Assessment of uncertainties of an aircraft-based mass balance approach for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 17, 2014, Pages 9029-9050

  Cambaliza, M O L ^a   Shepson, P B ^a,b   Caulton, D R ^a   Stirm, B ^c   Samarov, D ^e   Gurney, K R ⁱ   Turnbull, J ^f   Davis, K J ^d   Possolo, A ^e   Karion, A ^g,h   Sweeney, C ^g,h   Moser, B ^a   Hendricks, A ^a   Lauvaux, T ^d   Mays, K ^a   Whetstone, J ^e   Huang, J ⁱ   Razlivanov, I ⁱ   Miles, N L ^d   Richardson, S J ^d  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

^g UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^h NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁱ ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906877789     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-9029-2014     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Angevine, W. M., White, A. B., Senff, C. J., Trainer, M., Banta, R. M., and Ayoub, M. A.: Urban-rural contrasts in mixing height and cloudiness over Nashville in 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4092, doi:10.1029/2001JD001061, 2003.
2. 4 emissions 2001-2006, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22309, doi:10.1029/2010JD014180, 2010.
3. 2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA, doi:10.3334/CDIAC/00001-V2010, 2010.
4. 2 and their impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3661-3677, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3661-2013, 2013.
5. Cambaliza, M. O. L., Shepson, P. B., Bogner, J., Caulton, D. R., Stirm, B., Sweeney, C., Montzka, S. A., Gurney, K. R., Spokas, K., Salmon, O. E., Lavoie, T. N., Hendricks, A., Mays, K., Turnbull, J., Miller, B. R., Lauvaux, T., Davis, K., Karion, A., Moser, B., Miller, C., Obermeyer, C., Whetstone, J., Prasad, K., Miles, N., and Richardson, S.: Quantification and source apportionment of the methane emission flux from the city of Indianapolis, Ele-menta, submitted, 2014.
6. 4) using the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technique, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 375-386, doi:10.5194/amt-3-375-2010, 2010.
7. Chu, D.: The GLOBEC kriging software package-EasyKrig3.0; The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: 2004, available at: http://globec.whoi.edu/software/ kriging/easy-krig/easy-krig. html, last access: January 2011.
8. Ciais, P., Paris, J., Marland, G., Peylin, P., Piao, S., Levin, I., Preg-ger, T., Scholz, Y., Friedrich, R., Houwelling, S., and Schulze, D.: The European carbon balance revisited. Part 1: fossil fuel emissions, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1395-1408, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02098.x, 2010.
9. Clyde, M. and George, E. I.: Model uncertainty, Stat. Sci., 19, 81-94, 2004.
10. Consumer News and Business Channel: http://www.cnbc.com/id/39382002/ America-s-Largest-Landfills, last access: 6 September 2012.
11. Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Kitzis, D. R., Masarie, K. A., and Zhang, N.: Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22831-22855, 1994.
12. Crosson, E. R.: A cavity ring-down analyzer for measuring atmospheric levels of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, Appl. Phys. B Lasers O., 92, 403-408, 2008.
13. Dlugokencky, E. J., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., Tans, P. P., Steele, L. P., and Nisbet, E. G.: A dramatic decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric methane in the northern hemisphere during 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 45-48, 1994.
14. 4 Mole Fractions to a Gravimetrically Prepared Standard Scale, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006035, 2005.
15. Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT. php), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2012.
16. Fan, J. and Gijbels, I.: Local Polynomial Modeling and Its Applications, Chapman & Hall, 1996.
17. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fa-hey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
18. Garman, K. E.: Precision of airborne wind measurement for atmospheric flight research, Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue University, USA, 2009.
19. Garman, K. E., Hill, K. A., and Wyss, P., Carlsen, M., Zimmerman, J. R., Stirm, B. H., Carney, T. Q., Santini, R., and Shepson, P. B.: An airborne and wind tunnel evaluation of a wind turbulence measurement system for aircraft-based flux measurements, J. At-mos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1696-1708, 2006.
20. Garman, K. E., Wyss, P., Carlsen, M., Zimmerman, J. R., Stirm, B. H., Carney, T. Q., Santini, R., and Shepson, P. B.: The contribution of variability of lift-induced upwash to the uncertainty in vertical winds determined from an aircraft platform, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 126, 461-476, 2008.
21. 2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08806, doi:10.1029/2007GL032887, 2008.
22. Guan, D., Liu, Z., Geng, Y., Lindner, S., and Hubacek, K.: The gi-gatonne gap in China's carbon dioxide inventories, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 672-675, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1560, 2012.
23. 2 emission fluxes for the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5535-5541, doi:10.1021/es900806c, 2009.
24. 2 emissions at the building/street level scale for a large US city, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12194-12202, doi:10.1021/es3011282, 2012.
25. Helman, C.: America's Biggest Landfills, http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/ 13/los-angeles-las-vegas, last access: 6 September 2012.
26. Indiana Department of Environmental Management Confined Feeding Operations, http://www.in.gov/idem/4994.htm, last access: 6 September 2012.
27. International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook, 2008, IEA, Paris, France, 2008.
28. 6 Tracer Technique, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 359-362, 1994.
29. Kalthoff, N., Corsmeier, U., Schmidt, K., Kottmeier, Ch., Fiedler, F., Habram, M., and Slemr, F.: Emissions of the city of Augsburg determined using the mass balance method, Atmos. Environ., 36, S19-S31, 2002.
30. Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Wolter, S., Newberger, T., Chen, H., Andrews, A., Kofler, J., Neff, D., and Tans, P.: Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 511-526, doi:10.5194/amt-6-511-2013, 2013a.
31. Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Petron, G., Frost, G., Hardesty, R. M., Kofler, J., Miller, B. R., Newberger, T., Wolter, S., Banta, R., Brewer, A., Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., Monztka, S. A., Schnell, R., Tans, P., Trainer, M., Zamora, R., and Conley, S.: Methane emissions estimates from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1-5, doi:10.1002/grl.50811, 2013b.
32. Kort, E. A., Frankenberg, C., Miller, C. E., and Oda, T.: Space-based observations of megacity carbon dioxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L17806, doi:10.1029/2012GL052738, 2012.
33. Lafferty, J. and Wasserman, L.: Rodeo: Sparse, greedy nonparamet-ric regression, Ann. Stat., 36, 28-63, 2008.
34. Lenschow, D. H. and Stankov, B. B.: Length scales in the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1198-1209, 1986.
35. 2 from fossil fuels, J. Ind. Ecol., 12, 136-139, doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00014.x, 2008.
36. 2 emissions, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 645-646, 2012.
37. Mays, K. L., Shepson, P. B., Stirm, B. H., Karion, A., Sweeney, C., and Gurney, K. R.: Aircraft-based Measurements of the Carbon Footprint of Indianapolis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7816-7823, 2009.
38. McKain, K., Wofsy, S. C., Nehrkorn, T., Eluszkiewicz, J., Ehleringer, J. R., and Stephens, B. B.: Assessment of ground-based atmospheric observations for verification of greenhouse gas emissions from an urban region, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 8423-8428, doi:10.1073/pnas.1116645109, 2012.
39. Miles, N., Lauvaux, T., Davis, K., Richardson, S., McGowan, L., Sarmiento, D., Sweeney, C., Karion, A., Hardesty, M., Turnbull, J., Iraci, L., Gurney, K. R., Razlivanov, I., Cambaliza, M. O., Shepson, P., and Whetstone, J.: On network design for the detection of urban greenhouse gas emissions: Results from the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX), AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, 9-13 December 2013, A44F-01, 2013.
40. Montzka, S. A., Myers, R. C., Butler, J. H., Elkins, J. W., and Cum-mings, S.: Global tropospheric distribution and calibration scale of HCFC-22, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 703-706, 1993.
41. Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Brioude, J., Aikin, K. C., Andrews, A. E., Atlas, E., Blake, D., Daube, B. C., de Gouw, J. A., Dlugokencky, E., Frost, G. J., Gentner, D. R., Gilman, J. B., Goldstein, A. H., Harley, R. A., Holloway, J. S., Kofler, J., Kuster, W. C., Lang, P. M., Novelli, P. C., Santoni, G. W., Trainer, M., Wofsy, S. C., and Parish, D. D.: Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin, California, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 4974-4990, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50413, 2013.
42. 2 emissions after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 2-4, 2012.
43. 2 modeling: model intercomparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6607-6622, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6607-2011, 2011.
44. Ryerson, T. B., Trainer, M., Holloway, J. S., Parrish, D. D., Huey, L. G., Sueper, D. T., Frost, G. J., Donnelly, S. G., Schauffler, S., Atlas, E. L., Kuster, W. C., Goldan, P. D., Hubler, G., Meagher, J. F., and Fehsenfeld, F.C.: Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies, Science, 292, 719-723, doi:10.1126/science.1058113, 2001.
45. Samarov, D. V.: The Fast Rodeo for Local Polynomial Regression, Technical Report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012.
46. Solid Waste Facility Annual Report for the State of Indiana, http://www.in.gov/idem/files/solid-waste-fdr08.pdf (last access: May 2011), 2008.
47. Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997.
48. Trainer, M., Ridley, B. A., Buhr, M. P., Kok, G., Walega, J., Hubler, G., Parrish, D. D., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Regional ozone and urban plumes in the southeastern United States: Birminghan, a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18823-18834, 1995.
49. 2 time series for North American continental air, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11310, doi:10.1029/2006JD008184, 2007.
50. Turnbull, J. C., Karion, A., Fischer, M. L., Faloona, I., Guilder-son, T., Lehman, S. J., Miller, B. R., Miller, J. B., Montzka, S., Sherwood, T., Saripalli, S., Sweeney, C., and Tans, P. P.: Assessment of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and other anthropogenic trace gas emissions from airborne measurements over Sacramento, California in spring 2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 705-721, doi:10.5194/acp-11-705-2011, 2011.
51. 2 emissions from an urban area: Results from the INFLUX experiment, in preparation, 2014.
52. United States Environmental Protection Agency Air Markets Program Data: http://ampd.epa.gov/ampd/, last access: August 2012.
53. United States Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Data: http://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do, last access: 2 September 2012.
54. 4, in: Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004.
55. 2 emission of Norilsk, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D11305, doi:10.1029/2011JD017335, 2012.
56. Westberg, H., Lamb, B., Johnson, K. A., and Huyler, M.: Inventory of methane emissions from U.S. cattle, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12633-12642, 2001.
57. White, W. H., Anderson, J. A., Blumenthal, D. L., Husar, R. B., Gillani, N. V., Husar, J. D., and Wilson Jr., W. E.: Formation and Transport of Secondary Air Pollutants: Ozone and Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban Plume, Science, 194, 187-189, 1976.
58. White, W. H., Patternson, D. E., and Wilson Jr., W. E.: Urban exports to the nonurban Troposphere: Results from Project MISTT, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10745-10752, 1983.
59. World Bank: Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda, Vol. 10, Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
60. Wratt, D. S., Gimson, N. R., Brailsford, G. W., Lassey, K. R., Bromley, A. M., and Bell, M. J.: Estimating regional methane emissions from agriculture using aircraft measurements of concentration profiles, Atmos. Environ., 35, 497-508, 2001.
61. Wunch, D., Wennberg. P. O., Toon, G. C., Keppel-Aleks, G., and Yavin, Y. G.: Emissions of greenhouse gases from a North American megacity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15810, doi:10.1029/2009GL039825, 2009.
62. Zhao, C. L. and Tans, P. P.: Estimating uncertainty of the WMO mole fraction scale for carbon dioxide in air, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08S09, doi:10.1029/2005JD006003, 2006.