Lung transplantation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review of the literature

BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Kistler, Kristin D ^a   Nalysnyk, Luba ^b   Rotella, Philip ^a   Esser, Dirk ^c  

^a EVIDERA   (United States)

^b GENZYME CORPORATION   (United States)

^c BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMA GMBH AND CO KG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; Lung transplantation; Survival; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHRONIC GRAFT REJECTION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CYSTIC FIBROSIS; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; GRAFT INFECTION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; LUNG ALLOCATION SCORE; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; SCORING SYSTEM; SELECTION BIAS; SEPSIS; SURVIVAL; SURVIVAL TIME; SURVIVOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; PATIENT ACUITY; PROCEDURES; SURVIVAL RATE;

GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMANS; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; PATIENT ACUITY; SURVIVAL RATE; WAITING LISTS;

EID: 84906805808     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-139     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, Colby TV, Cordier JF, Flaherty KR, Lasky JA, Lynch DA, Ryu JH, Swigris JJ, Wells AU, Ancochea J, Bouros D, Carvalho C, Costabel U, Ebina M, Hansell DM, Johkoh T, Kim DS, King TE, Kondoh Y, Myers J, Mu¨ller NL, Nicholson AG, Richeldi L, Selman M, Dudden RF, Griss BS, Protzko SL, Schu¨nemann HJ., ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Committee on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183(6):788-824. 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL, 21471066, ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Committee on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
2. Selman M, Carrillo G, Estrada A, Mejia M, Becerril C, Cisneros J, Gaxiola M, Pe´rez-Padilla R, Navarro C, Richards T, Dauber J, King TE, Pardo A, Kaminski N. Accelerated variant of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical behavior and gene expression pattern. PLoS One 2007, 2:e482. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000482, 1868965, 17534432.
3. Song JW, Hong S-B, Lim C-M, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J 2011, 37(2):356-363. 10.1183/09031936.00159709, 20595144.
4. Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR, Brown KK, Kaner RJ, King TE, Lasky JA, Loyd JE, Noth I, Olman MA, Lasky JA, Loyd JE, Noth I, Olman MA, Raghu G, Roman J, Ryu JH, Zisman DA, Hunninghake GW, Colby TV, Egan JJ, Hansell DM, Johkoh T, Kaminski N, Kim DS, Kondoh Y, Lynch DA, Mu¨ller-Quernheim J, Myers JL, Nicholson AG, Selman M, Toews GB, Wells AU, Martinez FJ., Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network Investigators Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176(7):636-643. 10.1164/rccm.200703-463PP, 2094133, 17585107, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network Investigators.
5. Rudd RM, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC, Johnston IDA. British Thoracic Society Study on cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: response to treatment and survival. Thorax 2007, 62(1):62-66. 10.1136/thx.2005.045591, 2111279, 16769717.
6. Mapel DW, Hunt WC, Utton R, Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Coultas DB. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: survival in population based and hospital based cohorts. Thorax 1998, 53(6):469-476. 10.1136/thx.53.6.469, 1745251, 9713446.
7. Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, Schroeder DR, Offord KP. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157(1):199-203. 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9704130, 9445300.
8. King TE, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S, Fagan EA, Glaspole I, Glassberg MK, Gorina E, Hopkins PM, Kardatzke D, Lancaster L, Lederer DJ, Nathan SD, Pereira CA, Sahn SA, Sussman R, Swigris JJ, Noble PW., ASCEND Study Group A Phase 3 Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014, 370(22):2083-2092. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402582, 24836312, ASCEND Study Group.
9. Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, Azuma A, Brown KK, Costabel U, Cottin V, Flaherty KR, Hansell DM, Inoue Y, Kim DS, Kolb M, Nicholson AG, Noble PW, Selman M, Taniguchi H, Brun M, Le Maulf F, Girard M, Stowasser S, Schlenker-Herceg R, Disse B, Collard HR., INPULSIS Trial Investigators Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014, 370(22):2071-2082. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402584, 24836310, INPULSIS Trial Investigators.
10. Glanville AR, Estenne M. Indications, patient selection and timing of referral for lung transplantation. Eur Respir J 2003, 22(5):845-852. 10.1183/09031936.03.00039003, 14621095.
11. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) OPTN/SRTR 2011 Annual Data Report. 2012, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR).
12. Adult Lung Transplantation Statistics. [https://www.ishlt.org/registries/slides.asp?slides=heartLungRegistry].
13. Egan TM, Murray S, Bustami RT, Shearon TH, McCullough KP, Edwards LB, Coke MA, Garrity ER, Sweet SC, Heiney DA, Grover FL. Development of the New Lung Allocation System in the United States. Am J Transplant 2006, 6(5p2):1212-1227. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01276.x, 16613597.
14. Rinaldi M, Sansone F, Boffini M, El Qarra S, Solidoro P, Cavallo N, Ruffini E, Baldi S. Single versus double lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis: a debated topic. Transplant Proc 2008, 40(6):2010-2012. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.05.052, 18675116.
15. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from http://www.cochrane-handbook.org.
16. Cook DA, West CP. Conducting systematic reviews in medical education: a stepwise approach. Med Educ 2012, 46(10):943-945. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04328.x, 22989128.
17. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126(5):376-380. 10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00006, 9054282.
18. Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Dipchand AI, Dobbels F, Kirk R, Rahmel AO, Stehlik J, Hertz MI. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Report-2012. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012, 31(10):1073-1086. 10.1016/j.healun.2012.08.004, 22975097.
19. OPTN data. [http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/latestData/rptData.asp].
20. Meyer KC. Lung transplant for interstitial lung disease. Clin Pulm Med 2000, 7(4):178-186.
21. Thabut G, Christie JD, Ravaud P, Castier Y, Dauriat G, Jebrak G, Fournier M, Leseche G, Porcher R, Mal H. Survival after bilateral versus single-lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2009, 151(11):767-774. 10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00004, 19949142.
22. Edwards LB, Keck BM. Thoracic organ transplantation in the US. Clin Transpl 2002, 29-40.
23. McCurry KR, Shearon TH, Edwards LB, Chan KM, Sweet SC, Valapour M, Yusen R, Murray S. Lung transplantation in the United States, 1998-2007. Am J Transplant 2009, 9(4 Pt 2):942-958.
24. Chen H, Shiboski SC, Golden JA, Gould MK, Hays SR, Hoopes CW, De Marco T. Impact of the lung allocation score on lung transplantation for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180(5):468-474. 10.1164/rccm.200810-1603OC, 2742763, 19520906.
25. Freitas MC. Trend in lung transplantation in the U.S.: an analysis of the UNOS registry. Clin Transpl 2010, 17-33.
26. Takagishi T, Ostrowski R, Alex C, Rychlik K, Pelletiere K, Tehrani R. Survival and extrapulmonary course of connective tissue disease after lung transplantation. J Clin Rheumatol 2012, 18(6):283-289. 10.1097/RHU.0b013e3182676089, 22955476.
27. Coll E, Santos F, Ussetti P, Canela M, Borro JM, De La Torre M, Varela A, Zurbano F, Mons R, Morales P, Pastor J, Salvatierra A, de Pablo A, Ga´mez P, Moreno A, Sole´ J, Roma´n A. The Spanish Lung Transplant Registry: first report of results (2006-2010). Arch Bronconeumol 2013, 49(2):70-78. 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.06.001, 22939738.
28. Teo AT, Pietrobon R, Atashili J, Rajgor D, Shah J, Martins H. Short-term outcomes of lung transplant in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Surg - Acta Chir Austriaca 2011, 43(5):284-294.
29. Burton CM, Carlsen J, Mortensen J, Andersen CB, Milman N, Iversen M. Long-term Survival After Lung Transplantation Depends on Development and Severity of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26(7):681-686. 10.1016/j.healun.2007.04.004, 17613397.
30. Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Weir N, Ahmad S, Kaldjob JM, Battle E, Sheridan MJ, du Bois RM. Long-term course and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the new millennium. Chest 2011, 140(1):221-229. 10.1378/chest.10-2572, 21729893.
31. Nathan SD, Barnett SD, Urban BA, Nowalk C, Moran BR, Burton N. Pulmonary embolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis transplant recipients. Chest 2003, 123(5):1758-1763. 10.1378/chest.123.5.1758, 12740298.
32. McNeil K, Higenbottam T. The long-term outcome of lung transplantation in interstitial lung disease. Clin Pulm Med 1996, 3(3):137-141.
33. Thabut G, Mal H, Castier Y, Groussard O, Brugiere O, Marrash-Chahla R, Leseche G, Fournier M. Survival benefit of lung transplantation for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 126(2):469-475. 10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00600-7, 12928646.
34. Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Thum D, Leuschner W, von Wulffen W, Meis T, Leuchte H, Baumgartner R, Zimmermann G, Hatz R, Czerner S, Frey L, Ueberfuhr P, Bittmann I, Behr J., Munich Lung Transplant Group Potential functional and survival benefit of double over single lung transplantation for selected patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Transpl Int 2010, 23(9):887-896. Munich Lung Transplant Group.
35. Algar FJ, Espinosa D, Moreno P, Illana J, Cerezo F, Alvarez A, Baamonde C, Redel J, Vaquero JM, Santos F, Salvatierra A. Results of lung transplantation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Transplant Proc 2010, 42(8):3211-3213. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.046, 20970655.
36. Machuca TN, Schio SM, Camargo SM, Lobato V, Costa CD, Felicetti JC, Moreira JS, Camargo JJ. Prognostic factors in lung transplantation: the Santa Casa de Porto Alegre experience. Transplantation 2011, 91(11):1297-1303. 10.1097/TP.0b013e31821ab8e5, 21572382.
37. Keating D, Levvey B, Kotsimbos T, Whitford H, Westall G, Williams T, Snell G. Lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis: challenging early outcomes counterbalanced by surprisingly good outcomes beyond 15 years. Transplant Proc 2009, 41(1):289-291. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.042, 19249537.
38. Di Giuseppe M, Gambelli F, Hoyle GW, Lungarella G, Studer SM, Richards T, Yousem S, McCurry K, Dauber J, Kaminski N, Leikauf G, Ortiz LA. Systemic inhibition of NF-kappaB activation protects from silicosis. PLoS One 2009, 4(5):e5689. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005689, 2682759, 19479048.
39. Schachna L, Medsger TA, Dauber JH, Wigley FM, Braunstein NA, White B, Steen VD, Conte JV, Yang SC, McCurry KR, Borja MC, Plaskon DE, Orens JB, Gelber AC. Lung transplantation in scleroderma compared with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54(12):3954-3961. 10.1002/art.22264, 17133609.
40. Rivera-Lebron BN, Forfia PR, Kreider M, Lee J, Holmes JH, Kawut SM. Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic Predictors of Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 2013, 144(2):564-570. 10.1378/chest.12-2298, 3734888, 23450321.
41. Meyers BF, Lynch JP, Trulock EP, Guthrie T, Cooper JD, Patterson GA. Single versus bilateral lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a ten-year institutional experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000, 120(1):99-107. 10.1067/mtc.2000.106322, 10884661.
42. Saggar R, Khanna D, Furst DE, Belperio JA, Park GS, Weigt SS, Kubak B, Ardehali A, Derhovanessian A, Clements PJ, Shapiro S, Hunter C, Gregson A, Fishbein MC, Lynch Iii JP, Ross DJ, Saggar R. Systemic sclerosis and bilateral lung transplantation: a single centre experience. Eur Respir J 2010, 36(4):893-900. 10.1183/09031936.00139809, 2921556, 20351032.
43. Milstone AP, Brumble LM, Loyd JE, Ely EW, Roberts JR, Pierson RN, Dummer JS. Active CMV infection before lung transplantation: risk factors and clinical implications. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000, 19(8):744-750. 10.1016/S1053-2498(00)00134-0, 10967267.
44. Smith PW, Wang H, Parini V, Zolak JS, Shen KR, Daniel TM, Robbins MK, Tribble CG, Kron IL, Jones DR. Lung transplantation in patients 60 years and older: results, complications, and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2006, 82(5):1835-1841. discussion 1841, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.05.036, 17062257.
45. Wille KM, Gaggar A, Hajari AS, Leon KJ, Barney JB, Smith KH, Pajaro O, Wang W, Oster RA, McGiffin DC, Young KR. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and survival following lung transplantation for patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2008, 25(2):117-124.
46. Davis RD, Trulock EP, Manley J, Pasque MK, Sundaresan S, Cooper JD, Patterson GA. Differences in early results after single-lung transplantation. Washington University Lung Transplant Group. Ann Thorac Surg 1994, 58(5):1327-1334. discussion 1334-1325, 10.1016/0003-4975(94)91907-0, 7979654.
47. Grossman RF, Frost A, Zamel N, Patterson GA, Cooper JD, Myron PR, Dear CL, Maurer J. Results of single-lung transplantation for bilateral pulmonary fibrosis. The Toronto Lung Transplant Group. N Engl J Med 1990, 322(11):727-733. 10.1056/NEJM199003153221104, 2308601.
48. Mason DP, Brizzio ME, Alster JM, McNeill AM, Murthy SC, Budev MM, Mehta AC, Minai OA, Pettersson GB, Blackstone EH. Lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2007, 84(4):1121-1128. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.04.096, 17888957.
49. De Oliveira NC, Osaki S, Maloney J, Cornwell RD, Meyer KC. Lung transplant for interstitial lung disease: outcomes before and after implementation of the united network for organ sharing lung allocation scoring system. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012, 41(3):680-685. 10.1093/ejcts/ezr079, 22219404.
50. De Oliveira NC, Osaki S, Maloney J, Cornwell RD, Meyer KC. Lung transplant for interstitial lung disease: outcomes for single versus bilateral lung transplantation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012, 14(3):263-267. 10.1093/icvts/ivr085, 3290370, 22180607.
51. Force SD, Kilgo P, Neujahr DC, Pelaez A, Pickens A, Fernandez FG, Miller DL, Lawrence C. Bilateral lung transplantation offers better long-term survival, compared with single-lung transplantation, for younger patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2011, 91(1):244-249. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.08.055, 3395073, 21172522.
52. Nwakanma LU, Simpkins CE, Williams JA, Chang DC, Borja MC, Conte JV, Shah AS. Impact of bilateral versus single lung transplantation on survival in recipients 60 years of age and older: analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007, 133(2):541-547. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.062, 17258596.
53. Smits JM, Vanhaecke J, Haverich A, de Vries E, Smith M, Rutgrink E, Ramsoebhag A, Hop A, Persijn G, Laufer G. Three-year survival rates for all consecutive heart-only and lung-only transplants performed in Eurotransplant, 1997-1999. Clin Transpl 2003, 89-100.
54. Weiss ES, Allen JG, Merlo CA, Conte JV, Shah AS. Factors indicative of long-term survival after lung transplantation: a review of 836 10-year survivors. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010, 29(3):240-246. 10.1016/j.healun.2009.06.027, 19932034.
55. Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, Boucek MM, Keck BM, Hertz MI. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-third Official Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation Report-2006. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006, 25(8):880-892. 10.1016/j.healun.2006.06.001, 16890108.
56. Paik HC, Haam SJ, Lee DY, Yi GJ, Song SW, Kim YT, Kang CH, Kim KM, Park SI, Jheon SH. The fate of patients on the waiting list for lung transplantation in Korea. Transplant Proc 2012, 44(4):865-869. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.12.059, 22564569.
57. Jastrzebski D, Kozielski J, Nowak J, Zielinska-Les I, Ziora D, Szulik B, Wojarski J, Zakliczynski M, Zembala M. Prognostic risk factors in patients with interstitial lung disease referred for lung transplantation. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005, 56(Suppl 4):107-113.
58. Callegari G, DArmini AM, Vigano M, Fracchia C. Lung transplantation: the new point of view of an Italian centre. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2000, 55(4):283-286.
59. Adamali HI, Judge EP, Healy D, Nolke L, Redmond KC, Bartosik W, McCarthy J, Egan JJ. International collaboration: a retrospective study examining the survival of Irish citizens following lung transplantation in both the UK and Ireland. BMJ Open 2012, 2(2):e000605. 3317140, 22457478.
60. Shorr AF, Davies DB, Nathan SD. Outcomes for patients with sarcoidosis awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2002, 122(1):233-238. 10.1378/chest.122.1.233, 12114364.
61. Lederer DJ, Arcasoy SM, Wilt JS, DOvidio F, Sonett JR, Kawut SM. Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174(6):659-664. 10.1164/rccm.200604-520OC, 2648057, 16778159.
62. Timmer SJ, Karamzadeh AM, Yung GL, Kriett J, Jamieson SW, Smith CM. Predicting survival of lung transplantation candidates with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: does PaO(2) predict survival?. Chest 2002, 122(3):779-784. 10.1378/chest.122.3.779, 12226013.
63. Mackay LS, Anderson RL, Parry G, Lordan J, Corris PA, Fisher AJ. Pulmonary fibrosis: rate of disease progression as a trigger for referral for lung transplantation. Thorax 2007, 62(12):1069-1073. 10.1136/thx.2006.068494, 2094277, 17573439.
64. Nathan SD, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, Koch J, Barnett SD, Ad N, Burton N, Leslie K. Serial development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 2008, 76(3):288-294. 10.1159/000114246, 18216461.
65. Kadikar A, Maurer J, Kesten S. The six-minute walk test: a guide to assessment for lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997, 16(3):313-319.
66. Costa da Silva F, Afonso JE, Pego-Fernandes PM, Caramori ML, Jatene FB. Sao Paulo Lung Transplantation Waiting List: Patient Characteristics and Predictors of Death. Transplant Proc 2009, 41(3):927-931. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.01.048, 19376390.
67. Shitrit D, Gershman Y, Peled N, Medalion B, Saute M, Amital A, Kramer MR. Risk factors for death while awaiting lung transplantation in Israeli patients: 1997-2006. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008, 34(2):444-448. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.068, 18495487.
68. Shitrit D, Rusanov V, Peled N, Amital A, Fuks L, Kramer MR. The 15-step oximetry test: a reliable tool to identify candidates for lung transplantation among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28(4):328-333. 10.1016/j.healun.2008.12.019, 19332258.
69. Rusanov V, Kramer MR, Raviv Y, Medalion B, Guber A, Shitrit D. The significance of elevated tumor markers among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis before and after lung transplantation. Chest 2012, 141(4):1047-1054. 10.1378/chest.11-0284, 21940773.
70. Erasmus DB, Keller CA, Alvarez FB. Large airway complications in 150 consecutive lung transplant recipients. Journal of Bronchology 2008, 15(3):152-157.
71. Merlo CA, Weiss ES, Orens JB, Borja MC, Diener-West M, Conte JV, Shah AS. Impact of U.S. Lung Allocation Score on survival after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28(8):769-775. 10.1016/j.healun.2009.04.024, 19632571.
72. Horai T, Shigemura N, Gries C, Pilewski J, Bhama JK, Bermudez CA, Zaldonis D, Toyoda Y. Lung transplantation for patients with high lung allocation score: single-center experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2012, 93(5):1592-1597. discussion 1597, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.09.045, 22192755.
73. Raghu G, Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Bradford WZ, Oster G. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174(7):810-816. 10.1164/rccm.200602-163OC, 16809633.
74. State Totals: Vintage 2011. Annual Population Estimates. [http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011].
75. Orens JB, Estenne M, Arcasoy S, Conte JV, Corris P, Egan JJ, Egan T, Keshavjee S, Knoop C, Kotloff R, Martinez FJ, Nathan S, Palmer S, Patterson A, Singer L, Snell G, Studer S, Vachiery JL, Glanville AR., Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update-a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006, 25(7):745-755. 10.1016/j.healun.2006.03.011, 16818116, Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.