Motivational deficits and cognitive test performance in schizophrenia

JAMA Psychiatry

Volumn 71, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1058-1065

  Fervaha, Gagan ^a,b   Zakzanis, Konstantine K ^c   Foussias, George ^a,b,c   Graff Guerrero, Ariel ^a,b,c   Agid, Ofer ^a,b,c   Remington, Gary ^a,b,c  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DSM-IV; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTIVATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OUTCOME VARIABLE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TASK PERFORMANCE; UNITED STATES; ADOLESCENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; COGNITION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84907009282     PISSN: 2168622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1105     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Mueser KT,McGurk SR. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2063-2072.
2. Milev P, Ho BC, Arndt S, Andreasen NC. Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: a longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):495-506.
3. Mohamed S, Rosenheck R, Swartz M, Stroup S, Lieberman JA, Keefe RS. Relationship of cognition and psychopathology to functional impairment in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(8):978-987.
4. Fervaha G, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Motivational and neurocognitive deficits are central to the prediction of longitudinal functional outcome in schizophrenia [published onlineMay 22, 2014]. Acta Psychiatr Scand. doi:10.1111/acps.12289.
5. Harvey PD, Koren D, Reichenberg A, Bowie CR. Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of their relationship? Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):250-258.
6. BellMD, Mishara AL. Does negative symptom change relate to neurocognitive change in schizophrenia? implications for targeted treatments. Schizophr Res. 2006;81(1):17-27.
7. Barch DM. The relationships among cognition, motivation, and emotion in schizophrenia: how much and how little we know. Schizophr Bull. 2005; 31(4):875-881.
8. Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW, Kuck J, Marcotte TD, Jeste DV. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(1):24-32.
9. Dickson H, Laurens KR, Cullen AE, Hodgins S. Meta-Analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2012;42(4): 743-755.
10. Gur RE, Calkins ME, Gur RC, et al. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia: neurocognitive endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33(1):49-68.
11. Kahneman D. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1973.
12. Hockey RJ, Gaillard AW, Coles MG. Energetics and Human Information Processing. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Nijhoff; 1986.
13. Shiffrin RM, SchneiderW. Controlled and automatic human information processing, II: perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):127-190.
14. Schmand B, Kuipers T, Van Der GaagM, Bosveld J, Bulthuis F, Jellema M. Cognitive disorders and negative symptoms as correlates of motivational deficits in psychotic patients. Psychol Med. 1994;24 (4):869-884.
15. PribramKH, McGuinness D. Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention. Psychol Rev. 1975;82(2):116-149.
16. Kanfer R, Ackerman PL. Motivation and cognitive abilities: an integrative/aptitudetreatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. J Appl Psychol. 1989;74(4):657-690.
17. Reitan RM,Wolfson D. Conation: a neglected aspect of neuropsychological functioning. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2000;15(5):443-453.
18. Green P, RohlingML, Lees-Haley PR, Allen LM III. Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Inj. 2001;15(12):1045-1060.
19. An KY, Zakzanis KK, Joordens S. Conducting research with non-clinical healthy undergraduates: does effort play a role in neuropsychological test performance? Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;27(8): 849-857.
20. Duckworth AL, Quinn PD, Lynam DR, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108(19):7716-7720.
21. Gorissen M, Sanz JC, Schmand B. Effort and cognition in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2005;78(2-3):199-208.
22. Avery R, StartupM, Calabria K. The role of effort, cognitive expectancy appraisals and coping style in the maintenance of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009;167(1-2):36-46
23. Gard DE, Fisher M, Garrett C, Genevsky A, Vinogradov S. Motivation and its relationship to neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;115 (1):74-81.
24. Nakagami E, Xie B, Hoe M, Brekke JS. Intrinsic motivation, neurocognition and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: testing mediator and moderator effects. Schizophr Res. 2008;105(1-3): 95-104.
25. Brébion G, Bressan RA, Pilowsky LS, David AS. Depression, avolition, and attention disorders in patients with schizophrenia: associations with verbal memory efficiency. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(2):206-215.
26. Konstantakopoulos G, Ploumpidis D, Oulis P, et al. Apathy, cognitive deficits and functional impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011; 133(1-3):193-198.
27. Faerden A, Vaskinn A, Finset A, et al. Apathy is associated with executive functioning in first episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:1. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-9-1.
28. Roth RM, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ, McAllister TW, Vidaver R. Apathy in schizophrenia: reduced frontal lobe volume and neuropsychological deficits. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(1):157-159.
29. Fervaha G, Agid O, Foussias G, Remington G. Effect of intrinsic motivation on cognitive performance in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2014;152(1):317-318.
30. Barch DM, Yodkovik N, Sypher-Locke H, Hanewinkel M. Intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia: relationships to cognitive function, depression, anxiety, and personality. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(4):776-787.
31. Choi KH, Saperstein AM, Medalia A. The relationship of trait to state motivation: the role of self-competency beliefs. Schizophr Res. 2012;139(1- 3):73-77.
32. Keefe RS, Buchanan RW, Marder SR, et al. Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(2):417-435.
33. Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, SwartzMS, et al. The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project: schizophrenia trial design and protocol development. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(1): 15-31.
34. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(12):1209-1223.
35. Buchanan RW, Davis M, Goff D, et al. A summary of the FDA-NIMH-MATRICS workshop on clinical trial design for neurocognitive drugs for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(1):5-19.
36. First MB. User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders SCID-I: Clinician Version.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1997.
37. Appelbaum PS, Grisso T. MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press; 2001.
38. Keefe RS, Mohs RC, Bilder RM, et al. Neurocognitive assessment in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project schizophrenia trial: development, methodology, and rationale. Schizophr Bull. 2003; 29(1):45-55.
39. Wechsler D.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp; 1974.
40. Lafayette Instrument Company. Grooved Pegboard Instruction Manual, Model 32025. Lafayette, IN: Lafayette Instrument Company; 1989.
41. Benton AL, Hamscher K. Multilingual Aphasia Examination Manual (Revised). Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1978.
42. Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE,Weinberger DR. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(2):159-165.
43. Lyons-Warren A, Lillie R, Hershey T. Short- and long-term spatial delayed response performance across the lifespan. Dev Neuropsychol. 2004;26(3): 661-678.
44. Brandt J. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clin Neuropsychol. 1991;5(2):125-142.
45. Cornblatt BA, Risch NJ, Faris G, Friedman D, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The Continuous Performance Test, identical pairs version (CPT-IP), I: new findings about sustained attention in normal families. Psychiatry Res. 1988;26(2):223-238.
46. Wechsler D.Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 3rd ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Publishers; 1991.
47. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Harvey PD, et al. Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(9):2033-2046.
48. Kongs SK, Thompson LL, Iverson GL, Heaton RK. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Card VersionProfessional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc; 2000.
49. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Gold JM, et al. Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(5):301-307.
50. Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, et al. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(2):203-213.
51. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM, et al; CATIE Investigators; NeurocognitiveWorking Group. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(6): 633-647.
52. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, CarpenterWT Jr. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr Bull. 1984;10(3):388-398.
53. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol. 2000; 55(1):68-78.
54. Saperstein AM, Fiszdon JM, BellMD. Intrinsic motivation as a predictor of work outcome after vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(9):672-677.
55. Vohs JL, Lysaker PH, Nabors L. Associations of personality with intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2013;208(1):78-80.
56. Yamada AM, Lee KK, Dinh TQ, Barrio C, Brekke JS. Intrinsic motivation as a mediator of relationships between symptoms and functioning among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a diverse urban community. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(1):28-34.
57. Nakagami E, Hoe M, Brekke JS. The prospective relationships among intrinsic motivation, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):935-948.
58. Davis L, Brekke J. Social support and functional outcome in severe mental illness: the mediating role of proactive coping. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215 (1):39-45.
59. Choi KH, Fiszdon JM, BellMD. Beyond cognition: a longitudinal investigation of the role of motivation during a vocational rehabilitation program. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(3):173-178.
60. GuyW. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Health, Dept of Health, Education, andWelfare; 1976.
61. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-276.
62. Addington D, Addington J, Schissel B. A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 1990;3(4):247-251.
63. Efron B, Tibshirani R. Bootstrapmethods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy. Stat Sci. 1986;1(1): 54-75.
64. Steiger JH. Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychol Bull. 1980;87(2):245-251.
65. Meng X-L, Rosenthal R, Rubin DB. Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychol Bull. 1992;111(1):172-175.
66. Fervaha G, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Neural substrates underlying effort computation in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(10, pt 2):2649-2665.
67. Westbrook A, Kester D, Braver TS. What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? load, trait, and aging effects revealed by economic preference. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68210. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068210.
68. van BeilenM, van Zomeren EH, van den Bosch RJ,Withaar FK, Bouma A. Measuring the executive functions in schizophrenia: the voluntary allocation of effort. J Psychiatr Res. 2005;39(6):585-593.
69. Fervaha G, Graff-Guerrero A, Zakzanis KK, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Incentive motivation deficits in schizophrenia reflect effort computation impairments during cost-benefit decision-making. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(11):1590-1596.
70. Gold JM, Strauss GP,Waltz JA, Robinson BM, Brown JK, Frank MJ. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74 (2):130-136.
71. Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Kantrowitz JJ, et al. Amotivation in schizophrenia: integrated assessment with behavioral, clinical, and imaging measures [published online March 22, 2014]. Schizophr Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu026.
72. Wolf DH, Gerraty R, Satterthwaite TD, et al. Striatal intrinsic reinforcement signals during recognition memory: relationship to response bias and dysregulation in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:81.
73. Choi J, Medalia A. Intrinsic motivation and learning in a schizophrenia spectrum sample. Schizophr Res. 2010;118(1-3):12-19.
74. Grant PM, Beck AT. Defeatist beliefs as a mediator of cognitive impairment, negative symptoms, and functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):798-806.
75. Velligan DI, Kern RS, Gold JM. Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia and the putative role of motivation and expectancies. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(3):474-485.
76. Silverstein SM. Bridging the gap between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in the cognitive remediation of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36(5):949-956.
77. Cavanaugh DK. Improvement in the performance of schizophrenics on concept formation tasks as a function of motivational change. J Abnorm Psychol. 1958;57(1):8-12.
78. Atkinson RL, Robinson NM. Paired-Associate learning by schizophrenic and normal subjects under conditions of personal and impersonal reward and punishment. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1961;62:322-326.
79. Cohen BD. Motivation and performance in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1956;52(2):186-190.
80. Rosenbaum G, MacKavey WR, Grisell JL. Effects of biological and social motivation on schizophrenic reaction time. J Abnorm Psychol. 1957;54(3):364-368.
81. Barch DM, Carter CS. Amphetamine improves cognitive function in medicated individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res. 2005;77(1):43-58.
82. Goldberg TE, Bigelow LB,Weinberger DR, Daniel DG, Kleinman JE. Cognitive and behavioral effects of the coadministration of dextroamphetamine and haloperidol in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(1):78-84.
83. Pietrzak RH, Snyder PJ, Maruff P. Use of an acute challenge with d-Amphetamine to model cognitive improvement in chronic schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(4):353-358.
84. Choi J, Mogami T, Medalia A. Intrinsic Motivation Inventory: an adapted measure for schizophrenia research. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5): 966-976.