Presidential politics as a safeguard of federalism: The case of Marijuana legalization

Buffalo Law Review

Volumn 62, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 599-658

  Schwartz, David S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84906770013     PISSN: 00239356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (154)

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10. Medical Use, Nati, Org. for Reform Marijuana Laws (NORML), http://normal.org/marijuana/medical (last visited Mar. 22, 2014) [hereinafter Medical Use].
11. Citizens United v. FEC, 558 130 S. Ct. 876, 898 (2010) (applying strict scrutiny to laws regulating speech);
12. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 308 (2003) (applying strict scrutiny to racial classifications).
13. Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 U.S. 726, 731-32 (1963) (reviewing economic regulations deferentially);
14. United States v. Carolene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144,153-54 (1938) (same).
15. Compare, e.g., FCC v. Beach Commc'ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313-15 (1993)
16. Police Dep't of Chicago v. Mosley, 408 U.S. 92, 96 (1972) (Court has "frequently condemned" content discrimination in regulation of speech).
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18. New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144,160 (1992).
19. See, e.g., Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 311 (1936);
20. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 550 (1935);
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23. Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. Ill, 128-29 (1942);
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26. Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294, 296-97, 304 (1964).
27. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 603 (1995) (Souter, J., dissenting); id. at 616-17 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
28. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251, 273-74, 276 (1918)
29. United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100, 123-24 (1941). The Court
30. Maryland v. Wirtz, 392 U.S. 183, 187-88, 190-91 (1968)
31. EEOC v. Wyoming, 460 U.S. 226, 239 (1983)
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36. New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144,176 (1992).
37. Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898,935 (1997).
38. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 551-52 (1995).
39. United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 625-27 (2000).
40. Nat'l Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566, 2585-86 (2012)
41. See Reno v. Condon, 528 U.S. 141 (2000);
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43. Reno, 528 U.S. 141.
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46. Garcia, 469 U.S. at 551 n.11.
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49. See, e.g., Nate Silver, Whistling Past Bubba, FtveThirtyEight (Nov. 10, 2008), http//www.fivethirtyeight.com/2008/11/whistling-past-bubba.html
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51. Robert A. Mikos, Preemption Under the Controlled Substances Act, 16 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 5 (2013).
52. Robert J. Kaczorowski, The Supreme Court and Congress's Power to Enforce Constitutional Rights: An Overlooked Moral Anomaly, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 153, 197-98 (2004)
53. See, e.g., In First 100 Days, Obama Flips Bush Admin's Policies, ABC news (Apr. 29, 2009), http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Obamal00days/story?id=7042171.
54. Stuart S. Taylor, Jr., Marijuana Policy and Presidential Leadership: How to Avoid a Federal-State Train Wreck, Governance Stud. Brookings, Apr. 2013, at 20-21, http//www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/ 11%20marijuana%201egalization%20taylor/ marijuana%20policy%20and%20presidential%201eadership-v27.pdf.
55. Our History, Marijuana Pol'y Project, http://www.mpp.org/about/history. html (last visited Mar. 23, 2014) (prior to 1995, medical marijuana was illegal in all 50 states).
56. Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 5-601(c)(3)(iii) (West 2012).
57. Colo. Const, art. XVIII, § 16.
58. Id.; see also colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-18-406 (2013).
59. Colorado Laws & Penalties, norml, http//norml.org/laws/item/colorado- penalties (last visited Feb. 15, 2014);
60. Washington Laws & Penalties, norml, http://norml.org/laws/item/ washington-penalties-2 (last visited Feb. 15, 2014);
61. Colorado and Washington's New Approaches to Marijuana Policy, An Overview of Each State's Framework for Regulating Marijuana Similarly to Alcohol, Marijuana Pol'y Project, http://www.mpp.org/assets.pdfs/library/COWAGrid.pdf (last visited Mar. 19, 2014).
62. Delaware Medical Marijuana Act, Del. Code Ann. tit. 16, § 4903A (West 2013).
63. Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Act, Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 22, § 2422(2XB) (West Supp. 2013);
64. Washington State Medical Use of Cannabis Act, Wash. Rev. Code § 69.51A.010(6)(b)-(f) (2012)
65. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.7(h) (West 2007);
66. Haw. Rev. Stat. § 329-121 (2010).
67. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.7(h) (West 2007)
68. Mont. Code Ann. § 50-46-302(2)(c) (2013) (limiting conditions to those involving chronic pain).
69. Alaska Stat. §§ 17.37.010(a), (d), (e) (2012);
70. Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 36-2801(5) (2013)
71. Colo. Const, art. XVIII, § 14;
72. Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 22, §§ 2421-2430 (West Supp. 2013);
73. N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 24:61-1, 24:61-16 (West Supp. 2013).
74. Alaska Stat. § 17.37.01 (2012);
75. Del. Code Ann. tit. 16, §§ 4908A-4912A, 4920A (West 2013);
76. mont. Code Ann. § 50-46-303 (2013).
77. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 453A.170 (2009);
78. R.I. Gen. Laws § 21-28.6-3(15) (Supp. 2013);
79. Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 18, § 4473(b)(2) (2012).
80. Delaware: Federal Threats Halt Efforts to Implement State's Medicinal Cannabis Law, NORML (Feb. 16, 2012), http://norml.org/news/2012/02/16/delaware- federal-tbjeats-halt-efforts-1-implement-state-s-medicinal-cannabis-law.
81. David S. Schwartz, High Federalism: Marijuana Legalization and the Limits of Federal Power to Regulate States, 35 Cardozo L. Rev. 567, 576, 581-90 (2013).
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84. Robert A. Mikos, On the Limits of Supremacy: Medical Marijuana and the States' Overlooked Power to Legalize Federal Crime, 62 Vand. L. Rev. 1421, 1424 & n.10 (2009)
85. Federal Bureau Of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the United States (2007).
86. See Matt Ferner, Amendment 64 Passes: Colorado Legalizes Marijuana for Recreational Use, Huffington Post (Nov. 20, 2012, 12:45 PM), http://www.huffmgtonpost.com/2012/ll/06/amendment-64-passes-in-co-n-2079899. html;
87. Jacob Sullum, If Medical Marijuana in California Is De Facto Legalization, Why Not Make it Official?, forbes (Nov. 18, 2013, 11:35 AM), http://www.forbesxom/sites/jacobsulallm/2013/11/18/if-medical-marijuana-in- calfornia-is-de-facto-legalization-why-not-make-it-official.
88. John Tierney, Obama to Stop Raids on Marijuana Clinics, N.Y. Times (May 14, 2008), http//tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/obama-to-stop-raids-on- marijuana-clinics.
89. Andrew Jackson, Veto Message, July 10, 1832, in 2 A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, 576
90. Abner J. Mikva, Counsel to the President (Nov. 2, 1994), available at http://www.justice.gov/olc/nonexcut.htm (noting that issue raises
91. Laurence H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 729-30 (3d ed. 2000) (concluding the same and citing Lear Siegler case).
92. Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 42 (2005) (O'Connor, J., Rehnquist, J., and Thomas, J., dissenting).
93. United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 464 (1996) ("The Attorney General and United States Attorneys retain Tbroad discretion' to enforce the Nation's criminal laws.").
94. The Department of Justice, Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana, just. Blog (Oct. 19, 2009), http://blogs.justice.gov/main/archives/ 192.
95. Dwight C. Holton, U.S. Attorney, District of Oregon, Notice to Owners, Operators and Landlords of Oregon Marijuana Dispensaries (June 3, 2011), http://www.calmca.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/OregonDOJwarnsPotAdvocates.pdf.
96. See, e.g., Todd Grabarsky, Conflicting Federal and State Medical Marijuana Policies: A Threat to Cooperative Federalism, 116 W. Va. L. Rev. 1, 16-18 (2013);
97. William Yardley, New Federal Crackdown Confounds States that Allow Medical Marijuana, n.Y. Times, May 8, 2011, at A13;
98. Feds Under Obama Appear Tougher On Medical Marijuana, Disappointing Voters, Fox news (Apr. 27, 2012), http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/26/ obama-still-unclear-on-medical-marijuana.
99. Tim Dickinson, Obama's War on Pot, ROLLING STONE, Mar. 1, 2012, at 32, 32-35
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106. The 2000 electoral vote totals are based on the 1990 census; the 2004 and 2008 totals are based on the 2000 census; and the 2012 totals are based on the 2010 census. See Congressional Apportionment, census.gov (Nov. 2011), http//www.census.gov/population/apportionment/data/2010-apportionment-results. html.
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115. James Boyd, Nixon's Southern Strategy 'It's All in the Charts,' N.Y. Times, May 17,1970, at 25,105-11.
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141. Kristen Wyett, Colorado Pot Vote Could Affect Obama-Romney Race, associated Press (June 5, 2012, 3:33 AM), bigstory.ap.org/article/colo-vote-pot- could-affect-obama-romney-race.
142. Daniel Politi, Paul Ryan: States Have the Right to Legalize Medical Marijuana, slate.com (Sept. 8, 2012, 1:37 PM), http//www.slate.com/blogs/the- slate8t/2012/09/08/paul-ryan-says-medical-marijuana-legalization-is-up-to- states.html.
143. United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Coop., 532 U.S. 483, 486-89, 498-99 (2001).
144. See Natl Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566, 2642-47 (2012) (Scalia, J., Kennedy, J., Thomas, J., and Alito, J., dissenting).
145. Ernest A. Young, The Rehnquist Court's Two Federalisms, 83 Tex. L. Rev. 1, 35,101,126 (2004).
146. Ernest A. Young, "The Ordinary Diet of the Law": The Presumption Against Preemption in the Roberts Court, 2011 Sup. Ct. Rev. 253, 258,307-10 (2011).
147. José D. Villalobos, Issue Evasion, in 1 Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections and Electoral Behavior 334, 334-35 (Kenneth F. Warren ed., 2008).
148. Bradford R. Clark, The Procedural Safeguards of Federalism, 83 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1681,1681 (2008).
149. William J. Stuntz, The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 505, 545-47 (2001).
150. See New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 311 (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting).
151. Robert A. Mikos, Medical Marijuana and the Political Safeguards of Federalism, 89 Deny. U. L. Rev. 997,1004-09 (2012).
152. See United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 464-70 (1996)
153. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 576-78 (1992)
154. Dalton v. Specter, 511 U.S. 462, 469-79 (1994) (no Administrative Procedure Act review of presidential decisions).