Phases of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents

Pediatric Diabetes

Volumn 15, Issue SUPPL.20, 2014, Pages 18-25

  Couper, Jennifer J ^a,b   Haller, Michael J ^c   Ziegler, Annette G ^d   Knip, Mikael ^e   Ludvigsson, Johnny ^f   Craig, Maria E ^g,h,i  

^a WOMEN S AND CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^f LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^g CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Child; Environment; HLA; Type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHILD; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INFANT; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MEDICINE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEDIATRICS; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT MEDICINE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INFANT; INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES; PEDIATRICS; PRECISION MEDICINE; PREDIABETIC STATE; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC;

EID: 84906822167     PISSN: 1399543X     EISSN: 13995448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12188     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Barrett JC, Clayton DG, Concannon P et al. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet 2009: 41: 703-707.
2. Noble JA, Valdes AM, Cook M, Klitz W, Thomson G, Erlich HA. The role of HLA class II genes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: molecular analysis of 180 Caucasian, multiplex families. Am J Hum Genet 1996: 59: 1134-1148.
3. Lambert AP, Gillespie KM, Thomson G et al. Absolute risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes defined by human leukocyte antigen class II genotype: a population-based study in the United Kingdom. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004: 89: 4037-4043.
4. Nguyen C, Varney MD, Harrison LC, Morahan G. Definition of high-risk type 1 diabetes HLA-DR and HLA-DQ types using only three single nucleotide polymorphisms. Diabetes 2013: 62: 2135-2140.
5. Erlich H, Valdes AM, Noble J et al. HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families. Diabetes 2008: 57: 1084-1092.
6. Watkins RA, Evans-Molina C, Blum JS, Dimeglio LA. Established and emerging biomarkers for the prediction of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Transl Res 2014: pii: S1931-5244(14)00078-4.
7. Aly TA, Ide A, Jahromi MM et al. Extreme genetic risk for type 1A diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006: 103: 14074-14079.
8. Steck AK, Wong R, Wagner B et al. Effects of non-HLA gene polymorphisms on development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in a population with high-risk HLA-DR, DQ genotypes. Diabetes 2012: 61: 753-758.
9. Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 2013: 309: 2473-2479.
10. Bonifacio E, Krumsiek J, Winkler C, Theis FJ, Ziegler AG. A strategy to find gene combinations that identify children who progress rapidly to type 1 diabetes after islet autoantibody seroconversion. Acta Diabetol 2014: 51: 403-411.
11. DPT-1 Study Group. Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002: 346: 1685-1691.
12. Xu P, Wu Y, Zhu Y et al. Prognostic performance of metabolic indexes in predicting onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010: 33: 2508-2513.
13. Xu P, Beam CA, Cuthbertson D et al. Prognostic accuracy of immunologic and metabolic markers for type 1 diabetes in a high-risk population: receiver operating characteristic analysis. Diabetes Care 2012: 35: 1975-1980.
14. Gillespie KM, Bain SC, Barnett AH et al. The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes. Lancet 2004: 364: 1699-1700.
15. Fourlanos S, Varney MD, Tait BD et al. The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is accounted for by cases with lower-risk human leukocyte antigen genotypes. Diabetes Care 2008: 31: 1546-1549.
16. Hermann R, Knip M, Veijola R et al. Temporal changes in the frequencies of HLA genotypes in patients with type 1 diabetes-indication of an increased environmental pressure? Diabetologia 2003: 46: 420-425.
17. McIntosh ED, Menser MA. A fifty-year follow-up of congenital rubella. Lancet 1992: 340: 414-415.
18. Takasu N, Ikema T, Komiya I, Mimura G. Forty-year observation of 280 Japanese patients with congenital rubella syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005: 28: 2331-2332.
19. Yeung G, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME. Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus - a systematic review of molecular studies. Br Med J 2011: 342: d35.
20. Akerblom HK, Virtanen SM, Ilonen J et al. Dietary manipulation of beta cell autoimmunity in infants at increased risk of type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetologia 2005: 48: 829-837.
21. Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003: 290: 1713-1720.
22. Ziegler AG, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies. JAMA 2003: 290: 1721-1728.
23. Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Ludvigsson J et al. Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies. Diabetes Care 2012: 35: 2215-2225.
24. Norris JM, Yin X, Lamb MM et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes. JAMA 2007: 298: 1420-1428.
25. Tizaoui K, Kaabachi W, Hamzaoui A, Hamzaoui K. Contribution of VDR polymorphisms to type 1 diabetes susceptibility: systematic review of case-control studies and meta-analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014: 143C: 240-249.
26. Simpson M, Brady H, Yin X et al. No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia 2011: 54: 2779-2788.
27. Raab J, Giannopoulou EZ, Schneider S et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pre-type 1 diabetes and its association with disease progression. Diabetologia 2014: 57: 902-908.
28. Couper JJ, Beresford S, Hirte C et al. Weight gain in early life predicts risk of islet autoimmunity in children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009: 32: 94-99.
29. Fourlanos S, Narendran P, Byrnes GB, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004: 47: 1661-1667.
30. Group TS. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008: 1150: 1-13.
31. Penno MA, Couper JJ, Craig ME et al. Environmental determinants of islet autoimmunity (ENDIA): a pregnancy to early life cohort study in children at-risk of type 1 diabetes. BMC Pediatr 2013: 13: 124.
32. Hummel S, Pflüger M, Hummel M, Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG. Primary dietary intervention study to reduce the risk of islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes: the BABYDIET study. Diabetes Care 2011: 34: 1301-1305.
33. Vaarala O, Ilonen J, Ruohtula T et al. Removal of bovine insulin from cow's milk formula and early initiation of beta-cell autoimmunity in the FINDIA Pilot Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012: 166: 608-614.
34. Knip M, Virtanen SM, Seppa K et al. Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 2010: 363: 1900-1908.
35. TRIGR Study Group, Akerblom HK, Krischer J et al. The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study: recruitment, intervention and follow-up. Diabetologia 2011: 54: 627-633.
36. Knip M, Akerblom HK, Becker D et al. Hydrolyzed infant formula and early β-cell autoimmunity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014: 311: 2279-2287.
37. Chase HP, Lescheck E, Rafkin-Mervis L et al. Nutritional intervention to prevent (NIP) type 1 diabetes: a pilot trial. Infant Child Adolesc Nutr 2009: 1: 98-107.
38. Achenbach P, Barker J, Bonifacio E, Group P-PS. Modulating the natural history of type 1 diabetes in children at high genetic risk by mucosal insulin immunization. Curr Diab Rep 2008: 8: 87-93.
39. Gale EA, Bingley PJ, Emmett CL, Collier T. European nicotinamide diabetes intervention trial G. European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): a randomised controlled trial of intervention before the onset of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2004: 363: 925-931.
40. Skyler JS, Krischer JP, Wolfsdorf J et al. Effects of oral insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: the diabetes prevention trial-type 1. Diabetes Care 2005: 28: 1068-1076.
41. Skyler JS. Update on worldwide efforts to prevent type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008: 1150: 190-196.
42. Fourlanos S, Perry C, Gellert SA et al. Evidence that nasal insulin induces immune tolerance to insulin in adults with autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2011: 60: 1237-1245.
43. Harrison LC, Honeyman MC, Steele CE et al. Pancreatic beta-cell function and immune responses to insulin after administration of intranasal insulin to humans at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004: 27: 2348-2355.
44. Han MX, Craig ME. Research using autologous cord blood - time for a policy change. Med J Aust 2013: 199: 288-299.
45. Elding Larsson H, Vehik K, Bell R et al. Reduced prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in young children participating in longitudinal follow-up. Diabetes Care 2011: 34: 2347-2352.
46. Usher-Smith JA, Thompson MJ, Sharp SJ, Walter FM. Factors associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes in children and young adults: a systematic review. BMJ 2011: 343: d4092.
47. Wolfsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009: 10 (Suppl. 12): 118-133.
48. Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, Nadeau K, Urakami T, Bartlett T, et al. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatric Diabetes.
49. Kapellen TM, Gausche R, Dost A et al. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Germany are more overweight than healthy controls: results comparing DPV database and CrescNet database. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014: 27: 209-214.
50. Islam ST, Abraham A, Donaghue KC et al. Plateau of adiposity in Australian children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: a 20-year study. Diabet Med 2014: 31: 686-690.
51. Lombardo F, Valenzise M, Wasniewska M et al. Two-year prospective evaluation of the factors affecting honeymoon frequency and duration in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the key-role of age at diagnosis. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2002: 15: 246-251.
52. Akirav E, Kushner JA, Herold KC. Beta-cell mass and type 1 diabetes: going, going, gone? Diabetes 2008: 57: 2883-2888.
53. Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Swift P et al. New definition for the partial remission period in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009: 32: 1384-1390.
54. Neylon OM, White M, O Connell MA, Cameron FJ. Insulin-dose-adjusted HbA1c-defined partial remission phase in a paediatric population-when is the honeymoon over? Diabet Med 2013: 30: 627-628.
55. Böber E, Dündar B, Büyükgebiz A. Partial remission phase and metabolic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001: 14: 435-441.
56. Bowden SA, Duck MM, Hoffman RP. Young children (<5yr) and adolescents (>12yr) with type 1 diabetes mellitus have low rate of partial remission: diabetic ketoacidosis is an important risk factor. Pediatr Diabetes 2008: 9: 197-201.
57. DCCT. Effect of intensive therapy on residual beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. A randomized, controlled trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998: 128: 517-523.
58. Buckingham B, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ et al. Effectiveness of early intensive therapy on β-cell preservation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013: 36: 4030-4035.
59. Steffes MW, Sibley S, Jackson M, Thomas W. Beta-cell function and the development of diabetes-related complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care 2003: 26: 832-836.
60. Greenbaum CJ, Beam CA, Boulware D et al. Fall in C-peptide during first 2 years from diagnosis: evidence of at least two distinct phases from composite Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet data. Diabetes 2012: 61: 2066-2073.
61. Oram RA, Jones AG, Besser RE et al. The majority of patients with long-duration type 1 diabetes are insulin microsecretors and have functioning beta cells. Diabetologia 2014: 57: 187-191.
62. Skyler JS, Greenbaum CJ, Lachin JM et al. Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet-an international collaborative clinical trials network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008: 1150: 14-24.
63. Vudattu NK, Herold KC. Treatment of new onset type 1 diabetes with teplizumab: successes and pitfalls in development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014: 14: 377-385.
64. Orban T, Bundy B, Becker DJ et al. Co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011: 378: 412-419.
65. Orban T, Bundy B, Becker DJ et al. Costimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: follow-up 1 year after cessation of treatment. Diabetes Care 2014: 37: 1069-1075.
66. Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Bundy B et al. B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and β-cell function: two-year results. Diabetes Care 2014: 37: 453-459.
67. Hagopian W, Ferry RJ, Sherry N et al. Teplizumab preserves C-peptide in recent-onset type 1 diabetes: two-year results from the randomized, placebo-controlled Protégé trial. Diabetes 2013: 62: 3901-3908.
68. Couri CE, Oliveira MC, Stracieri AB et al. C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009: 301: 1573-1579.
69. Raz I, Ziegler AG, Linn T et al. Treatment of recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients with DiaPep277: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care 2014: 37: 1392-1400.
70. Buzzetti R, Cernea S, Petrone A et al. C-peptide response and HLA genotypes in subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes after immunotherapy with DiaPep277: an exploratory study. Diabetes 2011: 60: 3067-3072.
71. Ludvigsson J, Faresjo M, Hjorth M et al. GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008: 359: 1909-1920.
72. Ludvigsson J, Chéramy M, Axelsson S et al. GAD-treatment of children and adolescents with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes preserves residual insulin secretion after 30 months. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014: 30: 405-414.
73. Haller MJ, Wasserfall CH, Hulme MA et al. Autologous umbilical cord blood transfusion in young children with type 1 diabetes fails to preserve C-peptide. Diabetes Care 2011: 34: 2567-2569.
74. Brooks-Worrell B, Palmer JP. Prevention versus intervention of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2013: 149: 332-338.
75. Ludvigsson J. Combination therapy for preservation of beta cell function in type 1 diabetes: new attitudes and strategies are needed!. Immunol Lett 2014: 159: 30-35.
76. Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Ryan EA et al. Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 2000: 343: 230-238.
77. Ryan EA, Paty BW, Senior PA et al. Five-year follow-up after clinical islet transplantation. Diabetes 2005: 54: 2060-2069.
78. Barton FB, Rickels MR, Alejandro R et al. Improvement in outcomes of clinical islet transplantation: 1999-2010. Diabetes Care 2012: 35: 1436-1445.
79. Bouwens L, Houbracken I, Mfopou JK. The use of stem cells for pancreatic regeneration in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013: 9: 598-606.
80. Chhabra P, Brayman KL. Stem cell therapy to cure type 1 diabetes: from hype to hope. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013: 2: 328-336.