SOSAA — a new model to simulate the concentrations of organic vapours, sulphuric acid and aerosols inside the ABL — Part 2: Aerosol dynamics and one case study at a boreal forest site

Boreal Environment Research

Volumn 19, Issue , 2014, Pages 237-256

  Zhou, Luxi ^a   Nieminen, Tuomo ^a,a   Mogensen, Ditte ^a   Smolander, Sampo ^a   Rusanen, Anton ^a   Kulmala, Markku ^a   Boy, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906978293     PISSN: 12396095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Aalto P., Hämeri K., Becker E., Weber R., Salm J., Mäkelä J. M., Hoell C., O'Dowd C. D., Karlsson H., Hansson H.-C., Väkevä M., Koponen I.K., Buzorius G. & Kulmala M. 2001. Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events. Tellus 53B: 344-358.
2. Allan J.D., Alfarra M.R., Bower K.N., Coe H., Jayne J.T., Worsnop D.R., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M., Hyötyläinen T., Cavalli F. & Laaksonen A. 2006. Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 315-327.
3. Almeida J., Schobesberger S., Kürten A., Ortega I.K., Kupiainen- Määttä O., Praplan A.P., Adamov A., Amorim A., Bianchi F., Breitenlechner M., David A., Dommen J., Donahue N.M., Downard A., Dunne E., Duplissy J., Ehrhart S., Flagan R.C., Franchin A., Guida R., Hakala J., Hansel A., Heinritzi M., Henschel H., Jokinen T., Junninen H., Kajos M., Kangasluoma J., Keskinen H., Kupc A., Kurtén T., Kvashin A.N., Laaksonen A., Lehtipalo K., Leiminger M., Leppä J., Loukonen V., Makhmutov V., Mathot S., McGrath M.J., Nieminen T., Olenius T., Onnela A., Petäjä T., Riccobono F., Riipinen I., Rissanen M., Rondo L., Ruuskanen T., Santos F.D., Sarnela N., Schallhart S., Schnitzhofer R., Seinfeld J.H., Simon M., Sipilä M., Stozhkov Y., Stratmann F., Tomé A., Tröstl J., Tsagkogeorgas G., Vaattovaara P., Viisanen Y., Virtanen A., Vrtala A., Wagner P.E., Weingartner E., Wex H., Williamson C., Wimmer D., Ye P., Yli-Juuti T., Carslaw K.S., Kulmala M., Curtius J., Baltensperger U., Worsnop D.R., Vehkamäki H. & Kirkby J. 2013. Molecular understanding of sulphuric acid-amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere. Nature 502: 359-363.
4. 4. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 202: 91-109.
5. Boy M., Rannik Ü., Lehtinen K.E.J., Tarvainen V., Hakola H. & Kulmala M. 2003. Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Long-term statistical analyses of aerosol relevant characteristics. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D21), 4667, doi:10.1029/2003JD003838.
6. Boy M., Kulmala M., Ruuskanen T.M., Pihlatie M., Reissell A., Aalto P.P., Keronen P., Dal Maso M., Hellen H., Hakola H., Jansson R., Hanke M. & Arnold F. 2005. Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 863-878.
7. Boy M., Hellmuth O., Korhonen H., Nilsson E.D., ReVelle D., Turnipseed A., Arnold F. & Kulmala M. 2006. MALTE — model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 4499-4517.
8. Boy M., Sogachev A., Lauros J., Zhou L., Guenther A. & Smolander S. 2011. SOSA — a new model to simulate the concentrations of organic vapours and sulphuric acid inside the ABL — Part 1: Model description and initial evaluation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 43-51.
9. 2 by stabilized Criegee Intermediate (sCI) radicals as a crucial source for atmospheric sulfuric acid concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 3865-3879.
10. Dal Maso M., Kulmala M., Riipinen I., Wagner R., Hussein T., Aalto P.P. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 323-336
11. Eisele F. & Tanner D. 1991. Ion-assisted tropospheric OH measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 96: 9295-9308.
12. Ehn M., Kleist E., Junninen H., Petäjä T., Lönn G., Schobesberger S., Dal Maso M., Trimborn A., Kulmala M., Worsnop D.R., Wahner A., Wildt J. & Mentel T.F. 2012. Gas phase formation of extremely oxidized pinene reaction products in chamber and ambient air. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 5113-5127.
13. Fan J., Zhang R., Collins D. & Li G. 2006. Contribution of secondary condensable organics to new particle formation: A case study in Houston, Texas. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L15802, doi:10.1029/2006GL026295.
14. Gaydos T.M., Stanier C.O. & Pandis S.N. 2005. Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D07S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD004683.
15. Guenther A., Karl T., Harley P., Wiedinmyer C., Palmer P.I. & Geron C. 2006. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 3181-3210.
16. Hakola H., Hellén H., Hemmilä M., Rinne J. & Kulmala M. 2012. In situ measurements of volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 11665-11678.
17. Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2005. Station for Measuring Ecosystem- Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II). Boreal Env. Res. 10: 315-322.
18. Hellmuth O. 2006. Columnar modelling of nucleation burst evolution in the convective boundary layer — first results from a feasibility study Part III: Preliminary results on physicochemical model performance using two clean air mass reference scenarios. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 4231-4251.
19. Hussein T., Martikainen J., Junninen H., Sogacheva L., Wagner R., Dal Maso M., Riipinen I., Aalto P.P. & Kulmala M. 2008. Observation of regional new particle formation in the urban atmosphere. Tellus 60B: 509-521.
20. Jenkin M.E., Saunders S.M. & Pilling M.J. 1997. The tropospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds: a protocol for mechanism development. Atmos. Environ. 31: 81-104.
21. Jenkin M.E., Wyche K.P., Evans C.J., Carr T., Monks P.S., Alfarra M.R., Barley M.H., McFiggans G.B., Young J.C. & Rickard A.R. 2012. Development and chamber evaluation of the MCM v3.2 degradation scheme for β-caryophyllene. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 5275-5308.
22. Kerminen V.-M., Virkkula A., Hillamo R., Wexler A.S. & Kulmala M. 2000. Secondary organics and atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei production. J. Geophys. Res. 105: 9255-9264.
23. Kerminen V.-M. 2001. Relative roles of secondary sulfate and organics in atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei production. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 17321-17333.
24. Kerminen V.-M., Lihavainen H., Komppula M., Viisanen Y. & Kulmala M. 2005. Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L14803, doi:10.1029/2005GL023130.
25. Kerminen V.-M., Petäjä T., Manninen H.E., Paasonen P., Nieminen T., Sipilä M., Junninen H., Ehn M., Gagné S., Laakso L., Riipinen I., Vehkamäki H., Kurtén T., Ortega I.K., Dal Maso M., Brus D., Hyvärinen A., Lihavainen H., Leppä J., Lehtinen K.E.J., Mirme A., Mirme S., Hõrrak U., Berndt T., Stratmann F., Birmili W., Wiedensohler A., Metzger A., Dommen J., Baltensperger U., Kiendler- Scharr A., Mentel T.F., Wildt J., Winkler P.M., Wagner P.E., Petzold A., Minikin A., Plass-Dülmer C., Pöschl U., Laaksonen A. & Kulmala M. 2010. Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 10829-10848.
26. Kirkby J., Curtius J., Almeida J., Dunne E., Duplissy J., Ehrhart S., Franchin A., Gagné S., Ickes L., Kürten A., Kupc A., Metzger A., Riccobono F., Rondo L., Schobesberger S., Tsagkogeorgas G., Wimmer D., Amorim A., Bianchi F., Breitenlechner M., David A., Dommen J., Downard A., Ehn M., Flagan R.C., Haider S., Hansel A., Hauser D., Jud W., Junninen H., Kreissl F., Kvashin A., Laaksonen A., Lehtipalo K., Lima J., Lovejoy E.R., Makhmutov V., Mathot S., Mikkilä J., Minginette P., Mogo S., Nieminen T., Onnela A., Pereira P., Petäjä T., Schnitzhofer R., Seinfeld J.H., Sipilä M., Stozhkov Y., Stratmann F., Tomé A., Vanhanen J., Viisanen Y., Vrtala A., Wagner P.E., Walther H., Weingartner E., Wex H., Winkler P.M., Carslaw K.S., Worsnop D.R., Baltensperger U. & Kulmala M. 2011. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature 476: 429-433.
27. Korhonen H., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Kulmala M. 2004. Multicomponent aerosol dynamics model UHMA: model development and validation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4: 757-771.
28. Kuang C., McMurry P.H., McCormick A.V. & Eisele F.L. 2008. Dependence of nucleation rates on sulfuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric locations. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D10209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009253.
29. Kulmala M. & Kerminen V.-M. 2008. On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles. Atmos. Res. 90: 132-150.
30. Kulmala M., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Laaksonen A. 2006. Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 787-793.
31. Kulmala M., Toivonen A., Mäkelä J.M. & Laaksonen A. 1998. Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in boreal forest. Tellus 50B: 449-462.
32. Kulmala M., Kerminen V.-M., Anttila T., Laaksonen A. & O'Dowd C.D. 2004a. Organic aerosol formation via sulphate cluster activation. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D04205, doi:10.1029/2003JD003961.
33. Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W. & McMurry P.H. 2004b. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 35: 143-176.
34. Kulmala M., Laakso L., Lehtinen K.E.J., Riipinen I., Dal Maso M., Anttila T., Kerminen V.-M., Hõrrak U., Vana M. & Tammet H. 2004c. Initial steps of aerosol growth. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4: 2553-2560.
35. Kulmala M., Kontkanen J., Junninen H., Lehtipalo K., Manninen H.E., Nieminen T., Petäjä T., Sipilä M., Schobesberger S., Rantala P., Franchin A., Jokinen T., Järvinen E., Äijälä M., Kangasluoma J., Hakala J., Aalto P.P., Paasonen P., Mikkilä J., Vanhanen J., Aalto J., Hakola H., Makkonen U., Ruuskanen T., Mauldin R.L.III, Duplissy J., Vehkamäki H., Bäck J., Kortelainen A., Riipinen I., Kurtén T., Johnston M.V., Smith J.N., Ehn M., Mentel T.F., Lehtinen K.E.J., Laaksonen A., Kerminen V.-M. & Worsnop D.R. 2013. Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 339: 943-946.
36. Kurtén T., Zhou L., Makkonen R., Merikanto J., Räisänen P., Boy M., Richards N., Rap A., Smolander S., Sogachev A., Guenther A., Mann G.W., Carslaw K. & Kulmala M. 2011. Large methane releases lead to strong aerosol forcing and reduced cloudiness. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 6961-6969.
37. Laaksonen A., Kulmala M., O'Dowd C.D., Joutsensaari J., Vaattovaara P., Mikkonen S., Lehtinen K.E.J., Sogacheva L., Dal Maso M., Aalto P., Petäjä T., Sogachev A., Yoon Y.J., Lihavainen H., Nilsson D., Facchini M.C., Cavalli F., Fuzzi S., Hoffmann T., Arnold F., Hanke M., Sellegri K., Umann B., Junkermann W., Coe H., Allan J.D., Alfarra M.R., Worsnop D.R., Riekkola M., Hyötyläinen T. & Viisanen Y. 2008. The role of VOC oxidation products in continental new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8: 2657-2665.
38. Lauros J., Sogachev A., Smolander S., Vuollekoski H., Sihto S.-L., Mammarella I., Laakso L., Rannik Ü. & Boy M. 2011. Particle concentration and flux dynamics in the atmospheric boundary layer as the indicator of formation mechanism. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 5591-5601.
39. Lehtinen K.E.J. & Kulmala M. 2003. A model for particle formation and growth in the atmosphere with molecular resolution in size. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3: 251-257.
40. Lelieveld J., Butler T.M., Crowley J.N., Dillon T.J., Fischer H., Ganzeveld L., Harder H., Lawrence M.G., Martinez M., Taraborrelli D. & Williams J. 2008. Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest. Nature 452: 737-740.
41. Lohmann U. & Feichter J. 2005. Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 715-737.
42. Makkonen R., Asmi A., Kerminen V.-M., Boy M., Arneth A., Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2012a. Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 1515-1524.
43. Makkonen R., Asmi A., Kerminen V.-M., Boy M., Arneth A., Guenther A. & Kulmala M. 2012b. BVOC-aerosol- climate interactions in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5.5-HAM2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 10077-10096.
44. Manninen H.E., Nieminen T., Asmi E., Gagné S., Häkkinen S., Lehtipalo K., Aalto P., Vana M., Mirme A., Mirme S., Hõrrak U., Plass-Dülmer C., Stange G., Kiss G., Hoffer A., Törö N., Moerman M., Henzing B., de Leeuw G., Brinkenberg M., Kouvarakis G.N., Bougiatioti A., Mihalopoulos N., O'Dowd C., Ceburnis D., Arneth A., Svenningsson B., Swietlicki E., Tarozzi L., Decesari S., Facchini M.C., Birmili W., Sonntag A., Wiedensohler A., Boulon J., Sellegri K., Laj P., Gysel M., Bukowiecki N., Weingartner E., Wehrle G., Laaksonen A., Hamed A., Joutsensaari J., Petäjä T., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2010. EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites — analysis of new particle formation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 7907-7927.
45. Mauldin R.L.III, Berndt T., Sipilä M., Paasonen P., Petäjä T., Kim S., Kurtén T., Stratmann F., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2012. A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide. Nature 488: 193-196.
46. Merikanto J., Spracklen D.V., Pringle K.J. & Carslaw K.S. 2010. Effects of boundary layer particle formation on cloud droplet number and changes in cloud albedo from 1850 to 2000. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 695-705.
47. Merikanto J., Spracklen D.V., Mann G.W., Pickering S.J. & Carslaw K.S. 2009. Impact of nucleation on global CCN. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 8601-8616.
48. Metzger A., Verheggen B., Dommen J., Duplissy J., Prevot A.S.H., Weingartner E., Riipinen I., Kulmala M., Spracklen D.V., Carslaw K.S. & Baltensperger U. 2010. Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 6646-6651.
49. Mogensen D., Smolander S., Sogachev A., Zhou L., Sinha V., Guenther A., Williams J., Nieminen T., Kajos M.K., Rinne J., Kulmala M. & Boy M. 2011. Modelling atmospheric OH-reactivity in a boreal forest ecosystem. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 9709-9719.
50. Murphy B.N. & Pandis S.N. 2009. Simulating the formation of semivolatile primary and secondary organic aerosol in a regional chemical transport model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 4722-4728.
51. Nieminen T., Manninen H.E., Sihto S.-L., Yli-Juuti T., Mauldin R.L.III, Petäjä T., Riipinen I., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2009. Connection of sulfuric acid to atmospheric nucleation in boreal forest. Environ Sci. Technol. 43: 4715-4721.
52. O'Dowd C.D., Aalto P., Hämeri K., Kulmala M. & Hoffmann T. 2002. Aerosol formation: Atmospheric particles from organic vapours. Nature 416: 497-498.
53. Ouwersloot H.G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Nölscher A.C., Krol M.C., Ganzeveld L.N., Breitenberger C., Mammarella I., Williams J. & Lelieveld J. 2012. Characterization of a boreal convective boundary layer and its impact on atmospheric chemistry during HUMPPACOPEC- 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 9335-9353.
54. Paasonen P., Sihto S.-L., Nieminen T., Vuollekoski H., Riipinen I., Plaß-Dülmer C., Berresheim H., Birmili W. & Kulmala M. 2009. Connection between new particle formation and sulphuric acid at Hohenpeissenberg (Germany) including the influence of organic compounds. Boreal Env. Res. 14: 616-629.
55. Paasonen P., Nieminen T., Asmi E., Manninen H.E., Petäjä T., Plass-Dülmer C., Flentje H., Birmili W., Wiedensohler A., Hõrrak U., Metzger A., Hamed A., Laaksonen A., Facchini M.C., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2010. On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 11223-11242.
56. Petäjä T., Mauldin R.L.III, Kosciuch E., McGrath J., Nieminen T., Paasonen P., Boy M., Adamov A., Kotiaho T. & Kulmala M. 2009. Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 7435-7448.
57. Plass-Dülmer C., Elste T., Paasonen P. & Petäjä T. 2011. Sulphuric acid measurements by CIMS — uncertainties and consistency between various data sets. Geophysical Research Abstracts 13, EGU2011-11691. [Available at http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2011/ EGU2011-11691.pdf]
58. Riipinen I., Sihto S.-L., Kulmala M., Arnold F., Dal Maso M., Birmili W., Saarnio K., Teinilä K., Kerminen V.-M., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2007. Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III-IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 1899-1914.
59. Rinne J., Ruuskanen T. M., Reissell A., Taipale R., Hakola H. & Kulmala M. 2005. On-line PTR-MS measurements of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a European boreal forest ecosystem. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 425-436.
60. Rinne J., Taipale R., Markkanen T., Ruuskanen T.M., Hellén H., Kajos M.K., Vesala T. & Kulmala M. 2007. Hydrocarbon fluxes above a Scots pine forest canopy: measurements and modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 3361-3372.
61. Rinne J., Bäck J. & Hakola H. 2009. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from the Eurasian taiga: current knowledge and future directions. Boreal Env. Res. 14: 807-826.
62. Saunders S.M., Jenkin M.E., Derwent R.G. & Pilling M.J. 2003. Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3: 161-180.
63. Schobesberger S., Junninen H., Bianchi F., Lönn G., Ehn M., Lehtipalo K., Dommen J., Ehrhart S., Ortega I.K., Franchin A., Nieminen T., Riccobono F., Hutterli M., Duplissy J., Almeida J., Amorim A., Breitenlechner M., Downard A.J., Dunne E.M., Flagan R.C., Kajos M., Keskinen H., Kirkby J., Kupc A., Kürten A., Kurtén T., Laaksonen A., Mathot S., Onnela A., Praplan A.P., Rondo L., Santos F.D., Schallhart S., Schnitzhofer R., Sipilä M., Tomé A., Tsagkogeorgas G., Vehkamäki H., Wimmer D., Baltensperger U., Carslaw K.S., Curtius J., Hansel A., Petäjä T., Kulmala M., Donahue N.M. & Worsnop D.R. 2013. Molecular understanding of atmospheric particle formation from sulfuric acid and large oxidized organic molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110: 17223-17228.
64. Sellegri K., Hanke M., Umann B., Arnold F. & Kulmala M. 2005. Measurements of organic gases during aerosol formation events in the boreal forest atmosphere during QUEST. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 373-384.
65. Sihto S.-L., Kulmala M., Kerminen V.-M., Dal Maso M., Petäjä T., Riipinen I., Korhonen H., Arnold F., Janson R., Boy M., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2006. Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 4079-4091.
66. Sipilä M., Berndt T., Petäjä T., Brus D., Vanhanen J., Stratmann F., Patokoski J., Mauldin R.L.III, Hyvärinen A., Lihavainen H. & Kulmala M. 2010. The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation. Science 327: 1243-1246.
67. Smolander S., He Q., Mogensen D., Zhou L., Bäck J., Ruuskanen T., Noe S., Guenther A., Aaltonen H. Kulmala M. & Boy M. 2013. Comparing three vegetation monoterpene emission models to measured gas concentrations with a model of meteorology, air chemistry and chemical transport. Biogeosciences Discuss. 10: 18563-18611.
68. Sotiropoulou R.P., Medina J. & Nenes A. 2006. CCN predictions: Is theory sufficient for assessments of the indirect effect? Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L05816, doi:10.1029/2005GL025148.
69. Taipale R., Ruuskanen T.M., Rinne J., Kajos M.K., Hakola H., Pohja T. & Kulmala M. 2008. Technical Note: Quantitative long-term measurements of VOC concentrations by PTR-MS — measurement, calibration, and volume mixing ratio calculation methods. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8: 6681-6698.
70. Taraborrelli D., Lawrence M.G., Butler T.M., Sander R. & Lelieveld J. 2009. Mainz Isoprene Mechanism 2 (MIM2): an isoprene oxidation mechanism for regional and global atmospheric modelling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 2751-2777.
71. Vuollekoski H., Boy M., Kerminen V.-M., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Kulmala M. 2010a. MECCO: A method to estimate concentrations of condensing organics — description and evaluation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo application. J. Aerosol Sci. 41: 1080-1089.
72. Vuollekoski H., Nieminen T., Paasonen P., Sihto S.-L., Boy M., Manninen H., Lehtinen K., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2010b. Atmospheric nucleation and initial steps of particle growth: Numerical comparison of different theories and hypotheses. J. Aerosol Sci. 98: 229-236.
73. Weber R.J., Marti J.J., McMurry P.H., Eisele F.L., Tanner D.J. & Jefferson A. 1997. Measurements of new particle formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a clean continental site. J. Geophys. Res. 102: 4375-4385.
74. Wehner B., Petäjä T., Boy M., Engler C., Birmili W., Tuch T., Wiedensohler A. & Kulmala M. 2005. The contribution of sulfuric acid and non-volatile compounds on the growth of freshly formed atmoshperic aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L17810, doi:10.1029/2005GL023827.
75. 2. Science 335: 204-207.
76. Williams J., Crowley J., Fischer H., Harder H., Martinez M., Petäjä T., Rinne J., Bäck J., Boy M., Dal Maso M., Hakala J., Kajos M., Keronen P., Rantala P., Aalto J., Aaltonen H., Paatero J., Vesala T., Hakola H., Levula J., Pohja T., Herrmann F., Auld J., Mesarchaki E., Song W., Yassaa N., Nölscher A., Johnson A.M., Custer T., Sinha V., Thieser J., Pouvesle N., Taraborrelli D., Tang M.J., Bozem H., Hosaynali-Beygi Z., Axinte R., Oswald R., Novelli A., Kubistin D., Hens K., Javed U., Trawny K., Breitenberger C., Hidalgo P.J., Ebben C.J., Geiger F.M., Corrigan A.L., Russell L.M., Ouwersloot H.G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Ganzeveld L., Vogel A., Beck M., Bayerle A., Kampf C.J., Bertelmann M., Köllner F., Hoffmann T., Valverde J., Gonzàlez D., Riekkola M., Kulmala M. & Lelieveld J. 2011. The summertime boreal forest field measurement intensive (HUMPPA-COPEC-2010): an overview of meteorological and chemical influences. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 10599-10618.
77. Zhang R., Wang L., Khalizov A.F., Zhao J., Zheng J., McGraw R.L. & Molina L.T. 2009. Formation of nano-particles of blue haze enhanced by anthropogenic pollution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 17650-17654.
78. Zhang R., Suh I., Zhao J., Zhang D., Fortner E.C., Tie X., Molina L.T. & Molina M.J. 2004. Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids. Science 304: 1487-1490.