The surface area and reactivity of granitic soils: I. Dissolution rates of primary minerals as a function of depth and age deduced from field observations

Geoderma

Volumn 237-238, Issue , 2015, Pages 21-35

  Parry, Samuel A ^a   Hodson, Mark E ^b   Kemp, Simon J ^c   Oelkers, Eric H ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^c BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^d Environmental Research Observatory (ORE) HYBAM Centre IRD d'Ile de France   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Critical zone; Mineral dissolution kinetics; Soil production rate (SPR); Soil weathering

Indexed keywords

MICA; MINERALS; QUARTZ; SOIL MOISTURE;

APPROACH TO EQUILIBRIUM; CRITICAL ZONES; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; GEOMETRIC SURFACE AREA; LABORATORY STUDIES; MINERAL DISSOLUTION; SOIL PRODUCTION; SOIL WEATHERING; DISSOLUTION RATES; GRANITIC SOILS; SURFACE AREA;

DISSOLUTION;

CARBON ISOTOPE; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; DISSOLUTION; GEOMETRY; GRANITE; MINERAL; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; SOIL DEPTH; SOIL HORIZON; SOIL PROFILE; SOIL SURFACE; SOIL WATER; FELDSPAR; MICA; QUARTZ; SURFACE AREA; WEATHERING;

DARTMOOR NATIONAL PARK; DEVON; ENGLAND; UNITED KINGDOM; ABERDEEN [SCOTLAND]; SCOTLAND;

EID: 84906699747     PISSN: 00167061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.08.004     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Anderson S.P., Von Blanckenburg F., White A.F. Physical and chemical controls on the critical zone. Elements 2007, 3:315-319.
2. Bain D.C., Mellor A., Robertson-Rintoul M.S.E., Buckland S.T. Variations in weathering processes and rates with time in a chronosequence of solids from Glen Feshie, Scotland. Geoderma 1993, 67:275-293.
3. Banwart A., Bernasconi S.M., Bloem J., Blum W., Brandao M., Brantley S.L., Chabaux F., Duffy C., Kram P., Lair G., Lundin L., Nikolaos N., Novak M., Panagos P., Ragnarsdottir K.V., Raynolds B., Rousseva S., de Ruiter P., van Gaans P., van Riemsdijk W., White T., Zhang B. Soil processes and functions in critical zone observatories: hypotheses and experimental design. Vadose Zone J. 2011, 10:974-987.
4. Bonneville S., Smits M.M., Brown A., Harrington J., Leake J.R., Brydson R., Benning L.G. Plant-driven fungal weathering: early stages of mineral alteration at the nanoscale. Geology 2009, 37:615-618.
5. Bonneville S., Morgan D.J., Schmalenberger A., Bray A., Brown A., Banwart S.A., Benning L.G. Tree-mycorrhiza symbiosis accelerate mineral weathering: evidence from nanoscale elemental fluxes at the hypha-mineral interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:6988-7005.
6. Boutton T.W., Wong W.W., Hachey D.L., Lee L.S., Cabrera M.P., Klein P.D. Comparison of quartz and pyrex tubes for combustion of organic samples for stable carbon isotope analysis. Anal. Chem. 1983, 55:1832-1833.
7. Bowen D.Q., Phillips F.M., Mccabe A.M., Knuts P.C., Sykes G.A. New data for the last glacial maximum in Great Britain and Ireland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21:89-101.
8. 2. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1991, 96:18101-18106.
9. 2 and temperature on silicate weathering: possible implications for climate control. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:1853-1856.
10. Brady P.V., Walther J.V. Kinetics of quartz dissolution at low temperatures. Chem. Geol. 1990, 82:253-264.
11. Brantley S.L., White A.F. Approaches to modeling weathered regolith. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2009, 70:435-484.
12. Brantley S.L., Buss H., Lebedeva M., Fletcher R.C., Ma L. Investigating the complex interface where bedrock transforms to regolith. Appl. Geochem. 2011, 26:S12-S15.
13. Braun J.-J., Marchal J.C., Riotte J., Bogglin J.L., Bedimo J.P.B., Ngoupayou J.R.N., Nyeck B., Robain H., Sekhar M., Audry S., Viers J. Elemental weathering fluxes and saprolite production rate in a Central African lateric terrain (Nsimi, South Cameroon). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 99:243-270.
14. Brunauer S., Emmett P.H., Teller E. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60:309-319.
15. Burke B.C., Heimsath A.M., White A.F. Coupling chemical weathering with soil production across soil-mantled landscapes. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2007, 32:853-873.
16. Buss H.L., Sak P.B., Webb S.M., Brantley S.L. Weathering of the Rio Blanco quartz diorite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: coupling oxidation, dissolution, and fracturing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:4488-4507.
17. Casey W.H., Westrich H.R., Holdren G.R. Dissolution of plagioclase at pH=2 and 3. Am. Mineral. 1991, 76:211-217.
18. 14C dating of soil organic carbon (SOC) in loess-paleosol using sequential pyrolysis and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Radiocarbon 2013, 55:563-570.
19. Chesley J.T., Halliday A.N., Snee L.W., Mezger H., Shepherd T.J., Scrivener R.C. Thermochronology of the Cornubian batholiths in southwest England: implications for pluton emplacement and protracted hydrothermal mineralization. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:1817-1835.
20. Clow D.W., Drever J.I. Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil. Chem. Geol. 1996, 132:121-141.
21. 3 precipitation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:5459-5476.
22. De Boer G.B.J., de Weerd C., Thoenes D., Gossens H.W.J. Laser diffraction spectrometry: Fraunhofer diffraction versus Mie scattering. Part. Charact. 1987, 4:14-19.
23. Deer W., Howie R.A., Zussman J. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals 2013, 505. Mineralogical Society.
24. Dequincey O., Chabaux F., Clauer N., Liewig N., Muller J.-P. Dating of weathering profiles by radioactive disequilibria: contribution of the study of authigenic mineral fractions. C. R. Acad. Sci. IIA Earth Planet. Sci. 1999, 328:679-685.
25. Dere A.L., White T.S., April R.H., Reynolds B., Miller T.E., Knapp E.P., McKay K.D., Brantley S.L. Climate dependence of feldspar weathering in shale soils along a latitudinal gradient. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 122:101-126.
26. Dixon J.L., von Blanckenburg F. Soil as pacemakers and limiters of global silicate weathering. C. R. Geosci. 2012, 344:597-609.
27. Dixon J.L., Heimsath A.M., Amundson R. The critical role of climate and saprolite weathering in landscape evolution. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2009, 34:1507-1521.
28. Dove P.M. The dissolution kinetics of quartz in sodium chloride solutions at 25° to 300°C. Am. J. Sci. 1994, 294:665-712.
29. Dreibrodt S., Jarecki H., Lubos C., Khamnueva S.V., Klamm M., Bork H.-R. Holocene soil formation and soil erosion at a slope beneath the Neolithic earthworm Salzmünde (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). Catena 2013, 107:1-14.
30. Drever J.I., Clow D.W. Weathering rates in catchments. Rev. Mineral. 1995, 31:463-483.
31. Egli M., Mirabella A., Sartori G., Fitze P. Weathering rates as a function of climate: results from a climosequence of the Val Genova (Trentino Italian Alps). Geoderma 2003, 111:99-121.
32. Ehrlich H.L. How microprobes influence mineral growth and dissolution. Chem. Geol. 1996, 132:5-9.
33. Exley C.S., Stone M. The granitic rocks of south-west England. Present Views of Some Aspects of the Geology of Cornwall and Devon 1964, Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Truro. F.K.G. Hosking, G.I. Shrimpton (Eds.).
34. Favilli F., Egli M., Brandova D., Ivy-Ochs S., Kubik P., Cherubini P., Mirabella A., Sartori G., Giaccai D., Haeberli W. Combined use of relative and absolute dating techniques for detecting signals of Alpine landscape evolution during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Geomorphology 2009, 112:48-66.
35. Freeman S.P.T., Cook G.T., Dougans A.B., Naysmith P., Wilcken K.M., Xu S. Improved SSAMS performance. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 2010, 268:715-717.
36. 2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers. Chem. Geol. 1999, 159:3-30.
37. Ganor J., Roueff E., Erel Y., Blum J.D. The dissolution kinetics of a granite and its minerals: implications for comparison between laboratory and field dissolution rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:607-621.
38. Ganor J., Lu P., Zheng Z.P., Zhu C. Bridging the gap between laboratory measurements and field estimations of silicate weathering using simple calculations. Environ. Geol. 2007, 53:599-610.
39. Gautier J.-M., Oelkers E.H., Schott J. Are quartz dissolution rates proportional to B.E.T. surface area?. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:1059-1070.
40. Gislason S.R., Arnórsson S., Armannsson H. Chemical weathering of basalt as deduced from the composition of precipitation, rivers, and rocks in SW Iceland. Am. J. Sci. 1996, 296:837-907.
41. Gislason S.R., Oelkers E.H., Snorrason Á. The role of river suspended material in the global carbon cycle. Geology 2006, 34:49-52.
42. Gislason S.R., Oelkers E.H., Eiriksdottir E.S., Kardjilov M.I., Gisladottir G., Sigfusson G., Snorrason A., Elefsen S., Hardardottir J., Torssander P., Oskarsson N. Direct evidence of the feedback between climate and weathering. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 277:213-222.
43. Godderis Y., Williams J.Z., Schott J., Pollard D., Brantley S.L. Time evolution of the mineralogical composition of Mississippi Valley loess over the last 10kyr: climate and geochemical modeling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:6357-6374.
44. Gudbrandsson S., Wolff-Boenisch D., Gislason S.R., Oelkers E.H. An experimental study of crystalline basalt dissolution from 2≤pH≤11 and temperatures from 5 to 75°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:5496-5509.
45. Harkness D.D., Wilson H.W. Some applications in radiocarbon measurement at the SURRC. Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Radiocarbon Dating 1972, B101-B115. Royal Society of New Zealand.
46. Hartmann J., Moosdorf N., Lauerwald R., Hinderer M., West A.J. Global chemical weathering and associated P-release - the role of lithology, temperature and soil properties. Chem. Geol. 2014, 363:145-163.
47. Hausrath E.M., Navarre-Sitchler A.K., Sak P.B., Williams J.Z., Brantley S.L. Soil profiles as indicators of mineral weathering rates and organic interactions for a Pennsylvania diabase. Chem. Geol. 2011, 290:89-100.
48. Heimsath A.M., Dietrich W.E., Nishiizumi K., Finkel R.C. The soil production function and landscape equilibrium. Nature 1997, 388:358-361.
49. Heimsath A.M., DiBiase R.A., Whipple K.X. Soil production limits and the transition to bedrock-dominated landscapes. Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5:210-214.
50. Hiruma S.T., Modenesi-Gauttieri M.C., Riccomini C. Late Quaternary colluvial deposits in the Bocaina Plateau, southeastern Brazil highlands: age and palaeoenvironmental consequences. Boreas 2013, 42:306-316.
51. Hodson M.E. Experimental evidence for mobility of Zr and other trace elements in soils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:819-828.
52. Hodson M.E. The influence of Fe-rich coatings on the dissolution of anorthite at pH 2.6. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:3355-3363.
53. Hodson M.E. Does reactive surface area depend on grain size? Results from pH3, 25°C far-from-equilibrium flow-through dissolution experiments on anorthite and biotite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:1655-1667.
54. Hodson M.E., Langan S.J. The influence of soil age on calculated mineral weathering rates. Appl. Geochem. 1999, 14:387-3904.
55. Hodson M.E., Langan S.J., Kennedy F.M., Bain D.C. Variation in soil surface area in a chronosequence of soils from Glen Feshie, Scotland and its implications for mineral weathering rate calculations. Geoderma 1998, 85:1-18.
56. Hutchens E., Valsami-Jones E., Harouiya N., Chairat C., Oelkers E.H., McEldoney S. An experimental investigation of Bacillus megaterium on apatite dissolution. Geomicrobiol. J. 2008, 23:177-182.
57. Kaiser K., Eusterhues K., Rumpel C., Guggenberger G., Kogel-Knabner I. Stabilization of organic matter by soil minerals: investigation of density and particle-size fractions from two acid forest soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2002, 165:451-459.
58. 2-enriched groundwater system, Green River, Utah. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 284:473-488.
59. Kemp S.J., Merriman R.J. Polyphase low-grade metamorphism of the Ingleton Group, northern England, U.K.: a case study of metamorphic inversion in a mudrock succession. Geol. Mag. 2009, 146:237-251.
60. Klaminder J., Lucas R.W., Futter M.N., Bishop K.H., Köhler S.J., Egnell G., Laudon H. Silicate mineral weathering rate estimates: are they precise enough to be useful when predicting the recovery of nutrient pools after harvesting?. For. Ecol. Manag. 2011, 261:1-9.
61. Köhler S.J., Bosbach D., Oelkers E.H. Do clay mineral dissolution rates reach steady-state?. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:1997-2006.
62. 2, and climate. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000, 28:611-667.
63. Kurtz A.C., Derry L.A., Chadwick O.A., Alfano M.J. Refractory element mobility in volcanic soils. Geology 2000, 28:683-686.
64. Lee M.R., Hodson M.E., Parsons I. The role of intragranular microtextures and microstructures in chemical and mechanical weathering: direct comparisons of experimentally and naturally weathered alkali feldspars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1998, 62:2771-2788.
65. Lee M.R., Hodson M.E., Brown D.J., MacKenzie M., Smith C.L. The composition and crystallinity of the near-surface regions of weathered alkali feldspars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:4962-4975.
66. Ma L., Jin J., Brantley S.L. How mineralogy and slope aspect affect REE release and fractionation during shale weathering in the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory. Chem. Geol. 2011, 290:31-49.
67. Madsen I.C., Scarlett N.V.Y. Quantitative phase analysis. Powder Diffraction: Theory and Practice 2008, 298-331. Royal Society of Chemistry. R.E. Dinnebier, S.J.L. Billinge (Eds.).
68. Maher K. The dependence of chemical weathering rate on fluid residence time. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 294:101-110.
69. Maher K., Steefel C.I., DePaolo D.J. U-234/U-238 disequilibrium as a measure of weathering rates in soils and sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:A416.
70. Maher K., Steefel C.I., White A.F., Stonestrom D.A. The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz chronosequence, California. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:2804-2831.
71. Manley P., Evans L.J. Dissolution of feldspars by low molecular weight aliphatic and aromatic acids. Soil Sci. 1986, 141:106-112.
72. Martin C.W., Johnson W.C. Variation in radiocarbon ages of soil organic-matter from late quaternary buried soils. Quat. Res. 1995, 43:232-237.
73. 14C dating of a buried paleosol horizon. Geol. Fören. Stockh. Förh. 1983, 105:59-63.
74. McClelland J.E. The effect of time, temperature and particle size on the release rates of bases from some common soil-forming minerals of different crystal structure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1951, 15:301-307.
75. Meunier A., Sardini P., Robinet J.C., Pret D. The petrography of weathering processes: facts and outlooks. Clay Miner. 2007, 42:415-435.
76. Montgomery D.R. Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104:13268-13272.
77. Moore J., Lichtner P.C., White A.F., Brantley S.L. Using a reactive transport model to elucidate differences between laboratory and field dissolution rates in regolith. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 93:235-261.
78. 2 uptake in the Andean and Foreland Amazon basins. Chem. Geol. 2011, 287:1-26.
79. Navarre-Sitchler A.K., Cole D.R., Rother G., Jin L., Buss H.L., Brantley S.L. Porosity and surface area evolution during weathering of two igneous rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 109:400-413.
80. Norton N.P., von Blanckenburg F. Silicate weathering of soil-mantled slopes in an active Alpine landscape. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:5243-5258.
81. Nugent M.A., Brantley S.L., Pantano C.G., Maurice P.A. The influence of natural mineral coatings on feldspar weathering. Nature 1998, 395:588-591.
82. Oliva P., Viers J., Dupre B. Chemical weathering in granitic environments. Chem. Geol. 2003, 202:225-256.
83. Oxburgh R., Drever J.L., Sun Y.T. Mechanism of plagioclase dissolution in acid solution at 25°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:661-669.
84. Parry, S.A., 2012. Turning rock into soil-variations in soil mineral reactivity, surface area and porosity through the critical zone. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Reading.
85. 14C ages of fossil charcoal. Radiocarbon 2001, 43:595-601.
86. Price J.R., Vebel M.A. Chemical weathering indices applied to weathering profiled developed on heterogeneous felsic metamorphic rocks. Chem. Geol. 2003, 202:397-416.
87. Rasmussen C., Brantley S.L., Richter D.D., Blum A., Dixon J., White A.F. Strong climate and tectonic control on plagioclase weathering in granitic terrain. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 301:521-530.
88. Reheis M.C. Influence of climate and eolian dust on the major element chemistry and clay mineralogy of soils in the northern Bighorn basin U.S.A. Catena 1990, 17:219-248.
89. Ricker M.C., Donohue S.W., Stolt M.H., Zavada M.S. Development and application of multi-proxy indices of land use change for riparian soils in southern New England, USA. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22:487-501.
90. Riggins S.G., Anderson R.S., Anderson S.P., Tye A.M. Solving a conundrum of a steady-state hilltop with variable soil depths and production rates, Bodmin Moor, UK. Geomorphology 2011, 128:73-84.
91. Rogers J.R., Bennett P.C. Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms: release of limiting nutrients from silicates. Chem. Geol. 2004, 203:91-108.
92. Rowell D.L. Soil Science: Methods and Applications 1994, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England.
93. Salehikhoo F., Li L., Brantley S.L. Magnesite dissolution rates at different spatial scales: the role of mineral spatial distribution and flow velocity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 108:91-106.
94. Schaller M., Blum J.D., Hamburg S.P., Vadeboncoeur M.A. Spatial variability of long-term chemical weathering rates in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Geoderma 2010, 154:294-301.
95. Scharpenseel H.W., Becker Heidmann P. Twenty-five years of radiocarbon dating soils: paradigm of erring and learning. Radiocarbon 1992, 34:541-549.
96. Schott J., Oelkers E.H. Dissolution and crystallization rates of silicate minerals as a function of chemical affinity. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67:903-910.
97. Schott J., Pokrovsky O.S., Oelkers E.H. The link between mineral dissolution/precipitation kinetics and solution chemistry. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2009, 70:207-258.
98. Schott J., Oelkers E.H., Benezeth P., Godderis Y., Francois L. Can accurate kinetic laws be created to describe chemical weathering?. C. R. Geosci. 2012, 344:568-585.
99. Schweda P. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Alkali Feldspar Dissolution at Low Temperatures 1990, (PhD dissertation), Stockholm University.
100. 230Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Quat. Res. 2003, 59:139-150.
101. 14C accelerator targets by catalytic reduction of CO. Radiocarbon 1987, 29:303-306.
102. Snyder R.L., Bish D.L. Quantitative analysis. Rev. Mineral. 1989, 20:101-144.
103. Soulsby C., Rodgers P.J., Petry J., Hanna D.M., Malcolm I.A., Dunn S.M. Using tracers to upscale flow path understanding in mesoscale mountainous catchments: two examples from Scotland. J. Hydrol. 2004, 281:174-196.
104. Steefel C.I., Maher K. Fluid-rock interaction: a reactive transport approach. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2009, 70:485-532.
105. Stillings L.L., Brantley S.L. Feldspar dissolution at 25°C and pH3: reaction stoichiometry and the effect of cations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1483-1496.
106. Stillings L.L., Drever J.I., Brantley S.L., Sun Y., Oxburgh R. Rates of feldspar dissolution at pH3-7 with 0-8mM oxalic acid. Chem. Geol. 1996, 132:79-90.
107. Stockmann G.J., Shirokova L.S., Pokrovsky O.S., Benezeth P., Bovet N., Gislason S.R., Oelkers E.H. Does the presence of heterotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas reactans affect basaltic glass dissolution rates?. Chem. Geol. 2012, 296:1-18.
108. Stockmann G.J., Wolff-Boenisch D., Gislason S.R., Oelkers E.H. Do carbonate precipitated affect dissolution kinetics?: 2. Diopside. Chem. Geol. 2013, 337-338:56-66.
109. 14C data. Radiocarbon 1977, 19:355-363.
110. Stutter M.I., Deeks L.K., Billett M.F. Spatial variability in soil exchange chemistry in a granitic upland catchment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2004, 68:1304-1314.
111. Sverdrup H. The Kinetics of Base Cation Release Due to Chemical Weathering 1990, Lund University Press.
112. Sverdrup H., Rosen K. Long term base cation balances for Swedish forests and the concept of sustainability. For. Ecol. Manag. 1998, 110:221-236.
113. Sverdrup H., Thelin G., Robles M., Stjernquist I., Sorenjen J. Assessing nutrient sustainability of forest production for different tree species considering Ca, Mg, K, N and P at Bjornstorp Estate, Sweden. Biogeochemistry 2006, 81:219-238.
114. Swindale L.D., Jackson M.L. Genetic processes in some residual podzolised soils of New Zealand. 6th Soil Science Congress, Paris 1956, vol. 37:233-239. International Union of Soil Sciences.
115. Tester J.W., Worley W.G., Robinson B.A., Grigsby C.O., Freerer J.L. Correlating quartz dissolution kinetics in pure water from 25 to 625°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:2407-2420.
116. Tonneijck F.H., van de Plicht J., Jansen B., Vertraten J.M., Hooghiemstra H. Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter fractions in Andosols in northern Ecuador. Radiocarbon 2006, 48:337-353.
117. 3 at 24°C: evidence of an anisotropic corrosion process of micas in acidic solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:2761-2775.
118. Viers J., Dupre B., Braun J.-J., Deberdt S., Angeletti B., Ngoupayou J.N., Michard A. Major and trace element abundances, and strontium isotopes in the Nyong basin rivers (Cameroon): constraints on chemical weathering processes and elements transport mechanisms in humid tropical environments. Chem. Geol. 2000, 169:211-241.
119. 2 over the last 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 1987, 287:763-779.
120. 14C age profile of humic acid. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2012, 58:737-749.
121. Walker J.C.G., Hays P.B., Kasting J.F. A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans Atmos. 1981, 86:9776-9782.
122. Wang Y., Amundson R., Trumbore S. Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter. Quat. Res. 1996, 45:282-288.
123. Welch S.A., Ullman W.J. Feldspar dissolution in acidic and organic solutions. Compositional and pH dependence of dissolution rate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:2939-2948.
124. White A.F. Determining the weathering rates based on solid and solute weathering gradients and velocities: application to biotite weathering in saprolites. Chem. Geol. 2002, 190:69-89.
125. White A.F. Natural weathering rates of silicate minerals. Treatise on Geochemistry 2009, vol. 5:133-168. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. J.I. Drever (Ed.).
126. White A.F., Blum A.E. Effects of climate on chemical weathering rates in watersheds. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1727-1736.
127. White A.F., Brantley S.L. The Effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?. Chem. Geol. 2003, 202:479-506.
128. White A.F., Blum A.E., Schulz M.S., Bullen T.D., Harden J.W., Peterson M.L. Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium. I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:2533-2550.
129. White A.F., Bullen T.D., Schulz M.S., Blum A.E., Huntington T.G., Peters N.E. Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:847-869.
130. White A.F., Schulz M.S., Stonestrom D.A., Vivit D.V., Fitzpratic J., Bullen T.D., Haher K., Blum A.E. Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California. Part I: interpreting rates and controls based on soil concentration-depth profiles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:36-68.
131. White A.F., Schulz M.S., Stonestrom D.A., Vivit D.V., Fitzpratic J., Bullen T.D., Haher K., Blum A.E. Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California. Part II: solute profiles, gradients and the comparisons of long-term weathering rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:2769-2803.
132. Wollast R. Kinetics of alteration of K-feldspar in buffered solutions at low temperature. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1967, 31:635-648.
133. Young R.A. The Rietveld Method 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford U.K.
134. Zhu C. In situ feldspar dissolution rates in an aquifer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:1435-1453.
135. Zhu C. Geochemical modeling of reaction paths and geochemical reactions networks. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2009, 70:533-569.
136. Zhu C., Blum A.E., Veblen D.R. Feldspar dissolution rates and clay precipitation in the Navajo aquifer at Black Mesa, Arizona, USA. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction 2004, 895-899. A. A. Balkema Publishers, Philadelphia. R. Wanty, R. Seal (Eds.).
137. Zollinger B., Alewell C., Kneisel C., Meusburger K., Gärtner H., Brandová D., Ivy-Ochs S., Schmidt M.W.I., Egli M. Effect of permafrost on the formation of soil organic carbon pools and their physical-chemical properties in the Eastern Swiss Alps. Catena 2013, 110:70-85.