Associations between blood lead level and substance use and sexually transmitted infection risk among adults in the United States

Environmental Research

Volumn 135, Issue , 2014, Pages 21-30

  Hu, Hui ^a   Scheidell, Joy ^a   Xu, Xiaohui ^a   Coatsworth, Ashley M ^a   Khan, Maria R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood lead; NHANES; Sexually transmitted infection; Substance use

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; LEAD;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BINGE DRINKING; CONCURRENT SEXUAL PARTNERSHIP; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG USE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH SURVEY; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SELF REPORT; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SUBSTANCE USE; UNITED STATES; BLOOD; NUTRITION; RISK; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; STATISTICAL MODEL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; LEAD; LOGISTIC MODELS; NUTRITION SURVEYS; ODDS RATIO; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84907477347     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.037     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abadin H., et al. Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta (GA) 2007.
2. Bandeen-Roche K., et al. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in older adults. Epidemiology 2009, 20:831-839.
3. Bellinger D.C. Very low lead exposures and children[U+05F3]s neurodevelopment. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2008, 20:172-177.
4. Booysen F.R., Summerton J. Poverty, risky sexual behaviour, and vulnerability to HIV infection: evidence from South Africa. J. Health, Popul. Nutr. (JHPN) 2011, 20:285-288.
5. Bouchard M.F., et al. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2009, 66:1313-1319.
6. Braun J.M., et al. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1904-1909.
7. Brodbeck J., et al. Association between cannabis use and sexual risk behavior among young heterosexual adults. AIDS Behav. 2006, 10:599-605.
8. Canfield R.L., et al. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10μg per deciliter. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:1517-1526.
9. Cavazos-Rehg P.A., et al. Risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases: a comparison study of cocaine-dependent individuals in treatment versus a community-matched sample. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2009, 23:727-734.
10. CDC, 2004. Laboratory procedure manual analyte lead cadmium mercury.
11. CDC, 2011a. Blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury codebook and frequencies: blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury.
12. CDC, 2011b. NHANES response rates and CPS totals. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
13. CDC, 2012a. Fact sheets - binge drinking.
14. CDC, 2012b. Sexual risk behavior fact sheets.
15. CDC, 2013. Questionnaires, datasets and related documentation. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CDC.
16. Cecil K.M., et al. Decreased brain volume in adults with childhood lead exposure. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e112.
17. Chan K. Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines. Chemosphere 2003, 52:1361-1371.
18. Coul E., et al. Sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees in the Netherlands, 2007-2011. Int. J. STD & AIDS 2013.
19. Crist C., et al. The interaction of alcohol and iron-overload in the in-vivo regulation of iron responsive genes. Cantaurus 2007, 15:2-6.
20. Crockett L.J., Raffaelli M., Shen Y. Linking self-regulation and risk proneness to risky sexual behavior: pathways through peer pressure and early substance use. J. Res. Adolesc. 2006, 16:503-525.
21. de Wit H. Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes. Addict. Biol. 2009, 14:22-31.
22. Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2013, 64:135-168.
23. Dietrich K.N., et al. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2001, 23:511-518.
24. Dietrich K.N., et al. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2001, 23:511-518.
25. Doherty I.A., et al. Comparison of sexual mixing patterns for syphilis in endemic and outbreak settings. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2011, 38:378-384.
26. Dunlop B.W., Nemeroff C.B. The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64:327-337.
27. Echeverria D., et al. Chronic low-level mercury exposure, BDNF polymorphism, and associations with cognitive and motor function. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2005, 27:781-796.
28. Eddins D., et al. Mercury-induced cognitive impairment in metallothionein-1/2 null mice. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2008, 30:88-95.
29. Ellis D., et al. Personality disorder and sexual risk taking among homosexually active and heterosexually active men attending a genito-urinary medicine clinic. J. Psychosom. Res. 1995, 39:901-910.
30. EPA, 2013. National trends in lead levels.
31. Epstein M., et al. Understanding the link between early sexual initiation and later sexually transmitted infection: test and replication in two longitudinal studies. J. Adolesc. Health 2013.
32. Etchevers A., et al. Blood lead levels and risk factors in young children in France, 2008-2009. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2013.
33. Falq G., et al. Blood lead levels in the adult population living in France the French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS 2006-2007). Environ. Int. 2011, 37:565-571.
34. Froehlich T.E., et al. Association of tobacco and lead exposures with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2009, 124:e1054-e1063.
35. Grandjean P., et al. Influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on blood lead levels. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981, 48:391-397.
36. Griffin T.B., et al. Clinical studies on men continuously exposed to airborne particulate lead. Environ. Qual. Saf. Suppl. 1975, 2:221-240.
37. Ha M., et al. Low blood levels of lead and mercury and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity in children: a report of the children[U+05F3]s health and environment research (CHEER). Neurotoxicology 2009, 30:31-36.
38. Harrison-Findik D.D. Is the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin a risk factor for alcoholic liver disease?. World J. Gastroenterol.: WJG 2009, 15:1186.
39. HENSE H.-W., et al. Nonoccupational determinants of blood lead concentrations in a general population. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1992, 21:753-762.
40. Hou S., et al. A clinical study of the effects of lead poisoning on the intelligence and neurobehavioral abilities of children. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 2013, 10:13.
41. Hu H., et al. Determinants of bone and blood lead levels among community-exposed middle-aged to elderly men. The normative aging study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 144:749-759.
42. Ibrahim A.S., Latif A.H. Adult lead poisoning from a herbal medicine. QNRS Repos. 2011, (2011).
43. Jedrychowski W., et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to mercury on cognitive and psychomotor function in one-year-old infants: epidemiologic cohort study in Poland. Ann. Epidemiol. 2006, 16:439-447.
44. Johnson C.L., Paulose R.R., Ogden C.L. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic guidelines. Vital Health Statics 2013, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland.
45. Kalichman S.C., et al. Associations of poverty, substance use, and HIV transmission risk behaviors in three South African communities. Soc. Sci. Med. 2006, 62:1641-1649.
46. Kearney G., Kiros G.-E. A spatial evaluation of socio demographics surrounding National Priorities List sites in Florida using a distance-based approach. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2009, 8:33.
47. Khalil N., et al. Association of cumulative lead and neurocognitive function in an occupational cohort. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:10-19.
48. Khan M.R., et al. Non-injection and injection drug use and STI/HIV risk in the United States: the degree to which sexual risk behaviors versus sex with an STI-infected partner account for infection transmission among drug users. AIDS Behav. 2013, 17:1185-1194.
49. Khan M.R., et al. Depression, sexually transmitted infection, and sexual risk behavior among young adults in the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2009, 163:644-652.
50. Korrick S.A., et al. Correlates of bone and blood lead levels among middle-aged and elderly women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 156:335-343.
51. Kraut-Becher J., Aral S. Patterns of age mixing and sexually transmitted infections. Int. J. STD & AIDS 2006, 17:378-383.
52. Kraut-Becher J.R., Aral S.O. Patterns of age mixing and sexually transmitted infections. Int. J. STD & AIDS 2006, 17:378-383.
53. Lane S.D., et al. Environmental injustice: childhood lead poisoning, teen pregnancy, and tobacco. J. Adolesc. Health 2008, 42:43-49.
54. Lanphear B.P., et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children[U+05F3]s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:894-899.
55. Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Bigler E.D., Tranel D. Neuropsychological Assessment 2012, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
56. Lidsky T.I., Schneider J.S. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 2003, 126:5-19.
57. MacArthur G., et al. Patterns of alcohol use and multiple risk behaviour by gender during early and late adolescence: the ALSPAC cohort. J. Public Health 2012, 34:i20-i30.
58. Madise N., et al. Is poverty a driver for risky sexual behaviour? Evidence from national surveys of adolescents in four African countries. Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2007, 83-98.
59. Magar E.C.E., Phillips L.H., Hosie J.A. Self-regulation and risk-taking. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2008, 45:153-159.
60. Maruyama K., et al. Methyl mercury exposure at Niigata, Japan: results of neurological examinations of 103 adults. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012:635075.
61. Meyer P.A., et al. Surveillance for elevated blood lead levels among children-United States, 1997-2001. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. CDC Surveill. Summ. 2003, 52.
62. Mielke H.W., Zahran S. The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence. Environ. Int. 2012, 43:48-55.
63. Muntner P., et al. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165:2155.
64. Mushak P. Gastro-intestinal absorption of lead in children and adults: overview of biological and biophysico-chemical aspects. Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab. 1991, 3:87-104.
65. Naicker N., et al. Environmental lead exposure and socio-behavioural adjustment in the early teens: the birth to twenty cohort. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 414:120-125.
66. Needleman H.L., et al. Bone lead levels in adjudicated delinquents. A case control study. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2002, 24:711-717.
67. Needleman H.L., et al. Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. JAMA 1996, 275:363-369.
68. Newton D., et al. Elevation of lead in human blood from its controlled ingestion in beer. Human & Exp. Toxicol. 1992, 11:3-9.
69. Nigg J.T., et al. Low blood lead levels associated with clinically diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mediated by weak cognitive control. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63:325-331.
70. Nigg J.T., et al. Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child & Adolesc. Psychiatry 2006, 45:468-475.
71. Olympio K.P., et al. Surface dental enamel lead levels and antisocial behavior in Brazilian adolescents. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2010, 32:273-279.
72. Patrick M.E., et al. HIV/AIDS risk behaviors and substance use by young adults in the United States. Prev. Sci. 2012, 13:532-538.
73. Pirkle J.L., et al. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. JAMA: J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1994, 272:284-291.
74. Pollock P.H., Vittas M.E. Who bears the burdens of environmental pollution? Race, ethnicity, and environmental equity in Florida. Soc. Sci. Q. 1995, 76:294-310.
75. Rabinowitz M.B., et al. Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. J. Clin. Invest. 1976, 58:260-270.
76. Rai V., et al. Heavy metal accumulation in some herbal drugs. Pharm. Biol. 2001, 39:384-387.
77. Rajan P., et al. Lead burden and psychiatric symptoms and the modifying influence of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism: the VA Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166:1400-1408.
78. Ramrakha S., et al. Psychiatric disorders and risky sexual behaviour in young adulthood: cross sectional study in birth cohort. BMJ 2000, 321:263-266.
79. Rogge M.E., Darkwa O.K. Poverty and the environment: an international perspective for social work. Int. Soc. Work 1996, 39:395-409.
80. Sällsten G., et al. Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. J. Dent. Res. 1996, 75:594-598.
81. Santelli J.S., et al. Multiple sexual partners among US adolescents and young adults. Fam. Plan. Perspect. 1998, 271-275.
82. Schwartz B.S., et al. Relations of brain volumes with cognitive function in males 45 years and older with past lead exposure. Neuroimage 2007, 37:633-641.
83. Schwartz B.S., et al. Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Neurology 2000, 55:1144-1150.
84. Shafii T., et al. Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: a longitudinal study using biomarkers. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97:1090.
85. Shaper A., et al. Effects of alcohol and smoking on blood lead in middle-aged British men. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. ed.) 1982, 284:299.
86. Sher K.J., et al. Personality and substance use disorders: a prospective study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2000, 68:818.
87. Shiely F., et al. Increased sexually transmitted infection incidence in a low risk population: identifying the risk factors. Eur. J. Public Health 2010, 20:207-212.
88. Stacy A.W., et al. Implicit cognition and HIV risk behavior. J. Behav. Med. 2000, 23:475-499.
89. Stretesky P., Hogan M.J. Environmental justice: an analysis of superfund sites in Florida. Soc. Probl. 1998, 45:268.
90. Taylor C.M., et al. Environmental factors predicting blood lead levels in pregnant women in the UK: the ALSPAC study. PLoS One 2013, 8:e72371.
91. Upchurch D.M., et al. Social and behavioral determinants of self-reported STD among adolescents. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 2004, 36:276-287.
92. van Wijngaarden E., et al. Blood lead levels in relation to cognitive function in older U.S. adults. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32:110-115.
93. Walkowiak J., et al. Cognitive and sensorimotor functions in 6-year-old children in relation to lead and mercury levels: adjustment for intelligence and contrast sensitivity in computerized testing. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1998, 20:511-521.
94. Wang H.L., et al. Case-control study of blood lead levels and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:1401-1406.
95. Weuve J., et al. Cumulative exposure to lead in relation to cognitive function in older women. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:574-580.
96. Wright J.P., et al. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e101.
97. Zipf G., Chippa M., Porter K.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Plan and Operations, 1999-2010. Vital Health Statics 2013, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland.