse, J., and Montigny, R., 1991, Paleomagnetism and age determinations of the Deccan traps (India): Results of a Nagpur-Bombay traverse and review of earlier work: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 29, p. 159-190.
146. White, R.V., and Saunders, A.D., 2005, Volcanism, impact and mass extinctions: Incredible or credible coincidences?: Lithos, v. 79, p. 299-316, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.016.
147. Wignall, P.B., and Hallam, A., 1992, Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/ Triassic extinction: Facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, p. 21-46, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90182-5.
148. Wignall, P.B., Sun, Y., Bond, D.P.G., Izon, G., Newton, R.J., Védrine, S., Widdowson, M., Ali, J.R., Lai, X., Jiang, H., Cope, H., and Bottrell, S.H., 2009, Fluctuations in the Middle Permian of China: Science, v. 324, p. 1179, doi:10.1126/science.1171956.
149. Wilson, M., and Lyashkevitch, Z.M., Magmatism and the geodynamics of rifting of the Prypiat-Dnieper-Donets rift, 1996, East European Platform: Tectonophysics, v. 268, p. 65-81.
150. Yan, M.D., Zhao, X.X., and Riisager, P., 2008, New paleomagnetic results from basaltic drill cores of the Nauru Basin, western Pacific: Tectonic and magnetostratigraphic implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 267, p. 175-187, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.047.
151. 86Sr during the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian): Links to volcanism and climate?: Geology, v. 37, p. 951-954, doi:10.1130/G30152A.1.
152. Zhou, M.F., Malpas, J., Song, X.Y., Robinson, P.T., Sun, M., Kennedy, A.K., Lesher, C.M., and Keays, R.R., 2002, A temporal link between the Emeishan large igneous province (SW China) and the end-Guadalupian mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 196, p. 113-122, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00608-2.