Neighbourhood availability of alcohol outlets and hazardous alcohol consumption in New Zealand

Health and Place

Volumn 29, Issue , 2014, Pages 186-199

  Ayuka, Francis ^a   Barnett, Ross ^a   Pearce, Jamie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alcohol outlets access; Deprivation; Hazardous alcohol consumption; Neighbourhood availability; Socio spatial arrangement

Indexed keywords

DRINKING; HEALTH SURVEY; NEIGHBORHOOD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; NEIGHBORHOOD; NEW ZEALAND; NUTRITION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOKING; ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; DEMOGRAPHY; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMICS; YOUNG ADULT;

NEW ZEALAND;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; COMMERCE; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW ZEALAND; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84907339644     PISSN: 13538292     EISSN: 18732054     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Alaniz M.L. Alcohol availability and targeted advertising in racial ethnic minority communities. Alcohol Health Res. World 1998, 22:286-289.
2. AIHW 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: Detailed Findings 2005, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra.
3. Barnett R., Pearce J., Moon G. Does social inequality matter? Changing ethnic socio-economic disparities and Maori smoking in New Zealand, 1981-1996. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005, 60:1515-1526.
4. Berke E.M., Tanski S.E., Demidenko E., Alford-Teaster J., Shi X., Sargent J.D. Alcohol retail density and demographic predictors of health disparities: A geographic analysis. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100:1967-1971.
5. Bernard P., Charafeddine R., Frohlich K., Daniel M., Kestens Y., Potvin L. Health inequalities and place: a theoretical conception of neighbourhood. Soc. Sci. Med. 2007, 65:1839-1852.
6. Beydoun M.A., Powell L.M., Wang Y. The association of fast food, fruit and vegetable prices with dietary intakes among US adults: Is there modification by family income?. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 66:2218-2229.
7. Blackman T. Placing Health: Neighbourhood Renewal, Health Improvement and Complexity 2006, Policy Press, Bristol.
8. Blakely T., Tobias M., Robson B., Ajwani S., Bonné M., Woodward A. Widening ethnic mortality disparities in New Zealand 1981-99. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005, 61:2233-2251.
9. Blomgren J., Martikainen P., Makela P., Valkonen T. The effects of regional characteristics on alcohol-related mortality-a register based multi-level analysis of 1.1 million men. Soc. Sci. Med. 2004, 58:2523-2535.
10. Bluthenthal R.N., Cohen D., Farley T.A., Scribner R., Beighley C., Schonlau M., Robinson P.L. Alcohol availability and neighbourhood characteristics in Los Angeles and Southern Lousiana. J. Urban Health 2008, 85:191-205.
11. Branas C.C., Richmond T.S., Ten Have T.R., Wiebe D.J. Acute alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets and gun suicide. Subst. Use Misuse 2011, 46:1592-1603.
12. Breen C., Shakeshaft A., Slade T., Love S., D'Este C., Mattick R.P. Do community characteristics predict alcohol-related crime?. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011, 46:464-470.
13. Bryden A., Roberts B., McKee M., Petticrew M. A systematic review of the influence on alcohol use of community level availability and marketing of alcohol. Health Place 2014, (in press).
14. Burgess M., Moffatt S. The Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Assaults on and Around Licensed Premises 2011, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics Research, Sydney, (Crime and Justice Bulletin No. 147).
15. Chan K.K., Neighbors C., Gilson M., Larimer M.E., Alan Marlatt G. Epidemiological trends in drinking by age and gender: providing normative feedback to adults. Addict. Behav. 2007, 32:967-976.
16. Chen M-J., Grube J.W., Gruenewald P.J. Community alcohol outlet density and underage drinking. Addiction 2010, 105:270-278.
17. Chilenski S.M. From the macro to the micro: A geographic examination of the community context and early adolescent problem behaviours. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2011, 48:352-364.
18. Clifton K., Lucas K. Examining the empirical evidence of transport inequality in the US and UK. Running on empty: transport, social exclusion and environmental justice 2004, The Policy Press, Bristol. K. Lucas (Ed.).
19. Connolly S., O'Reilly D., Rosato M., Cardwell C. Area of residence and alcohol-related mortality risk: a five year follow-up study. Addiction 2010, 106:84-92.
20. Connor J., Kypri K., Bell M.L., Cousins K. Alcohol outlet density, levels of drinking and alcohol related harm in New Zealand: a national study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2010, 65:841-846.
21. Cunradi C.B. Neighborhoods, alcohol outlets and intimate partner violence: addressing research gaps in explanatory mechanisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7:799-813.
22. Cunradi C.B., Mair C., Ponicki W., Remer L. Alcohol outlets, neighbourhood characteristics, and intimate partner violence: ecological analysis of a California City. J. Urban Health 2011, 88:191-200.
23. Dando, K., 2011. Hundreds to protest liquor store. Kapi-Mana News, Porirua, 29 November.
24. Dent C.W., Grube J.W., Biglan A. Community level alcohol availability and enforcement of possesion laws as predictors of youth drinking. Prev. Med. 2005, 40:355-362.
25. DeJong W. Social norms marketing campaigns to reduce campus alcohol problems. Health Commun. 2010, 25:615-616.
26. Duncan C., Jones K.L., Moon G. Context, composition and heterogeneity: using multi-level models in health research. Soc. Sci. Med. 1998, 46:97-117.
27. Ellaway A., Macdonald L., Forsyth A., Macintyre S. The socio-spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in Glasgow city. Health Place 2010, 16:167-172.
28. Ellen I.G., Mijanovich T., Dillman K.N. Neighborhood effects on health: exploring the links and assessing the evidence. J. Urban Aff. 2001, 23:391-408.
29. Forsyth A.J.M., Davidson N. Community off-sales provision and the presence of alcohol-related detritus in residential neighbourhoods. Health Place 2010, 16:349-358.
30. Franklin F.A., LaVeist T.A., Webster D.W., Pan W.K. West. J. Emerg. Med. 2010, 11:283-290.
31. Freisthler B. Alcohol use, drinking venue utilization, and child physical abuse: results from a pilot study. J. Fam. Violence 2011, 26:193-195.
32. Godfrey C. Licensing and demand for alcohol. Appl. Econ. 1988, 1541-1558.
33. Grubesic T.H., Pridemore W.A. Alcohol outlets and clusters of violence. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2011, 10:30.
34. Gruenewald P.J. The spatial ecology of alcohol problems. Niche theory and assortative drinking. Addiction 2007, 102:870-878.
35. Gruenewald P.J., Freisthler B., Remer L., LaScala E.A., Treno A.J., Ponicki W.R. Ecological associations of alcohol outlets with underage and young adult injuries. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2010, 34:519-527.
36. Gruenewald P.J., Ponicki W.R., Holder H.D. The relationship of outlet densities to alcohol consumption: a time series cross sectional analysis. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 1993, 38-47.
37. Harford T.C., Parker D.A., Paulter C., Wolz M. Relationship between the number of on-premise outlets and alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 1979, 40:1053-1057.
38. Hay G.C., Whigham P.A., Kypri K., Langley J.D. Neighbourhood deprivation and access to alcohol outlets: a national study. Health Place 2009, 15:1086-1093.
39. Health Canada A National Survey of Canadians' Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs, Prevalence of Use and Related Harms 2005, Ministry of Health, Ontario.
40. Heung C., LeMar J., Rempel B. Alcohol and community-based violence: a review of evidence and control policies. McMaster Univ. Med. J. 2011, 8:29-34.
41. Hibbell, B., et al., 2009. The 2007 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in 35 European countries Stockholm, Sweden, The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs.
42. Hill L. Planning for the Sale of Alcohol: a Review of Research and Policy 2004, Ministry of Health, Wellington.
43. Huakau J., et al. New Zealand Pacific peoples' drinking style: too much or nothing at all?. N. Z. Med. J. 2005, 118.
44. Holloway S.L., Jayne M., Valentine G. [U+05F3]Sainsbury[U+05F3]s is my local[U+05F3]: English alcohol policy, domestic drinking practices and the meaning of home. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 2008, 33:532-547.
45. Huckle T., Huakau J., Sweetsur P., Huisman O., Casswell S. Density of alcohol outlets and teenage drinking: living in an alcogenic environment is associated with higher consumption in a metropolitan setting. Addiction 2008, 103:1614-1621.
46. Jayne M., Valentine G., Holloway S.L. Alcohol. Drinking and Drunkenness. (Dis) Orderly Spaces 2011, Ashgate, Farnham.
47. Kavanagh A.M., Kelly M.T., Krnjacki L., Thornton L., Jolley D., Subramanian S.V., Turrell G., Bentley R.J. Access to alcohol outlets and harmful alcohol consumption: a multi-level study in Melbourne, Australia. Addiction 2011, 106:1772-1779.
48. Kawakami N., Winkleby M., Skog L., Szulkin R., Sundquist K. Differences in neighbourhood accessibility to health-related resources: a nationwide comparison between deprived and affluent neighbourhoods in Sweden. Health Place 2011, 17:132-139.
49. Kneale J., French S. Mapping alcohol: health, policy and the geographies of problem drinking in Britain. Drugs: Educ., Prev. Policy 2008, 15:233-249.
50. Kobetz E., Danile M., Earp J.A. Neighbourhood poverty and self reported health among low income rural women, 50 years and older. Health Place 2003, 9:263-271.
51. Kuntsche E.N., Kuendig H. Do school surroundings matter? Alcohol outlet density, perception of adolescent drinking in public, and adolescent alcohol use. Addict. Behav. 2005, 30:151-158.
52. Kuntsche E., Kuendig H., Gmel G. Alcohol outlet density, a perceived availability and adolescent alcohol use: a multilevel structural equation model. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2007, 62:811-816.
53. Kypri K., Bell M.L., Hay G.C., Baxter J. Alcohol outlet density and university student drinking: a national study. Addiction 2008, 103:1131-1138.
54. LaVeist T., Wallace J.M.J. Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighbourhood. Soc Sci Med 2000, 51:613-617.
55. Changing Places: New Zealand in the Nineties 1996, Longman Paul, Auckland. R. Le Heron, E. Pawson (Eds.).
56. Liang W., Chikritzhs T. Revealing the link between licensed outlets and violence: counting venues versus measuring alcohol availability. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2011, 30:524-535.
57. Lim W.Y., Fong C.W., Chan J.M.L., Heng D., Bhalla V., Chew S.K. Trends in alcohol consumption in Singapore 1992-2004. Alcohol Alcohol. 2007, 42:354-361.
58. Livingston M. The social gradient of alcohol availability in Victoria, Australia. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2014, (In press). 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00776.x.
59. Livingston M. Alcohol outlet density and harm: comparing the impacts on violence and chronic harm. Drug. Alcohol. Rev. 2011, 30:515-523.
60. Livingston M. A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and domestic violence. Addiction 2011, 106:919-925.
61. Livingston M. The ecology of domestric violence: the role of alcohol outlet density. Geospatial Health 2011, 5:139-149.
62. Livingston M., Chikritzhs T., Room R. Changing the density of alcohol outlets to reduce alcohol related problems. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007, 26:557-566.
63. Macintyre S., Maciver S., Sooman A. Area, class and health: Should we be focusing on places or people. J. Soc. Pol. 1993, 22:213-234.
64. Macintyre S., Ellaway A., Cummins S. Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them. Soc. Sci. Med. 2002, 55:125-139.
65. Macintyre S., Ellaway A. Neighborhoods and Health: An Overview. Neighborhoods and Health 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford. I. Kawachi, L. Berkman (Eds.).
66. Mackenbach J.P., Bos V., Andersen O., Cardano M., Costa G., Harding S. Widening socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in six western European countries. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 32:830-837.
67. Maclennan B., Kypri K., Langley J., Room R. Public sentiment towards alcohol and local government alcohol policies in New Zealand. Int. J. Drug Policy 2012, 23:45-53.
68. Mäkelä P., Fonager K., Hibell B., Nordlund S., Sabroe S., Simpura J. Episodic heavy drinking in four Nordic countries: a comparative survey. Addiction 2001, 96:1575-1588.
69. Makela P., Ripatti S., Valkonen T. Regional differences in male alcohol related mortality. Suomen Laakarilehti 2001, 56:2513-2519.
70. Mangnall K. Alcohol Protest Hits Street 2010, Manukau Courier, Auckland.
71. Mateos R., Paramo M., Carrera I., Rodriguez-Lopez A. Alcohol consumption in a Southern European Region (Galicia, Spain). Subst. Use Misuse 2002, 37:1957-1976.
72. Matheson F.I., White H.L., Moineddin R., Dunn J.R., Glazier R.H. Drinking in context: the influence of gender and neighbourhood deprivation on alcohol consumption. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2010, 10.1136/jech.2010.112441.
73. Mckee M., Pomerleau J., Robertson A., Pudule I., Grinberga D., Kadziauskiene K., Abaravicius A., Vaask S. Alcohol consumption in the Baltic Republics. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2000, 54:361-366.
74. McNeil L.H., Kreuter M.W., Subramanian S.V. Social environment and physical activity: a review of concepts and evidence. Soc. Sci. Med. 2006, 63:1011-1022.
75. Merrill R.M., Stanford E.J., Lindsay G.B. The relationship of perceived age and sales of tobacco and alcohol to underage customers. J. Community Health 2000, 25:401-410.
76. Ministry of Health, 2008. Methodology report for the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington.
77. Naimi T.S., Brewer R.D., Mokdad A., Denny C., Serdula M.K., Marks J.S. Binge drinking amongst US adults. JAMA 2003, 289:70-75.
78. Nichols B.E., Nkalamo D., Whitcomb B.W. Density of drinking establishments and HIV prevalence in a migrant town in Namibia. AIDS Behav. 2014, (in press). 10.1007/s10461-011-9956-4.
79. Nielsen A.L., Hill T.D., French M.T., Hernandez M.H. Racial/ethnic composition, and offsite alcohol availability in San Diego County 2010, 39:165-175. Social Science Research, California.
80. Parker R.N., Williams K.R., McCaffree K.J., Acensio E.K., Browne A., Strom K.J., Barrick K. Alcohol availability and youth homicide in the 91 largest US cities, 1984-2006. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2011, 30:505-514.
81. Pasch K.E., Hearst M.O., Nelson M.C., Forsyth A., Lytle L.A. Alcohol outlets and youth alcohol use: exposure in suburban areas. Health Place 2009, 15:642-646.
82. Paton-Simpson G., McCormick I.R., Powell A., et al. Problem drinking profiles of patients presenting to general practitioners: analysis of alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores for the Auckland area. N. Z. Med. J. 2000, 113:74-77.
83. Pearce J., Day P., Witten K. Neighbourhood provision of food and alcohol retailing and social deprivation in urban New Zealand. Urban Policy Res. 2008, 26:213-217.
84. Plant M.A., Plant M.L. Binge. Britain: Alcohol and the National Response 2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
85. Picone G., MacDougald J., Sloan F., Platt A., Kertesz S. The effects of residential proximity to bars on alcohol consumption. Int. J. Health Care Finance Econ. 2010, 10:347-367.
86. Pollack C.E., Cubbin C., Ahn D., Winkleby M. Neighbourhood deprivation and alcohol consumption: does the availability of alcohol play a role?. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 34:772-780.
87. Pridemore W.A., Grubesic T.H. Alcohol outlets and community levels of interpersonal violence: spatial density, outlet type, and seriousness of assault. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 2013, 50:132-159.
88. Pridemore W.A., Grubesic T.H. A spatial analysis of the moderating effects of land use on the association between alcohol outlet density and violence in urban areas. Drug. Alcohol. Rev. 2012, 31:385-393.
89. Reboussin B.A., Song E-Y., Wolfson M. The impact of alcohol outlet density on the geographic clustering of underage drinking behaviours within census tracts. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2011, 35:1541-1549.
90. Rehm J., Gmel G., Sempos C., Trevisan M. Alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. Alcohol Research & Health 2003, 27:39-51.
91. Resko S.M., Walton M.A., Bingham C.R., Shope J.T., Zimmerman M., Chermack S.T., Blow F.C., Cunningham R.M. Alcohol availability and violence among inner-city adolescents: a multi-level analysis of the role of alcohol outlet density. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2010, 46:253-262.
92. Reynolds R.I., Holder H.D., Gruenewald P.J. Community prevention and alcohol retail access. Addiction 1997, 92(Suppl. 2):S261-S272.
93. Robert S.A., Li L.W. Age variation in the relationship between community socio-economic status and adult health. Res. Aging 2001, 23:234-259.
94. Romley J.A., Cohen D., Ringel J., Sturm R. Alcohol and environmental justice: the density of liquor stores and bars in urban neighborhoods in the United States. J. Study Alcohol Drugs 2007, 68:48-55.
95. Rush B., Steinberg M., Brook R. Relationship among alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and alcohol related damage in the province of Ontario and the State of Michigan. Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse 1986, 5:33-45.
96. Salmond C., Crampton P., King P., Waldegrave C. NZiDep- An index of socioeconomic deprivation for individuals. Wellingt. Sch. Med. Health Sci. 2007.
97. Salmond C., Crampton P., Atkinson J. NZDep2006 Index of Deprivation User[U+05F3]s Manual 2007, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington.
98. Schonlau M., Scribner R., Farley T.A., Theall K., Bluthenthal R.N., Scott M., Cohen D.A. Alcohol outlet density and alcohol consumption in Los Angeles county and southern Louisiana. Geospatial Health 2008, 3:91-101.
99. Scribner R.A., Cohen D.A., Fisher W. Evidence of a structural effect for alcohol outlet density: a multilevel analysis. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2000, 24:188-195.
100. Scribner R., Mason K., Theall K., Simonsen N., Schneider S.K., Towvim L.G., Dejong W. The contextual role of alcohol outlet density in college drinking. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 2008, 69:112-120.
101. Scribner R., Mason K., Simonsen N.R., Theall K., Chotalia J., Johnson S., Kessel S., Schneider M.S.P.H., DeJong W. An ecological analysis of alcohol-outet density and campus-reported violence at 32 US colleges. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 2010, 71:184-191.
102. Shamblen S.R., Harris M.S., Ringwalt C.S., Flewelling R.L., Clark H.K., Hanley S.M. Outlet density as a predictor of alcohol use in early adolescence. Subst. Use Misuse 2011, 46:1049-1059.
103. Shaw M., Dorling D., Gordon D., Davey Smith G. The widening gap: health inequalities and policy in Britain 1999, The Policy Press, Bristol.
104. Siapush M., Jones P.R., Singh G.K., Timsina L.R., Martin J. Association of availability of tobacco products with socio-economic and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods. Public Health 2010, 124:525-529.
105. Speer P.W., Gorman D.M., Labouvie E.W., Ontkush M.J. Violent crime and alcohol availability: relationship in an urban community. J. Public Health Policy 1998, 19:303-318.
106. Stanley L.R., Henry K.L., Swaim R.C. Physical, social, and perceived availabilities of alcohol and last month alcohol use in rural and small urban communities. J. Youth Adolesc. 2011, 40:1203-1214.
107. Skog O.J. The collectivity of drinking cultures: a theory of the distribution of alcohol consumption. Br. J. Addict. 1985, 80:83-99.
108. Social Issues Research Centre Social and Cultural Aspects of Drinking 1998, Social Issues Research Centre, Oxford.
109. Statistics New Zealand New Zealand: an Urban/Rural Profile 2006, Statistics New Zealand, Wellington.
110. Stockwell T., Zhao J., Macdonald S., Vallance K., Gruenewald P., Ponicki W., Holder H., Treno A. Impact on alcohol-related mortality of a rapid rise in the density of private liquor outlets in British Columbia: a local area multi-level analysis. Addiction 2011, 106:768-776.
111. Susser M.W. The logic in ecological: I. In the logic of analysis. Am. J. Public Health 1994, 84:825-829.
112. Theall K.P., Scribner R., Cohen D., Bluthenthal R.N., Schonlau M., Farley T.A. Social capital and the neighborhood alcohol environment. Health Place 2009, 15:323-332.
113. Theall K.P., Lancaster B.P., Lynch S., Haines R.T., Scribner S., Scribner R., Kishore V. The neighborhod alcohol environment and at-risk drinking among African Americans. Alcohol.: Clin. Exp. Res. 2011, 35:996-1003.
114. To S.E Alcohol dependence patterns and their impact on New York City. MedGenMed Medscape Gen. Med. 2007, 9.
115. Tobias M., Kokaua J., Gerritsen S., Templeton R. The health of children in sole-parent families in New Zealand: results of a population-based cross-sectional survey. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2010, 34:274-280.
116. Triandis C.H. Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross Cult. Res. 1993, 27:155-180.
117. Truong K., Sturm R. Alcohol outlets and problem drinking among adults in California. J. Study Alcohol Drugs 2007, 68:923-933.
118. Walsh D., Bendel N., Jones R., Hanlon P. It[U+05F3]s not 'just deprivation': why do equally deprived UK cities experience different health outcomes?. Public Health 2010, 124:487-495.
119. Watson C., Fleming J., Alexander K. A Survey of Drug use Patterns in Northern Territory Aboriginal Communities 1986-1987 1988, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin: Northern Territory.
120. Wechsler H., Lee J., Hall J., Wagenaar A., Lee H. Second hand effects of student alcohol use reported by neighbors of colleges: the role of alcohol outlets. Soc. Sci. Med. 2002, 55:425-435.
121. Weitzman E., R., Folkman A., Folkman K.L. The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Health Place 2003, 9:1-6.
122. Weitzman E.R., Nelson T.F., Wechsler H. Taking up binge drinking in college: the influence of personal, social and environmental factors. J. Adolesc. Health 2003, 32:26-35.
123. West J.H., Blumberg E.J., Kelley N.J., Hill L., Sipan C.L., Schmitz K.E., Ryan S., Clapp J.D., Hovell M.F. Does proximity to retailers influence alcohol and tobacco use among Latino adolescents?. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 2010, 12:626-633.
124. WHO Meas, Global Burden Dis. Risk Factors 2002, 1990-2001.
125. Who drinks more and less when policies change?. The Evidence from 50 years of Nordic Studies 2002, Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug research, Helsinki. P. Makela, I. Rossow, K. Tryggvensson (Eds.).
126. Willner P., Hart K., Binmore J. Alcohol sales to underage adolescents: an unobtrusive observational field study and evaluation of a police intervention. Addiction 2000, 95:1373-1388.
127. Wilsnack R.W., et al. Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: Cross-cultural patterns. Addiction 2000, 95:251-265.
128. Wojtyniak B., Moskalewicz J., StokwiszewskI J., Rabczenko D. Gender-specific mortality associated with alcohol consumption in Poland in transition. Addiction 2005, 100:1779-1789.
129. Yen I., Kaplan G. Neighbourhood social environment and risk of death: multi level analysis from the Alameda County study. Am. J. Public Health 1999, 149:898-907.
130. Zhang W., McCubbin H., McCubbin L., Chen Q., Foley S., Strom I., Kehl L. Education and self-rated health: an individual and neighborhood level analysis of Asian Americans, Hawaiians, and Caucasians in Hawaii. Soc. Sci. Med. 2010, 70:561-569.