Clay-polymer nanocomposites (CPNs): Adsorbents of the future for water treatment

Applied Clay Science

Volumn 99, Issue , 2014, Pages 83-92

  Unuabonah, Emmanuel I ^a,b   Taubert, Andreas ^b  

^a REDEEMER S UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adsorbent; Clay polymer nanocomposite CPN; Desorption; Microorganism; Micropollutants; Water treatment

Indexed keywords

ADSORBENTS; BACTERIA; DESORPTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; LIFE CYCLE; MICROORGANISMS; NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMERS; POTABLE WATER; WASTE TREATMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

ADSORPTION CAPACITIES; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CLAY-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE - CPN; MICROPOLLUTANTS; ORGANIC MICRO-POLLUTANTS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TREATMENT TIME;

ADSORPTION;

ADSORPTION; CLAY; COMPOSITE; DESORPTION; MICROORGANISM; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; POLYMER; WATER TREATMENT;

CANDIDA ALBICANS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 84906943244     PISSN: 01691317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.06.016     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abollino O., Aceto M., Malandrino M., Sarzanini C., Mentasti E. Adsorption of heavy metals on Na-montmorillonite effect of pH and organic substances. Water Res. 2003, 37:1619-1627.
2. Adebowale K.O., Unuabonah E.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I. The effect of some operating variables in the adsorption of lead and cadmium ions unto modified kaolin clay. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, B134:130-139.
3. 2+ onto novel biosorbent: defatted Carica papaya seeds. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 35:2517-2525.
4. Ahamed I.S., Ghonaim A.K., Abdel-Hakim A.A., Moustafa M.M., Kamal-El-Din A.H. Synthesis and characterization of some polymers for removing of some heavy metal ions of industrial wastewater. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2008, 4:1946-1958.
5. Ali I., Gupta V.K. Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1(6):2661-2667.
6. Anastasiou N., Monou M., Mantzavionos D., Kassinos D. Monitoring of the quality of winery influents/effluents and polishing of partially treated winery flows by homogeneous Fe(II) photo-oxidation. Desalination 2009, 248:836-842.
7. Anirudhan T.S., Ramachandran M. Synthesis and characterization of amidoximated polyacrylonitrile/organobentonite nanocomposite for Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions and industry wastewaters. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47:6175-6184.
8. Anirudhan T.S., Suchithra P.S. Adsorption characteristics of humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite for cationic dyes in aqueous solutions. J. Environ. Sci. 2009, 21:884-891.
9. Anirudhan T.S., Suchithra P.S. Heavy metals uptake from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewaters by humic acid-immobilized polymer/bentonite composite: kinetics and equilibrium modeling. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 156:146-156.
10. Anirudhan T.S., Suchithra P.S. Humic acid-immobilized polymer/bentonite composite as an adsorbent for the removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions and electroplating industry wastewater. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2010, 16:130-139.
11. Anirudhan T.S., Suchithra P.S., Radhakrishnan P.G. Synthesis and characterization of humic acid immobilized-polymer/bentonite composites and their ability to adsorb basic dyes from aqueous solutions. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 43:336-342.
12. Bergaya F., Detellier C., Lambert J.F., Lagaly G. Introduction to clay polymer nanocomposites (CPN). Developments in Clay Science 2013, vol. 5A. Chapter 13, Elsevier. Lagaly, Bergaya (Eds.).
13. Bhattacharyya K.G., Gupta S.S. Kaolinite, momtmorillonite and their modified derivatives as adsorbents for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2006, 50:388-397.
14. Bhattacharyya K.G., Gupta S.S. Kaolinite and montmorillonite as adsorbents for Fe(III), Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous medium. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008, 41:1-9.
15. Bleiman N., Mishael Y.G. Selenium removal from drinking water by adsorption to chitosan-clay composites and oxides: batch and columns tests. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 183:590-595.
16. Borisover M., Gerstl Z., Burshtein F., Yariv S., Mingelgrin U. Organic sorbate organoclay interactions in aqueous and hydrophobic environments: sorbate-water competition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:7201-7206.
17. Bosso S.T., Enzweiler J. Evaluation of heavy metal removal from aqueous solution onto scolecite. Water Res. 2002, 36:4795-4800.
18. Boudrahem F., Soualah A., Aissani-Benissad F. Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions using activated carbon developed from coffee residue activated with phosphonic acid and zinc chloride. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56:1946-1955.
19. 2+/LDPE nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity for potential use in food packaging. Appl. Clay Sci. 2012, 58:79-87.
20. Carcelli M., Mazza P., Pelizzi C., Pelizzi G. Antimicrobial and genotoxic activity of 2,6-diacetylpyridinebis (acylhydrazones) and their complexes with some first transition series metal ions. X-ray crystal structure of a dinuclear copper (II) complex. J. Inorg. Biochem. 1995, 57:43-62.
21. Chaari I., Fakhfakh E., Chakroun S., Bouzid J., Boujelben N., Feki M., Rocha F., Jamoussi F. Lead removal from aqueous solutions by a Tunisian smectite clay. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 156:545-551.
22. Chern J.M., Chien Y.W. Competitive adsorption of benzoic acid and p-nitrophenol onto activated carbon: isotherm and breakthrough curves. Water Res. 2003, 37:2347-2356.
23. Chi W.L., Qin C.Q., Zeng L.T., Li W., Wang W.J. Microbiocidal activity of chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 103:3851-3856.
24. Cho Y., Lim T., Shahien M.G., Khali A.A., Abd El-Gaid I.M. Organosilicas and organo-clay minerals as sorbents for toluene. Appl. Clay Sci. 2011, 52:184-189.
25. Churchman G.J. Formation of complexes between bentonite and different cationic polyelectrolytes and their use as sorbents for non-ionic and anionic pollutants. Appl. Clay Sci. 2002, 21:177-189.
26. Crini G. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2005, 30:38-70.
27. Daraei P., Madaeni S.S., Salehi E., Ghaemi N., Ghari H.S., Khadivi M.A., Rostami E. Novel thin film composite membrane fabricated by mixed matrix nanoclay/chitosan on PVDF microfiltration support: preparation, characterization and performance in dye removal. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 436:97-108.
28. de Paiva L.B., Morales A.R., Valenzuela Diaz F.R. Organoclays: properties, preparation and applications. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008, 42:8-24.
29. Deng H., Li X., Ding B., Du Y., Li G., Yang J., Hu X. Fabrication of polymer/layered silicate intercalated nanofibrous mats and their bacterial inhibition activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83:973-978.
30. Deng H., Lin P., Xin S., Huang R., Li W., Du Y., Zhou X., Yang J. Quaternized chitosan-layered silicate intercalated composites based nanofibrous mats and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 89:307-313.
31. Dlamini D.S., Mishra A.K., Mamba B.B. ANN modeling in Pb(II) removal from water by clay-polymer composites fabricated via the melt blending. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 130(6):3894-3901.
32. Fan Q., Li Z., Zhao H., Jia Z., Xu J., Wu W. Adsorption of Pb(II) on palygorskite from aqueous solution: effects of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 45:111-116.
33. Fei Z., Chen J.L., Gao G., Long C., Li A.-M., Zhang Q.-X. Adsorption of chloroform and trichloroethylene in water with a new kind of hypercrosslinked resins. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2004, 22:425-430.
34. Feng T., Xu L. Adsorption of acid red onto chitosan/rectorite composites from aqueous solution. RSC Adv. 2013, 3:21685-21690.
35. Gandhi M.R., Viswanathan N., Meenakshi S. Adsorption mechanism of hexavalent chromium removal using amberlite IRA 743 resin. Ion Exch. Lett. 2010, 3:25-35.
36. Ganigar R., Rytwo G., Gonen Y., Radian A., Mishael Y.G. Polymer-clay nanocomposites for the removal of trichlorophenol and trinitrophenol from water. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010, 49:311-316.
37. Garg V.K., Gupta R., Yaday A.B., Kumar R. Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust. Bioresour. Technol. 2003, 89:121-124.
38. Ghoul M., Bacquet M., Morcellet M. Uptake of heavy metals from synthetic aqueous solutions using modified PEI-silica gels. Water Res. 2003, 37:729-734.
39. Grier N. Silver and Its Compounds, Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation 1983, 375-389. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
40. Gupta S.S., Bhattacharyya K.G. Adsorption of Ni(II) on clays. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 295:21-32.
41. Han Y.-S., Lee S.-H., Choi K.H., Park I. Preparation and characterization of chitosan-clay nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2010, 71:464-467.
42. Hanif M.A., Nadeem R., Bhatti H.N., Ahmad N.R., Ansari T.M. Ni(II) biosorption by Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) biomass. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, B139:345-355.
43. Harada K.I., Tsuji K. Persistence and decomposition of hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria in natural environment. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 1998, 17:385-403.
44. Herrera P., Burghardt R.C., Phillips T.D. Adsorption of Salmonella enteritidis by cetylpyridinium-exchanged montmorillonite clays. Vet. Microbiol. 2000, 74:259-272.
45. Ho Y.S., McKay G. Batch Lead (II) removal from aqueous solution by peat: equilibrium and kinetics. Trans. Chem. E Part B 1999, 77:165-173.
46. Honarkar H., Barikani M. Applications of biopolymers I: chitosan. Monatsh. Chem. 2009, 140:1403-1420.
47. Hu C.H., Xia M.S. Adsorption and antibacterial effect of copper-exchanged montmorillonite on Escherichia coli K88. Appl. Clay Sci. 2006, 31:180-184.
48. Ignatova M., Manolova N., Rashkov I. Electrospun antibacterial chitosan-based fibers. Macromol. Biosci. 2013, 13:860-872.
49. 3+ on natural clinoptilolite: selectivity determination and influence of acidity on metal uptake. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 261:49-54.
50. Jantova S., Labuda J., Vollek V., Zastkova M. Antimicrobial effects of the macrocyclic Cu (II)-tetraanhydroaninobenzaldehyde complex. Folia Microbiol. Prague 1997, 42:324-326.
51. Jin S., Fallgren P.H., Morris J.M., Chen Q. Removal of bacteria and viruses from waters using layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2007, 8:67-70.
52. Jo S.C., Rim A.R., Park H.J., Yuk H.G., Lee S.C. Combined treatment with silver ions and organic acid enhances growth-inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Food Control 2007, 18:1235-1240.
53. Kang Q., Zhou W., Li Q., Gao B., Fan J., Shen D. Adsorption of anionic dyes on poly(epicholorohydrin dimethylamine) modified bentonite in single and mixed dye solutions. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 45:280-287.
54. Kilaris P., Papaspyrides C.D. Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview of flame retardancy. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35:902-958.
55. Kong M., Chen X.G., Xing K., Park H.J. Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010, 144:51-63.
56. Krysztafkiewicz A., Binkowski S., Jesionowski T. Adsorption of dyes on a silica surface. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2002, 199:31-39.
57. Kurecic M., Smole M.S. Polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Water Purification in Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments 2012, InTech publisher. 10.5772/3389. F. Ebrahimi (Ed.).
58. LeBaron P.C., Wang Z., Pinnavaia T.J. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview. Appl. Clay Sci. 1999, 15:11-29.
59. Lejon D.P.H., Pascault N., Ranjard L. Differential copper impact on density, diversity and resistance of adapted culturable bacterial populations according to soil organic status. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2010, 46(2):168-174.
60. Li B., Yu S., Hwang J.Y., Shi S. Antibacterial vermicullite nano-material. J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 2002, 1:61-68.
61. Li Q., Delina S.M., Lyon Y., Brunet L., Liga M.V., Li D., Alvarez P.J.J. Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res. 2008, 42:4591-4602.
62. Li Q., Yue Q., Su Y., Gao B. Equilibrium and a two-stage batch adsorber design for reactive or disperse dye removal to minimize adsorbent amount. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:5290-5296.
63. Liu P. Polymer modified clay minerals: a review. Appl. Clay Sci. 2007, 38:64-76.
64. Liu F., Xia M., Fei Z., Chen J.L., Li A.-M. Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China 2007, 1:73-78.
65. Lopez F.A., Martin M.I., Perez C., Lopez-Delgado A., Alguacil F.J. Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by a steel-making by-product. Water Res. 2003, 37:3883-3890.
66. Mahdavinia R.G., Asgari A. Synthesis of kappa-carrageenan-g-poly(acrylamide)/sepiolite nanocomposite hydrogels and adsorption of cationic dye. Polym. Bull. 2013, 70:2451-2470.
67. Mahdavinia R.Z., Baghban A., Zorofi S., Massoudi A. Kappa-carrageenan biopolymer-based nanocomposite hydrogel and adsorption of methylene blue cationic dye from water. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2014, 5(2):330-337.
68. Malachova K., Praus P., Pavlickova Z., Turicova M. Activity of antibacterial compounds immobilised on montmorillonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 43(3-4):364-368.
69. Meng N., Zhou N.-L., Zhang S.-Q., Shen J. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of polymer/montmorillonite-chlorhexidine acetate nanocomposite films. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 42:667-670.
70. Mierzwa J.C., Arieta V., Verlage M., Carvalho J., Vecitis C.D. Effect of clay nanoparticles on the structure and performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 2013, 314:147-158.
71. Morris R.J., Williams D.E., Luu A.A., Holmes C.F.B., Anderson J.R., Calvert S.E. The adsorption of microcystin-LR by natural clay particles. Toxicology 2000, 38:303-308.
72. Murphy V., Hughes H., McLoughlin P. Comparative study of chromium biosorption by red, green and brown seaweed biomass. Chemosphere 2008, 70:1128-1134.
73. Nan L., Yang W.C., Liu Y.Q., Xu H., Li Y., Lu M.Q., Yang K. Antibacterial mechanism of copper-bearing antibacterial stainless steel against E. coli. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2008, 24(2):197-201.
74. Netpradit S., Thiravetyan P., Towprayoon S. Application of waste metal hydroxide sludge for adsorption of azo reactive dyes. Water Res. 2004, 38:71-78.
75. Nikolaou A.D., Lekkas T.D. The role of natural organic matter during formation of chlorination by-products: a review. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 2001, 29:63-77.
76. Nishikiori H., Shindoh J., Takahashi N., Takagi T., Tanaka N., Fujii T. Adsorption of benzene derivatives on allophone. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 43:160-163.
77. Nouri S., Haghseresht F., Lu G.Q.M. Comparison of adsorption capacity of p-cresol and p-nitrophenol by activated carbon in single and double solute. Adsorption 2002, 8:215-223.
78. Nourmoradia H., Nikaeena M., Khaidani M. Removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) from aqueous solutions by montmorillonite modified with non-ionic surfactant: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 191:341-348.
79. Ofomaja A.E., Unuabonah E.I. Adsorption kinetics of 4-nitrophenol onto a cellulosic material, mansonia wood sawdust and multistage batch adsorption process optimization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83:1192-1200.
80. Ofomaja A.E., Unuabonah E.I., Oladoja N.A. Removal of lead from aqueous solution by palm kernel fibre. S. Afr. J. Chem. 2005, 58:127-130.
81. Ohashi F., Oya A., Duclaux X., Beguin F. Structural model calculation of microbial and antifungal agents derived from clay minerals. Appl. Clay Sci. 1998, 12:435-445.
82. 2+ onto sulphate and phosphate modified bentonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2011, 51:170-173.
83. Parolo M.E., Savini M.C., Valles J.M., Baschini M.T., Avena M.J. Tetracycline adsorption on montmorillonite: pH and ionic strength effects. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008, 40:179-186.
84. Patakfalvi R., Dekany I. Synthesis and intercalation of silver nanoparticles in kaolinite/DMSO complexes. Appl. Clay Sci. 2004, 25:149-159.
85. Pavlidou S., Papaspyrides C.D. A review on polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 32:1119-1198.
86. Phan T.N.T., Bacquet M., Morcellet M. Synthesis and characterization of silica gels functionalized with monochlorotriazinyl β-cyclodextrin and their sorption capacities towards organic compounds. J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. 2000, 38:345-359.
87. Ponnusami V., Nmadhuram R., Krithika V., Strivastava S.N. Effects of process variables on kinetics of methylene blue sorption onto untreated guava (Psidium guajava) leaf powder: statistical analysis. Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 140:609-613.
88. Rabea E.I., Badawy M.E.-T., Stevens C.V., Smagghe G., Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4:1457-1465.
89. Rhim J.W., Hong S.I., Park H.M., Ng P.K.W. Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54:5814-5822.
90. Rivas B.L., Munoz C. Synthesis and metal ion adsorption properties of poly(4-sodium styrene sulfonate-co-acrylic acid). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 114:1587-1592.
91. Rivera-Utrilla J., Bautista-Toledo I., Ferro-Garcia M.A., Moreno-Castilla C. Bioadsorption of Pb(II) Cd(II), and Cr(VI) on activated carbon from aqueous solutions. Carbon 2003, 41:323-330.
92. Rizzo L., Lofrano G., Belgiorno V. Olive mill and winery wastewaters pre-treatment by coagulation with chitosan. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2010, 45:2447-2452.
93. Ruiz-Hitzky E., Meerbeek V.A. Development in clay science. Clay Mineral- and Organoclay Polymer nanocomposite. Handbook of Clay Science 2006, 583-621. Elsevier, Amsterdam. F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, G. Lagaly (Eds.).
94. Rytwo G. The Use of Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites in Wastewater Pretreatment. Sci. World J 2012, 10.1100/2012/498503.
95. Rytwo G., Kohavi Y., Botnick I., Gonen Y. Use of CV and TPP-montmorillonite for the removal of priority pollutants from water. Appl. Clay Sci. 2007, 36:182-190.
96. Rytwo G., Rettig A., Gonen Y. Organo-sepiolite particles for efficient pretreatment of organic wastewater: application to winery effluents. Appl. Clay Sci. 2011, 51:390-394.
97. Rytwo G., Lavi R., Rytwo Y., Monchase H., Dultz S., Konig T.N. Clarification of olive mill and winery wastewater by means of clay-polymer nanocomposites. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 442:134-142.
98. Sari A., Tuzen M., Uluozlu O.D., Soylak M. Biosorption of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution by lichen (Cladonia furcata) biomass. Biochem. Eng. J. 2007, 37:151-158.
99. Say R., Birlik E., Denizli A., Ersoz A. Removal of heavy metal ions by dithiocarbamate-anchored polymer/organosmectite composites. Appl. Clay Sci. 2006, 31:298-305.
100. Say R., Birlik E., Erdemgil Z., Denizli A., Ersoz A. Removal of mercury species with dithiocarbamate-anchored polymer/organosmectite. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 150:560-564.
101. Scocchi G., Posocco P., Fermeglia M., Pricl S. Polymer-clay nanocomposites: a multiscale molecular modeling approach. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111:2143-2151.
102. 2+ ions on a natural bentonite clay. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 300:447-452.
103. Shameli K., Ahmad M.B., Zargar M., Md Zin Wan Yanus W., Ibrahim N.A., Shabanzadeh P., Moghaddam M.G. Synthesis and characterization of silver/montmorillonite/chitosan bionanocomposites by chemical reduction method and their antibacterial activity. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2011, 6:271-284.
104. Shawky H.A. Improvement of water quality using alginate/montmorillonite composite beads. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 119:2371-2378.
105. Sölener M., Tunalib S., Özcanc A.S., Özcanc A., Gedikbey T. Adsorption characteristics of lead(II) ions onto the clay/poly(methoxyethyl)acrylamide (PMEA) composite from aqueous solutions. Desalination 2008, 223:308-322.
106. Tahir S.S., Rauf N. Removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto bentonite clay. Chemosphere 2006, 63:1842-1846.
107. Tehrani-Bagha A.R., Nikkar H., Mahmoodi N.M., Markazi M., Menger F.M. The sorption of cationic dyes onto kaolin: kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Desalination 2011, 266:274-280.
108. Tong G., Yulongo M., Pengc G., Zirongb X. Antibacterial effects of the Cu(II)-exchanged montmorillonite on Escherichia coli K88 and Salmonella choleraesuis. Vet. Microbiol. 2005, 105(2):113-122.
109. Uchida M. Antimicrobial zeolite and its application. Chem. Ind. 1995, 46:48-54.
110. Unuabonah E.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Adebowale K.O., Yang L.Z. Removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution by polyvinyl alcohol-modified kaolinite clay: a novel nanoclay adsorbent. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2008, 26(6):383-405.
111. 2+ on kaolinite clay and polyvinyl alcohol-modified kaolinite clay. Adsorption 2008, 14(6):791-803.
112. Unuabonah E.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Okoro D., Adebowale K.O. Comparison of two-stage sorption design models for the removal of lead ions by polyvinylalcohol modified kaolinite clay. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 171:215-221.
113. Unuabonah E.I., Adie G.U., Onah L.O., Adeyemi O.G. Multistage optimization of the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto defatted Carica papaya seeds. Chem. Eng. J. 2009, 155:567-579.
114. Unuabonah E.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Fasuyi E.I., Adebowale K.O. Modeling of fixed-bed column studies for the adsorption of cadmium onto novel polymer-clay composite adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 179(1-3):415-423.
115. Unuabonah E.I., El-Khaiary M.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Adebowale K.O. Predicting the dynamics and performance of a polymer-clay based composite in a fixed bed system for the removal of lead (II) ion. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2012, 90:1105-1115.
116. Wang J., Li J.X., Ren L., Zhao A.S., Li P., Leng Y.X., Sun H., Huang N. Antibacterial activity of silver surface modified polyethylene terephthalate by filtered cathodic vacuum arc method. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2007, 201:6893-6896.
117. Wang X., Du Y., Luo J., Yang J., Wang W., Kennedy J.F. A novel biopolymer/rectorite nanocomposite with antimicrobial activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 77:449-456.
118. Wang T., Zhu R.L., Ge F., Zhu J.X., He H.P., Chen W.X. Sorption of phenol and nitrobenzene in water by CTMAB/CPAM organobentonites. Huanjing Kexue/Environmental Science 2010, 31:385-389.
119. Yang L., Chen J.P. Biosorption of hexavalent chromium onto raw and chemically modified Sargassum sp. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:297-307.
120. Zadaka D., Nir S., Radian A., Mishael Y.G. Atrazine removal from water by polycation-clay composites: effect of dissolved organic matter and comparison to activated carbon. Water Res. 2009, 43:677-683.
121. Zhang W., Ding Y., Boyd S.A., Teppen B.J., Li H. Sorption and desorption of carbamazepine from water by smectite clays. Chemosphere 2010, 81:954-960.
122. 2+-montmorillonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2004, 27(3-4):215-218.
123. Zhou N.-L., Liu Y., Li L., Meng N., Huang Y.-X., Zhang J., Wei S.-H., Shen J. A new nanocomposite biomedical material of polymer/Clay-Cts-Ag nanocomposites. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2007, 7S1:e58.
124. Zhu J., Wang T., Zhu R., Ge F., Wei J., Yuan P., He H. Novel polymer/surfactant modified montmorillonite hybrids and the implications for the treatment of hydrophobic organic compounds in wastewaters. Appl. Clay Sci. 2011, 51:317-322.