Evaluation of cloud fraction simulated by seven SCMs against the ARM observations at the SGP site

Journal of Climate

Volumn 27, Issue 17, 2014, Pages 6698-6719

  Song, Hua ^a   Lin, Wuyin ^a   Lin, Yanluan ^b   Wolf, Audrey B ^c   Donner, Leo J ^d   Del Genio, Anthony D ^e   Neggers, Roel ^f   Endo, Satoshi ^a   Liu, Yangang ^a  

^a BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

^d NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^e NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^f ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; CLIMATOLOGY;

CLOUD COVER; CLOUD FRACTION; COMMUNITY ATMOSPHERE MODEL; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; SINGLE-COLUMN MODEL; STRATIFORM CLOUDS;

UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 84906860932     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00555.1     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Ackerman, T. P., and G. M. Stokes, 2003: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. Phys. Today, 56, 38-44, doi:10.1063/1.1554135.
2. Anderson, J., and Coauthors, 2004: The newGFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations. J. Climate, 17, 4641-4673, doi:10.1175/JCLI-3223.1.
3. Boucher, O., and Coauthors, 2014: Clouds and aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 571-657.
4. Bretherton, C. S., J. R. McCaa, and H. Grenier, 2004: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application tomarine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I: Description and 1D results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 864-882, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132,0864:ANPFSC.2.0.CO;2.
5. Cess, R. D., and Coauthors, 1996: Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 791-12 794, doi:10.1029/96JD00822.
6. Cheng, A., and K.-M. Xu, 2011: Improved low-cloud simulation from a multiscale modeling framework with a third-order turbulence closure in its cloud-resolving model component. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D14101, doi:10.1029/2010JD015362.
7. Clothiaux, E. E., and Coauthors, 1999: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program cloud radars: Operational modes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 819-827, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0426(1999)016,0819:TARMPC.2.0.CO;2.
8. Clothiaux, E. E., T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, K. P. Moran, R. T. Marchand, M.A.Miller, and B. E.Martner, 2000:Objective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensors at the ARM CART sites. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 645-665, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039,0645: ODOCHA.2.0.CO;2.
9. Davies, L., and Coauthors, 2013: A single-column model ensemble approach applied to the TWP-ICE experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 6544-6563, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50450.
10. Del Genio, A. D., and A. Wolf, 2012: Should today's SCMs convect at the SGP? ASR Science Team Meeting, Arlington, VA, U.S. Department of Energy, 11 pp. [Available online at http://asr.science.energy.gov/meetings/stm/2012/presentations/ delgeniofaster.pdf.]
11. Del Genio, A. D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K. K.-W. Lo, 1996: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models. J. Climate, 9, 270-304, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009,0270: APCWPF.2.0.CO;2.
12. Del Genio, A. D., A. B. Wolf, and M. S. Yao, 2005: Evaluation of regional cloud feedbacks using single-column models. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S13, doi:10.1029/2004JD005011.
13. Dong, X., B. Xi, and P. Minnis, 2006: A climatology of midlatitude continental clouds from the ARM SGP Central Facility. Part II: Cloud fraction and surface radiative forcing. J. Climate, 19, 1765-1783, doi:10.1175/JCLI3710.1.
14. Donner, L. J., C. J. Seman, R. S. Hemiler, and S. Fan, 2001: Acumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, convective vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects: Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 14, 3444-3463, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014,3444: ACPIMF.2.0.CO;2.
15. Donner, L. J., and Coauthors, 2011: The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component AM3 of the GFDL global coupled model CM3. J. Climate, 24, 3484-3519, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1.
16. Gettelman, A., and Coauthors, 2010: Global simulations of ice nucleation and ice supersaturation with an improved cloud scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18216, doi:10.1029/2009JD013797.
17. GEWEX Cloud System Science Team, 1993: The GEWEX Cloud System Study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 387-400, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074,0387:TGCSS.2.0.CO;2.
18. Ghan, S., and Coauthors, 2000: An intercomparison of single column model simulations of summertime midlatitude continental convection. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2091-2124, doi:10.1029/1999JD900971.
19. Gregory, D., J. J. Morcrette, C. Jakob, A. C. M. Beljaars, and T. Stockdale, 2000: Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWFIntegrated Forecasting System. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1685-1710, doi:10.1002/ qj.49712656607.
20. Hahn, C. J., W. B. Rossow, and S. G. Warren, 2001: ISCCP cloud properties associated with standard cloud types identified in individual surface observations. J. Climate, 14, 11-28, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014,0011:ICPAWS.2.0.CO;2.
21. Henderson, P. W., and R. Pincus, 2009: Multiyear evaluations of a cloud model using ARM data. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2925-2936, doi:10.1175/2009JAS2957.1.
22. Kennedy, A. D., 2011: Evaluation of a single column model at the Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility. Ph. D. dissertation, University of North Dakota, 149 pp.
23. Kennedy, A. D., X. Dong, B. Xi, P. Minnis, A. D. Del Genio, A. B. Wolf, and M. M. Khaiyer, 2010: Evaluation of the NASA GISS Single- Column Model simulated clouds using combined surface and satellite observations. J. Climate, 23, 5175-5192, doi:10.1175/ 2010JCLI3353.1.
24. Kennedy, A. D., X. Dong, B. Xi, S. Xie, Y. Zhang, and J. Chen, 2011: A comparison ofMERRAandNARRreanalysis datasets with theDOE ARM SGP continuous forcing data. J. Climate, 24, 4541-4557, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3978.1.
25. Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0442(1993)006,1587:TSCOLS.2.0.CO;2.
26. Klein, S. A., and Coauthors, 2009: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed- Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. I: Single-layer cloud. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416.
27. Lauer, A., and K. Hamilton, 2013: Simulating clouds with global climate models: A comparison of CMIP5 results with CMIP3 and satellite data. J. Climate, 26, 3823-3845, doi:10.1175/ JCLI-D-12-00451.1.
28. Lin, Y., and Coauthors, 2012: TWP-ICE global atmospheric model intercomparison: Convection responsiveness and resolution impact. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09111, doi:10.1029/2011JD017018.
29. Minnis, P., Y. Yi, J. Huang, and K. Ayers, 2005: Relationships between radiosonde and RUC-2 meteorological conditions and cloud occurrence determined from ARM data. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23204, doi:10.1029/2005JD006005.
30. Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0493(1992)120,0978:RASAPO.2.0.CO;2.
31. Morrison, H., and Coauthors, 2009: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. II: Multilayer cloud. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1003-1019, doi:10.1002/ qj.415.
32. Naud, C. M., A. D. Del Genio, M. Bauer, and W. Kovari, 2010: Cloud vertical distribution across warm and cold fronts in CloudSat-CALIPSO data and a general circulation model. J. Climate, 23, 3397-3415, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3282.1.
33. Neggers, R. A. J., A. P. Siebesma, and T. Heus, 2012: Continuous single-column model evaluation at a permanent meteorological supersite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 1389-1400, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00162.1.
34. Qian, Y., C. N. Long, H. Wang, J. M. Comstock, S. A. McFarlane, and S. Xie, 2012: Evaluation of cloud fraction and its radiative effect simulated by IPCC AR4 global models against ARM surface observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1785-1810, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1785-2012.
35. Quaas, J., 2012: Evaluating the "critical relative humidity" as a measure of subgrid-scale variability of humidity in general circulation model cloud cover parameterizations using satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09208, doi:10.1029/ 2012JD017495.
36. Randall, D. A., and D. G. Cripe, 1999: Alternative methods for specification of observed forcing in single-column models and cloud system models. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24 527-24 545, doi:10.1029/1999JD900765.
37. Randall, D. A., K.-M. Xu, R. J. C. Somerville, and S. Iacobellis, 1996: Singlecolumn models and cloud ensemble models as links between observations and climate models. J. Climate, 9, 1683-1697, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009,1683:SCMACE.2.0.CO;2.
38. Rasch, P. J., and J. E. Kristjansson, 1998: A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterizations. J. Climate, 11, 1587-1614, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011,1587:ACOTCM.2.0.CO;2.
39. Schmidt, G. A., and Coauthors, 2006: Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data. J. Climate, 19, 153-192, doi:10.1175/ JCLI3612.1.
40. Siebesma, A. P., and Coauthors, 2003: A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1201-1219, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60,1201: ALESIS.2.0.CO;2.
41. Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927, doi:10.1002/qj.49711347710.
42. Slingo, J. M., 1980:Acloud parameterization scheme derived fromGATE data for use with a numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 747-770, doi:10.1002/qj.49710645008.
43. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller Jr., Eds., 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.
44. Song, H., W. Lin, Y. Lin, A. B. Wolf, R. Neggers, L. J. Donner, A. D. Del Genio, and Y. Liu, 2013: Evaluation of precipitation simulated by seven SCMs against the ARM observations at the SGPsite. J. Climate, 26, 5467-5492, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00263.1.
45. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2002: The CloudSat mission and the A-Train. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771-1790, doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771.
46. Stokes, G.M., and S. E. Schwartz, 1994: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 1202-1221, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075,1201: TARMPP.2.0.CO;2.
47. Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristjánsson, 1989: Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1641-1657, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117,1641: CACPSW.2.0.CO;2.
48. Tiedtke, M., 1993: Representation of clouds in large-scalemodels. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3040-3061, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121,3040: ROCILS.2.0.CO;2.
49. Tompkins, A.M., 2002:Aprognostic parameterization for the subgridscale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1917-1942, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059,1917:APPFTS.2.0.CO;2.
50. Tompkins, A.M., K. Gierens, and G. Rädel, 2007: Ice supersaturation in the ECMWF integrated forecast system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 53-63, doi:10.1002/qj.14.
51. Turner, D. D., T. R. Shippert, P. D. Brown, S. A. Clough, R. O. Knuteson, H. E. Revercomb, and W. L. Smith, 1998: Longterm analyses of observed and line-by-line calculations of longwave surface spectral radiance and the effect of scaling the water vapor profile. Proc. Eighth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ, U.S. Department of Energy, 773-776.
52. Turner, D. D., B. M. Lesht, S. A. Clough, J. C. Liljegren, H. E. Revercomb, and D.C. Tobin, 2003:Dry bias and variability in VaisalaRS80- H radiosondes: The ARM experience. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 117-132, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020,0117: DBAVIV.2.0.CO;2.
53. Vavrus, S., and D. Waliser, 2008: An improved parameterization for simulating Arctic cloud amount in the CCSM3 climate model. J. Climate, 21, 5673-5687, doi:10.1175/ 2008JCLI2299.1.
54. Wood, R., and D. L. Hartmann, 2006: Spatial variability of liquid water path in marine low cloud: The importance of mesoscale cellular convection. J. Climate, 19, 1748-1764, doi:10.1175/ JCLI3702.1.
55. Wu, J., A. D. Del Genio, M.-S. Yao, and A. B. Wolf, 2009: WRF and GISS SCM simulations of convective updraft properties during TWP-ICE. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04206, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010851.
56. Xie, S., and Coauthors, 2002: Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parameterizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1095- 1135, doi:10.1256/003590002320373229.
57. Xie, S., R. T. Cederwall, and M. Zhang, 2004: Developing long-term single-column model/cloud system-resolving model forcing data using numerical weather prediction products constrained by surface and top of atmosphere observations. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D01104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004045.
58. Xie, S., and Coauthors, 2005: Simulations of midlatitude frontal clouds by single-column and cloud-resolving models during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement March 2000 cloud intensive operational period. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S03, doi:10.1029/2004JD005119.
59. Xie, S., and Coauthors, 2010: Cloud and more: ARM climate modeling best estimate data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 13-20, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2891.1.
60. Xu, K.-M., and S. K. Krueger, 1991: Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 342-367, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119,0342: EOCPUA.2.0.CO;2.
61. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: Evaluation of statistically based cloudiness parameterizations used in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3103-3119, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053,3103: EOSBCP.2.0.CO;2.
62. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053,3084:ASCPFU.2.0.CO;2.
63. Xu, K.-M., and Coauthors, 2005: Modeling springtime shallow frontal clouds with cloud-resolving and single-column models. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD005153.
64. Zhang, M., and Coauthors, 2013: CGILS: Results from the first phase of an international project to understand the physical mechanisms of low cloud feedbacks in single column models. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 826-842, doi:10.1002/ 2013MS000246.