Decentralization, democratization, and informal power in Mexico

Decentralization, Democratization, and Informal Power in Mexico

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-191

  Selee, Andrew ^a  

^a WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906468145     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (550)

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53. Giles Mohan and Kristian Stokke, "Participatory Development and Empowerment: The Dangers of Localism", Third World Quarterly 21, no. 2(2000):247-68;
54. Gerd Schönwälder, "New Democratic Spaces at the Grassroots? Popular Participation in Latin American Local Governments", Development and Change 29(1997):753-70.
55. Claudio Véliz, The Centralist Tradition of Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).
56. Díaz Cayeros, Federalism.
57. Andrew Selee, "Introduction", in Tulchin and Selee, Decentralization and Democratic Governance.
58. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
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62. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), 135.
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65. William F. Whyte, Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum, 4th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
66. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy?" Journal of Democracy 5, no. 1(1994):55-69;
67. O'Donnell, "Illusions About Consolidation", Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2(1996):34-51.
68. Luis Roniger and Ayse Günes-Ayata, eds., Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994);
69. Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico", World Politics 46, no. 2(1994):151-84;
70. Javier Auyero, Poor People's Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001).
71. Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007);
72. O'Donnell, "Illusions About Consolidation", 35.
73. Auyero, Poor People's Politics.
74. Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky, "Introduction", in Helmke and Levitsky, eds., Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)
75. Luis Roniger, Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil (New York: Praeger, 1990).
76. Richard R. Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972);
77. Wayne A. Cornelius, Political Learning Among the Migrant Poor: The Impact of Residential Context (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973).
78. Fox, "Difficult Transition. "
79. J. G. A. Pocock, "The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times", in Ronald Beiner, ed., Theorizing Citizenship (Albany: State University of New York, 1995).
80. Charles Tilly, ed., Citizenship, Identity, and Social History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
81. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989);
82. Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited, vol. 1, The Contemporary Debate (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1987);
83. Norberto Bobbio, Democracy and Dictatorship: The Nature and Limits of State Power, trans. Peter Kennealy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989).
84. Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
85. Jan Rus, "The 'Comunidad Revolucionaria Institucional': The Subversion of Native Government in Highland Chiapas, 1936-1938", in Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent, eds., Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
86. Fox, Accountability Politics.
87. Beatriz Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
88. Hagopian, Traditional Politics.
89. Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson, "The Difficult Road from Caudillismo to Democracy: The Impact of Clientelism in Honduras", in Helmke and Levitsky, Informal Institutions and Democracy.
90. Jesse C. Ribot, Waiting for Democracy: The Politics of Choice in Natural Resource Decentralization (Washington, D. C.: World Resources Institute, 2004).
91. Díaz Cayeros, Federalism;
92. Cabrero Mendoza, Las políticas descentralizadoras;
93. Peter Ward, Victoria Rodríguez, and Enrique Cabrero Mendoza, New Federalism and State Government: Bringing the States Back In, U. S.-Mexico Policy Report no. 9 (Austin: University of Texas, 1999);
94. Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt, and Jane Hindley, eds., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U. S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999);
95. Tonatiuh Guillén López and Alicia Ziccardi, eds., Innovación y continuidad del municipio mexicano: Análisis de la reforma municipal de 13 estados de la República (Mexico City: Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2004);
96. Yemile Mizrahi, "Twenty Years of Decentralization in Mexico: A Top-Down Process", in Oxhorn, Tulchin, and Selee, Decentralization;
97. Mauricio Merino Huerta, Fuera del centro (Xalapa: Universidad Veracruzana, 1992).
98. Dennis A. Rondinelli and G. Shabbir Cheema, "Implementing Decentralization Policies: An Introduction", in Cheema and Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Implementation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 18;
99. Dennis A. Rondinelli, John R. Nellis, and G. Shabbir Cheema, Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1983);
100. Dennis A. Rondinelli, "What Is Decentralization?" in Jennie Litvack and Jessica Seddon, eds., Decentralization Briefing Notes (Washington, D. C.: World Bank Institute, 1999).
101. Shahid Javed Burki, Guillermo E. Perry, and William R. Dillinger, Beyond the Center: Decentralizing the State (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1999);
102. Litvack and Seddon, Decentralization Briefing Notes;
103. Litvack, Ahmad, and Bird, Rethinking Decentralization;
104. George E. Peterson, Decentralization in Latin America: Learning Through Experience (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1997);
105. Anwar Shah, Balance, Accountability, and Responsiveness: Lessons About Decentralization, Policy Research Working Paper no. 2021 (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 1998);
106. Anwar Shah and Theresa Thompson, Implementing Decentralized Local Governance: A Treacherous Road with Potholes, Detours, and Road Closures, Policy Research Paper no. 3353 (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 2004);
107. Manor, Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. Among the academic studies
108. Tulia G. Falleti, "A Sequential Theory of Decentralization: Latin American Cases in Comparative Perspective", American Political Science Review 99, no. 3(2005):327-46;
109. Richard C. Crook and James Manor, Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability, and Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
110. Oxhorn, Tulchin, and Selee, Decentralization;
111. Tulchin and Selee, Decentralization and Democratic Governance;
112. Arun Agrawal and Jesse C. Ribot, "Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases", Journal of Developing Areas 33(Summer 1999):473-502;
113. Ribot, Waiting for Democracy
114. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, chap. 15.
115. Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy;
116. Mauricio Merino Huerta, La transición votada (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003);
117. Kevin J. Middlebrook, "Introduction", in Middlebrook, ed., Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico (London: Institute for Latin American Studies, University of London, 2004);
118. Kenneth F. Greene, Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
119. Andrew Selee and Jacqueline Peschard, eds., Mexico's Democratic Challenges: Politics, Government, and Society (Washington, D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010);
120. Roderic Ai Camp, Politics in Mexico: The Democratic Consolidation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
121. Joseph Klesner, "The 2006 Elections: Manifestation of a Divided Society?" PS: Politics and Political Science 40, no. 1(2007):27-32;
122. José Antonio Crespo, PRI: De la hegemonía a la oposición: Un estudio comparado, 1994-2001 (Mexico City: Centro de Estudios de Política Comparada, 2001);
123. Kathleen Bruhn, Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996);
124. Yemile Mizrahi, From Martyrdom to Power: The Partido Acción Nacional in Mexico (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003);
125. David Shirk, Mexico's New Politics: The PAN and Democratic Change (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
126. María Amparo Casar, "Executive-Legislative Relations: Continuity or Change?" in Selee and Peschard, Mexico's Democratic Challenges;
127. Luis Carlos Ugalde, The Mexican Congress: Old Player, New Power (Washington, D. C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2000);
128. Jeffrey Weldon, "Changing Patterns of Executive-Legislative Relations in Mexico", in Middlebrook, Dilemmas of Political Change.
129. Cornelius and Shirk, Reforming the Administration of Justice.
130. Chappell Lawson, Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press in Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
131. Roderic Ai Camp, Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001);
132. Alejandro Moreno, "Citizens' Values and Beliefs Towards Politics: Is Democracy Growing Attitudinal Roots in Mexico?" in Selee and Peschard, Mexico's Democratic Challenges;
133. Jorge I. Domínguez and James A. McCann, Democratizing Mexico: Public Opinion and Electoral Choices (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
134. Merilee S. Grindle, Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
135. Eaton, Politics Beyond the Capital: The Design of Subnational Institutions in South America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).
136. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics;
137. Bobbio, Democracy and Dictatorship.
138. Bernard Manin, Susan C. Stokes, and Adam Przeworski, " Introduction", in Przeworski, Stokes, and Manin, eds., Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
139. Sartori, The Theory of Democracy, 156.
140. Bernard Manin, Adam Przeworski, and Susan C. Stokes, "Elections and Representation", in Przeworski, Stokes, and Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation.
141. Enrique Peruzzotti, "Two Approaches to Representation" (paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006);
142. Fox, Accountability Politics, 4-7.
143. Scott W. Desposato, "How Informal Electoral Institutions Shape the Brazilian Legislative Arena", in Helmke and Levitsy, Informal Institutions and Democracy.
144. Selee and Peruzzotti, Participatory Innovation; Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space; Fung and Wright, Deepening Democracy;
145. Andrea Cornwall and Vera Schattan Coelho, eds., Spaces for Change? The Politics of Citizen Participation in New Democratic Arenas (London: Zed Books, 2007).
146. Putnam, Making Democracy Work
147. Grindle, Going Local.
148. Grindle, Going Local.
149. Joel Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
150. Peter B. Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
151. Meyer, "Un tema añejo siempre actual: El centro y las regiones en la historia mexicana", in Blanca Torres, ed., Descentralización y democracia en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1986), 23.
152. Véliz, Centralist Tradition, 170;
153. Juan Bruno Ubiarco Maldonado, El federalismo en México y los problemas sociales del país (Mexico City: Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2002), 79-80.
154. Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Ciudadanos imaginarios (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1992), 102-7.
155. John Charles Chasteen and Sara Castro-Klarén, Beyond Imagined Communities: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America (Washington, D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003), xvii.
156. Lorenzo Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 24.
157. William H. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964).
158. Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics of Federalism, Multinationalism, and Democracy: Beyond Rikerian Federalism", in Edward L. Gibson, ed., Federalism and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).
159. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 23.
160. Romana Falcón, "Force and the Search for Consent: The Role of the Jefaturas Políticas of Coahuila in National State Formation", in Joseph and Nugent, Everyday Forms of State Formation.
161. Hilda Sabato, "On Political Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Latin America", American Historical Review 106, no. 4(2001):1295-96.
162. Erika Pani, "La calidad de ciudadano: Past and Present; The Nature of Citizenship in Mexico and the United States: 1776-1912" (Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, Working Paper no. 258, Washington, D. C., July 2002).
163. Sabato, "On Political Citizenship. "
164. Pani, "Calidad de ciudadano. "
165. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 26-27.
166. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 133.
167. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 25-26.
168. Véliz, Centralist Tradition, 193.
169. Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power (New York: Perennial, 1998), 198.
170. Escalante Gonzalbo, Ciudadanos imaginarios, 133.
171. Falcón, "Force and the Search for Consent";
172. Escalante Gonzalbo, Ciudadanos imaginarios, 101-2.
173. Mallon, Peasant and Nation, 242-43.
174. Escalante Gonzalbo, Ciudadanos imaginarios, 129.
175. Mallon, Peasant and Nation, 242-43.
176. Luis Javier Garrido, El partido de la revolución institucionalizada: La formación del nuevo estado (1928-1945) (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1982), 30;
177. Sabato, "On Political Citizenship. "
178. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 28.
179. Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 48-55.
180. Peter H. Smith, Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 30
181. María del Refugio González, "Debates sobre el régimen del municipio en México en el siglo XIX", in Estudios Municipales, no. 13(January-February 1987):145-63.
182. Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 6.
183. Hamilton, Limits of State Autonomy, 79-82;
184. Kevin Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, the State, and Authoritarianism in Mexico (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 23-25.
185. Mary Kay Vaughan, The State, Education, and Class in Mexico, 1880-1928 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982), 127.
186. Hamilton, Limits of State Autonomy, 76-81;
187. Meyer, "Un tema añejo."
188. Vaughan, State, Education, and Class, 271.
189. Alan Knight, "Mexico's Elite Settlement: Conjuncture and Consequences", in John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 115..
190. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 31.
191. Garrido, Partido de la revolución institucionalizada, 123-25.
192. Knight, "Mexico's Elite Settlement", 128.
193. Lorenzo Meyer, "El municipio mexicano al final del siglo XX: Historia, obstáculos y posibilidades", in Mauricio Merino Huerta, ed., En busca de la democracia municipal: La participación ciudadana en el gobierno local mexicano (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1994), 237-39.
194. Meyer, "Municipio mexicano", 241-42.
195. Alberto Díaz Cayeros, Desarrollo económico e inequidad regional: Hacia un nuevo pacto federal en México (Mexico City: CIDAC and Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 1995), 65-67.
196. Aboites Aguilar, Excepciones y privilegios, 34-39.
197. Díaz Cayeros, Federalism, especially 96-97.
198. Meyer, "Un tema añejo", 31-32.
199. Garrido, Partido de la revolución institucionalizada, 293-95.
200. Meyer, "Municipio mexicano", 245-48.
201. Raúl Benítez Manaut, "Security and Governance: The Urgent Need for State Reform", in Joseph S. Tulchin and Andrew D. Selee, eds., Mexico's Politics and Society in Transition (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003).
202. Smith, Labyrinths of Power, 57.
203. Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power, 551.
204. González Casanova, Democracia en México 1965; repr., Mexico City: Ediciones Era, 1997), 37-43.
205. Alan Knight and Wil Pansters, eds., Caciquismo in Twentieth-Century Mexico (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2005).
206. González Casanova, Democracia en México, 48.
207. Tulchin and Selee, Mexico's Politics, 8.
208. Mallon, Peasant and Nation;
209. Mary Kay Vaughan, "Cultural Approaches to Peasant Politics in the Mexican Revolution", Hispanic American Historical Review 79, no. 2(May 1999):269-305;
210. Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime: Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997);
211. Joseph and Nugent, Everyday Forms of State Formation.
212. Acedo, "Los sistemas electorales municipales en México."
213. Alan Knight, "Weapons and Arches in the Mexican Revolutionary Landscape", in Joseph and Nugent, Everyday Forms of State Formation.
214. Nora Lustig, Mexico: The Remaking of an Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1998), 15.
215. Evelyn P. Stevens, Protest and Response in Mexico (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1974), 12.
216. Selee, "Introduction", in Tulchin and Selee, Decentralization and Democratic Governance.
217. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States.
218. Latin America in World Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 2004), available on CD-Rom.
219. Selee and Peschard, Mexico's Democratic Challenges; Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy;
220. Camp, Politics in Mexico;
221. Merino Huerta, La transición votada;
222. Victoria E. Rodríguez, Decentralization in Mexico: From Reforma Municipal to Solidaridad to Nuevo Federalismo (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997), 1 and 109;
223. Cabrero Mendoza, Las políticas descentralizadoras, 17.
224. Carlos Martínez Assad and Jorge Alonso, eds., Municipios en conflicto
225. Rodríguez, Decentralization in Mexico, 74;
226. Cabrero Mendoza, Las políticas descentralizadoras, 108-9.
227. Merino Huerta, Fuera del centro, 113-17.
228. Rodríguez, Decentralization in Mexico, 119.
229. Enrique Ochoa Reza, "Multiple Arenas of Struggle: Federalism and Mexico's Transition to Democracy", in Gibson, Federalism and Democracy in Latin America.
230. Rodríguez, Decentralization in Mexico, 73.
231. John Bailey, "Centralism and Political Change in Mexico: The Case of National Solidarity", in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, Transforming State-Society Relations.
232. Cabrero Mendoza, Las políticas descentralizadoras, 153-61.
233. Mizrahi, "Twenty Years of Decentralization in Mexico";
234. Carmen Aristegui, La transición: Conversaciones y retratos de lo que se hizo y se dejó de hacer por la democracía en México (Mexico City: Grijalbo Mondadori, 2009).
235. Jonathan Fox and Josefina Aranda, Decentralization and Rural Development in Mexico: Community Participation in Oaxaca's Municipal Funds Program (La Jolla: Center for U. S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1996), 5n.
236. Rodríguez, Decentralization in Mexico.
237. Fox and Aranda, Decentralization and Rural Development, 45-50;
238. Kerianne Piester, "Targeting the Poor: The Politics of Social Policy Reforms in Mexico", in Douglas A. Chalmers, Carlos M. Vilas, Katherine Hite, Scott B. Martin, and Monique Segarra, eds., The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
239. Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, Transforming State-Society Relations, 20-21.
240. Molinar Horcasitas and Weldon, "Electoral Determinants."
241. Bailey, "Centralism";
242. Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation", in Cornelius, Craig, and Fox, Transforming State-Society Relations.
243. Cabrero Mendoza, Las políticas descentralizadoras, 38.
244. Mizrahi, "Twenty Years of Decentralization, "
245. Kaufman and Nelson, Crucial Needs, Weak Incentives.
246. Jacqueline Peschard, "Federal and Local Electoral Institutions: From a National to a Fragmented System", in Selee and Peschard, Mexico's Democratic Challenges.
247. Díaz Cayeros, Magaloni, and Weingast, "Mexico: Before the Fall", Hoover Digest, no. 1 (2001).
248. Ward, Rodríguez, and Cabrero Mendoza, New Federalism and State Government.
249. Mizrahi, From Martyrdom to Power.
250. INEGI, Sistema Municipal de Base de Datos, http://sc.inegi.org.mx/simbad.
251. Guillén López and Ziccardi, Innovación y continuidad del municipio mexide la pobreza urbana en México", Observatorio de la economía Latinoamericana, no. 99(2008), available at http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/ecolat/mx/2008/lajt2.htm;
252. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., "Evaluación del programa Hábitat en infraestructura básica" (June 2007), available at http://www.sedesol.gob.mx/archivos/801894/file/habitat/Informe-Resultados.pdf.
253. Miguel Alemán Velazco, La revolución federalista (Mexico City: Editorial Diana, 2004).
254. Rubén Fernández, president of the Association of Municipalities of Mexico (AMMAC), interviewed by the author, March 4, 2005.
255. Jesus Aranda, "Confrma la Suprema Corte potestades jurídicas de los municipios del país", La
256. Merilee S. Grindle, "Interests, Institutions, and Reformers: The Politics of Education Decentral-
257. Figures for 2006 based on INEGI, El ingreso y gasto público en México 2008 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2009).
258. Felipe Calderón
259. http://sc.inegi.org.mx/simbad.
260. Fausto Hernández-Trillo and Brenda Jarillo-Rabling, "Is Local Beautiful? Fiscal Decentralization in Mexico", World Development 36, no. 9(2008):1547-58.
261. Jonathan Fox, Accountability Politics, especially chapter 7
262. Author's calculations based on a database constructed with the information available in CIDAC, Base de Datos Electorales, available at http://www.cidac.org.
263. Peschard, "Federal and Local Electoral Institutions."
264. John Ackerman, "The 2006 Elections: Democratization and Social Protest", in Selee and Peschard, Mexico's Democratic Challenges.
265. INEGI, Presidentes municipales por entidad federativa según sexo, 2002-2004, available at http://www.inegi.org.mx;
266. INDESOL-INEGI, Encuesta nacional a presidentes municipales sobre desar-
267. Crook and Manor, Democracy and Decentralisation
268. Ribot, Waiting for Democracy.
269. Guillén, "Democracia representativa y participativa."
270. Alison Rowland, "Population as a Determinant of Local Outcomes in Decentralization: Illustrations from Small Municipalities in Bolivia and Mexico", World Development 29, no. 8(2001):1373-89.
271. Allison Rowland and Edgar Ramírez, La descentralización y los gobiernos subnacionales en México: Una introducción, Working Paper no. 93 (Division of Public Administration, CIDE, n. d.).
272. INDESOL-INEGI, Encuesta nacional a presidentes municipales sobre desarrollo social 2002, 141-47.
273. Selee and Santín, Democracia y ciudadanía;
274. Miguel Bazdresch, "Cambio municipal y participación social", in Enrique Cabrero Mendoza, ed., Políticas públicas municipales: Una agenda en construcción (Mexico City: Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2003);
275. Alicia Ziccardi and Rolando Cordera, eds., Participación ciudadana y las políticas sociales en el ambito local (Mexico City: UNAM, 2004).
276. Miguel Bazdresch, "Consejo democrático en Cuquío, Jalisco", in Cabrero Mendoza, Innovación en gobiernos locales.
277. Leticia Santín and Victoria Motte, "Participación ciudadana en Berriozábal, Chiapas", in Cabrero
278. Carlos Rodríguez, "Experiencia municipales de participación y deliberación en México: Hacia la construcción de una democracia territorial de proximidad", in Selee and Santín, Democracia y ciudadanía.
279. Leticia Santín, "Planeación urbana en México" (paper presented at the conference on Local Innovation and Democracy at the Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D. C., on September 2, 2005).
280. Cabrero Mendoza, "Participación y deliberación en la
281. Robert H. Wilson, Peter M. Ward, Peter K. Spink, and Victoria E. Rodríguez, Governance in the Americas: Decentralization, Democracy, and Subnational Government in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA
282. Armando Bartra, Guerrero bronco: Campesinos, ciudadanos y guerrilleros en la Costa Grande, 2nd ed. (Mexico City: Era, 2000);
283. Carlos Illades, Breve historia de Guerrero (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2000);
284. Jorge Rendón Alarcón, Sociedad y conflicto en el estado de Guerrero, 1911-1995: Poder político y estructura social de la entidad (Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés, 2003).
285. INEGI statistics, available at http://www.sc.inegi.org.mx.
286. @ Bustamante Cruz, "Revolución e inmigración, 1910-1940", in Historia de Chilpancingo (Chilpancingo: Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 1999), 253-54.
287. http://www.ieegro.org.mx.
288. Raúl Fernández Gómez, Elecciones y alternancia: Guerrero (Mexico City: Nuevo Horizonte Editores, 2004).
289. Jaime Salazar Adame, "Introducción", in Historia de Chilpancingo, 14-15;
290. Angélica Gutiérrez y Salgado and Héctor Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy (Chilpancingo: Instituto Guerrerense de Cultura, 1987), 30.
291. Gutiérrez y Salgado and Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy, chapter 2.
292. Teresa Pavía Miller, "Centro de poder, 1821-1870", in Historia de Chilpancingo, 178.
293. Pavía Miller, "Centro de poder", 186;
294. Gutiérrez y Salgado and Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy, 37.
295. Pavía Miller, "Centro de poder."
296. Gutiérrez y Salgado and Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy.
297. (INEGI, Cuaderno estadístico municipal: Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero [Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2002]).
298. Zaida Falcón de Gyves, Chilpancingo: Ciudad en crecimiento (Mexico City: UNAM, 1969)
299. Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, Informe municipal 2004 [Chilpancingo: Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, 2004]
300. (Lozena, interviewed by the author, April 20, 2005).
301. Falcón de Gyves, Chilpancingo, 37-39.
302. INEGI, Cuaderno estadístico municipal: Chilpancingo.
303. Plan de desarrollo municipal 1999-2002 [Chilpancingo: Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, 1999], 8).
304. INEGI, XII censo de población y vivienda 2000 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2003).
305. Gutiérrez y Salgado and Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy, 30.
306. Pavía Miller, "Centro de poder", 165-66.
307. Jaime Salazar Adame, "De ciudad a capital", in Historia de Chilpancingo.
308. Moisés Ochoa Campo, Guerrero: Análisis de un estado problema (Mexico City: Editorial Trillas, 1964), 35-41;
309. Armando Bartra, "Donde los sismos nacen", in Tomás Bustamante Álvarez and Sergio Sarmiento Silva, eds., El Sur en movimiento: La reinvención de Guerrero del siglo XXI (Mexico City: Editora Laguna, 2001), 45.
310. Illades, Breve historia, 120.
311. Ochoa Campo, Guerrero, 122).
312. Gutiérrez y Salgado and Rodríguez Morales, Chilpancingo ayer y hoy, 72-75).
313. Construyendo un nuevo Chilpancingo (Chilpancingo: Gobierno del Estado de Guerrero, 1995), 12.
314. Alba Teresa Estrada Castañon, El movimiento anticaballerosta: Guerrero 1960: Crónica de un conflicto (Chilpancingo: Editorial Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 2001), 49-90.
315. Illades, Breve historia, 131.
316. Illades, Breve historia, 136;
317. Felix J. López Romero, Del mundo chilpancingueño (Chilpancingo: Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, 1995).
318. Bartra, Guerrero bronco
319. Daniel Acatitlán Ramón, interviewed by the author, April 10, 2005;
320. "Se integró el Consejo Popular de Colonias", Expresión Popular, January 11, 1988;
321. "Colonos acusan a funcionario municipal", El Sol de Chilpancingo, May 26, 1989;
322. "Constituyen aquí el Frente de Lucha de las Colonias Populares", El Sol de Chilpancingo, September 12, 1989.
323. Joe Foweraker, Popular Mobilization in Mexico: The Teachers' Movement, 1977-87 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
324. Alba Teresa Estrada Castañon, "Guerrero en los 90s: Realineamiento electoral y movimiento social", in David Cienfuegos and Humberto Santos Bautista, eds., Guerrero: Los retos del nuevo siglo: Politica, cultura, educacíon, economíca, ecología y demografía, derechos humanos (Chilpancingo: Fundación Académica Guerrense, 2000), 44;
325. Bartra, Guerrero bronco, 141-42.
326. INEGI, Sistema Municipal de Base de Datos, http://sc.inegi.org.mx/simbad) .
327. Ochoa Campo, Guerrero.
328. Isabel Osorio Salgado, Eradicación o radicación de la pobreza? PRONASOL y territorio en el Estado de Guerrero (Chilpancingo: Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 1995)
329. INEGI, XII censo
330. INEGI, Finanzas públicas estatales y municipales de México, 1999-2002 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2004).
331. Mayor Saúl Alarcón Abarca (PRI), interviewed by the author, March 11, 2005.
332. Rigoberto Ramos Romero (PAN), interviewed by the author, March 11, 2005.
333. Julio César Aguirre (PRD), interviewed by the author, March 11, 2005.
334. Héctor Gutiérrez, "Pioquinto Damián Huato 'candidato popular'", Vértice, March 20, 1997;
335. Daniel Genchi Palma, "Pioquinto Damián renunció al PRI y se fue al PRD", Vértice, March 20, 1997.
336. Election results for the seventh district of Guerrero, available from the Federal Electoral Institute (http://www.ife.org.mx).
337. Píoquinto Damián, interviewed by the author, April 13, 2005
338. Miguel Ángel Mercado Durán, director of the PRI's Training Institute, interviewed by the author, April 15, 2005.
339. Municipal council members Julio César Aguirre (PRD), interviewed by the author, March 11 and April 19, 2005;
340. Ramos (PAN), interview;
341. Bertín Cabañas (PRI), interviewed by the author, March 11, 2005.
342. http://www.ieegro.org.mx.
343. Informe municipal 1990, 41-42.
344. Aguirre (PRD), interview, March 11, 2005.
345. (Informe municipal for 1988, 1999, 2003
346. Julio César Aguirre, Informe de actividades 2002-2003 (Chilpancingo: Regiduría de Educación, Cultura, Recreación y Espectáculos, 2003), 7.
347. Interviews with Aguirre (PRD) (March 11, 2005)
348. Congreso del Estado de Guerrero, "Ley no. 119, de los ingresos de los municipios del Estado de Guerrero para el ejercicio fiscal del año 2004", December 19, 2004, especially 3-4. Available on the website of the Guerrero State Congress, http://www.congreso.gob.mx/.
349. Ramos (PAN), interview.
350. Ramos (PAN), interview.
351. Democracia participativa municipal: Instituciones de participación ciudadana en la vida municipal, by José Gilberto Garza Grimaldo (Chilpancingo: H. Ayuntamiento Constitucional, 1990)
352. Beatriz Parra in Crítica Jurídica, no. 10(1992):217-18.
353. Plan municipal de desarrollo 2002-2005 (Chilpancingo: Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, 2002), 38.
354. Plan municipal de desarrollo 1999-2002 (Chilpancingo: Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, 1999), especially 3 and 24.
355. Alarcón (PRI), interview.
356. Lozena, interview.
357. Ayuntamiento de Chilpancingo, Boletín no. 56 (April 2, 2004).
358. Interviews with council members Cabañas (PRI), Aguirre (PRD) (March 11, 2005)
359. Lozena, interview.
360. Lozena, interview.
361. The final vote was 61.11 percent for the PRI, 32.33 percent for the PRD, with the PAN and smaller parties winning a handful of votes. Statistics available from the state electoral council, http://www.ieegro.org.mx.
362. Plan municipal de desarrollo 1990-92 (Tijuana: Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 1990), 5.
363. Andrew Selee and Heidy Servin-Baez, "Introduction: Writing Across Borders", in Rossana Fuentes-Beraín, Andrew Selee, and Heidy Servin-Baez, eds., Writing Beyond Boundaries: Journalism Across the U. S.-Mexico Border (Washington, D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2005).
364. Tonatiuh Guillén, "Presentación", in Tonatiuh Guillén, ed., with the collaboration of José Negrete Mata, Baja California: Escenarios para el nuevo milenio (Mexico City: UNAM, 2002), 16.
365. INEGI, Tijuana (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2000).
366. Monografía Tijuana (Tijuana: XVI Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 2000)
367. Plan estratégico Tijuana, 2003-2025 (Tijuana: Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 2003), 43.
368. INEGI, Estados Unidos Mexicanos XII censo general de población y vivienda 2000: Tabulador de la muestra censal cuestionario amplio (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2003).
369. INEGI, Tijuana and XII censo.
370. (Cuaderno estadístico municipal: Tijuana, Estado de Baja California [Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2003]).
371. Plan estratégico Tijuana, 2003-2025, 40)
372. INEGI, XII censo;
373. INEGI, XI censo general de población y vivienda [Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2003]).
374. Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen, "La evolución de las instituciones políticas de Baja California", in Guillén, Baja California.
375. Víctor Alejandro Espinoza Valle, Alternancia política y gestión pública: El Partido Acción Nacional en el gobierno de Baja California (Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés; Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2000).
376. José Negrete Mata, "Historia política y alternancia en Baja California, 1952-1989", in Guillén, Baja California, 58-59, especially 59n.
377. Negrete Mata, "Historia política y alternancia", 62-63.
378. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce, Empapados de sereno: Reconstrucción testimonial del movimiento urbano popular en Baja California (1928-1988) (Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1991), 104.
379. Negrete Mata, "Historia política y alternancia", 83.
380. Tonatiuh Guillén López and José Negrete Mata, "Tijuana", in Tonatiuh Guillén, ed., Municipios en transición: Actores sociales y nuevas políticas de gobierno (Mexico City: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1995).
381. Tim Campbell and Travis Katz, "The Politics of Participation in Tijuana, Mexico: Inventing a New Style of Governance", in Harald Fuhr and Tim Campbell, Leadership and Innovation in Subnational Government: Case Studies from Latin America (Washington, D. C.: World Bank, 2004).
382. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Informe municipal 1998; Informe municipal 2000; Informe municipal 2003 (Tijuana: Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 1998, 2000, and 2003).
383. INEGI, Sistema Municipal de Base de Datos, http://sc.inegi.org.mx/simbad;
384. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Presupuesto de ingresos for 2003 and 2004, available on the municipal website, http://www.tijuana.gob.mx.
385. INEGI, Finanzas públicas estatales y municipales 2000-2003 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2004).
386. Campbell and Katz, "Politics of Participation. "
387. Héctor Osuna Jaime, mayor of Tijuana (1992-95), interviewed by the author, February 25, 2005;
388. Campbell and Katz, "Politics of Participation. "
389. Guillén and Negrete Mata, "Tijuana."
390. (http://www.ammac.org.mx)
391. Tonatiuh Guillén López, "Una reforma municipal en dos tiempos: Baja California", in Guillén López and Ziccardi, eds., Innovación y continuidad del municipio mexicano.
392. Espinoza Valle, Alternancia política
393. Víctor Alejandro Espinoza Valle, La transición difícil: Baja California 1995-2001 (Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2003)
394. Tania Hernández Vicencio, De la oposición al poder: El PAN en Baja California, 1986-2000 (Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2001), 103.
395. David A. Shirk, "El PAN, un partido en construcción: Lecciones desde Tijuana", in Tania Hernández Vicencio and José Negrete Mata, eds., La experiencia del PAN: Diez años de gobierno en Baja California (Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2001).
396. Mizrahi, From Martyrdom to Power.
397. Hernández Vicencio, De la oposición al poder, 113
398. "Estiman depurar a 960 panistas", Frontera, February 1, 2005, 1
399. Hernández Vicencio, De la oposición al poder.
400. Osuna Jaime, interview.
401. Tonatiuh Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México: El caso de Tijuana, b.c., 1989-1997", in Martha Schteingart and Emilio Duhau, eds., Transición política y democracia municipal en México y Colombia (Mexico City: Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2001), 78.
402. (http://www.tijuana.gob.mx).
403. Shirk, "PAN, un partido en construcción. "
404. Guillén, "Una reforma municipal."
405. Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México", 80.
406. Guerrero, "El Cabildo";
407. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Reglamento de cabildo.
408. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Reglamento de participación ciudadana;
409. Guerrero, interview.
410. Ernesto Ruffo Appel, "El PAN en Baja California: Su relación con la sociedad", in Hernández Vicencio and Negrete Mata, La experiencia del PAN.
411. Espinoza Valle, Alternanacia política, especially chapters 6 and 7;
412. Espinoza Valle, Transición difícil.
413. Rosa, interview).
414. Informe municipal 1992;
415. Rosa, interview.
416. La Gloria, interviewed by the author, February 19, 2005;
417. El Florido committee member, interviewed by the author, February 13, 2005.
418. Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México", 86-92.
419. Plan municipal de desarrollo 1993-1995 (Tijuana: Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 1993).
420. Informe municipal 1993.
421. Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México", 90-92;
422. Rosa, interview.
423. Delegational subcommittee member, interviewed by the author, February 29, 2005.
424. Benedicto Ruíz Vargas, "Las ONGs en Tijuana: Un perfil general", El Bordo, no. 4 (1999).
425. Marcus Melo, "Democratizing Budgetary Decisions and Execution in Brazil: More Participation or Redesign of Formal Institutions?" in Selee and Peruzzotti, Participatory Innovation.
426. Plan municipal de desarrollo 1996-1998 (Baja California: Comité de Planeación para el Desarrollo Municipal, 1996).
427. Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México", 95.
428. Guillén, "Gobernabilidad y gestión local en México", 95-96;
429. Maria de los Angeles Castillo, member of the delegation subcommittee for La Mesa (1996-98), interviewed by the author, February 24, 2005.
430. Martín de la Rosa Medellín, "La participación social en la obra social comunitaria (el caso Tijuana, b.c.)", in Ziccardi, Participacíon ciudadanía y políticas sociales.
431. Ramón López, former citizen councillor of a delegation subcommittee, interviewed by the author, February 26, 2005;
432. Oscar Escalada Hernández, president of the Network for the Defense of Migrants of Baja California, interviewed by the author, February 23, 2005;
433. Gabriel Preciado, former deputy director of social development for the municipality during this period, interviewed by the author, April 19, 2005.
434. Cristina Franco Abundis, director of the Human Rights Program at the Universidad Ibero-americana, interviewed by the author, February 23, 2005.
435. Plan estratégico Tijuana 2003-2025; Plan estratégico Tijuana (Tijuana: Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, 2003).
436. Osuna Jaime, interview.
437. César M. Fuentes and Noé Arón Fuentes, "Desarrollo económico en la frontera norte de México: De las políticas nacionales de fomento económico a las estrategias de desarrollo económico local", Araucaria (Universidad de Sevilla) 5, no. 11 (2004).
438. Antonio Cano, former local legislator (PRI), interviewed by the author, February 23, 2005;
439. Zeferino Sánchez, former municipal ofcial, interviewed by the author, February 24, 2005;
440. Gastón Luken, civic leader, interviewed by the author, February 25, 2005;
441. Askan Luteroth, civic leader, interviewed by the author, February 23, 2005.
442. Interviews with Juanita Pérez and Rosa.
443. Negrete Mata, "En busca del votante (tijuanense) perdido: Cultura política, participación y abstencionismo" (Ph. D. diss., El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2002).
444. Roberto Ferras, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl: Un barrio en vías de absorción por la ciudad de México (Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Sociológicos, El Colegio de México, 1977).
445. Martha Schteingart, Los productores del espacio habitable: Estado, empresa y sociedad en la ciudad de México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1989).
446. Martín de la Rosa Medellín, Netzahualcóyotl: Un fenómeno (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1974), 4.
447. Margarita García Luna chronicled these changes in Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl: De colonias marginadas a gran ciudad (Toluca: Pliego, 1992).
448. Plan municipal de desarrollo 1997-2000 (Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl: Ayuntamiento de la Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, 1997).
449. María del Socorro Arzaluz Solano, "Participación ciudadana en la gestión urbana de Ecatepec, Tlalnepantla y Nezahualcóyotl (1997-2000) " (Ph. D. diss., Centro de Estudios Sociológicos, El Colegio de México, Mexico City, December 2001), 290.
450. Ramón Rivera, native of Neza and a university professor, interviewed by the author, March 4, 2005.
451. Enciclopedia de los municipios de México (Mexico City: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal [INAFED]), available at http://www.e-local.gob.mx.
452. INEGI, XII censo;
453. Margarita García Luna and Pedro Gutiérrez Arzaluz, Nezahualcóyotl: Monografía municipal (Toluca: Gobierno del Estado de México, 1999), 29
454. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 4.
455. Instituto Federal Electoral, La participación ciudadana en las Elecciones de 2003 (Mexico City: Instituto Federal Electoral), available at http://www.ife.org.mx.
456. INEGI, Imágenes económicos del Estado de México [Aguascalientes: INEGI, 2001]).
457. Moises Raúl López Laines, Nezahualcóyotl: Perfil político, análisis y alternativas (Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl: Imprenta San Diego, 1989);
458. Emilio Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli: Historia de Nezahualcóyotl (Mexico City: Editorial ARIES, 1996).
459. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl.
460. Emilio Duhau and Martha Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", in Schteingart and Duhau, eds., Transición política y democracia municipal en México y Colombia (Mexico City: Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2001), 166;
461. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 11-12;
462. Ferras, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, 15.
463. María Eugencia de Alba Muñiz, "Control política de los migrantes urbanos: Un caso de estudio, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl" (M. A. thesis, Centro de Estudios Internacionales, El Colegio de México, Mexico City, September 1976), 78-89.
464. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 176-77.
465. Rogelio Hernández Rodríguez, Amistades, compromisos y lealtades: Líderes y grupos políticos en el Estado de México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2007).
466. Odón Madariaga, interviewed by the author, May 21, 2005;
467. Rosa, interview.
468. López Laines, Nezahualcóyotl: Perfil político, 85-86.
469. Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli, 181.
470. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 183-86
471. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 186.
472. Alba Muñiz, "Control político de los migrantes, "
473. Yolhueyliztli, 62-65.
474. López Laines, Nezahualcóyotl: Perfil político;
475. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 156.
476. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 4.
477. Ramón Rivera Espinosa, "Planificación urbana municipal y gestión popular en Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl" (M. A. thesis in Urban Planning, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, June 2002), 105-6.
478. Rivera, "Planificación urbana municipal", 107-12;
479. Ferras, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, 16-19;
480. Alba Muñiz, "Control político de los migrantes", 91-130;
481. Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli, 145-58;
482. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 12-15.
483. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 12-13.
484. Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli, 154-55.
485. (Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl, 12)
486. Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli, 150-51.
487. Rivera, "Planificación urbana municipal", 122-25
488. Rosa, Netzahualcóyotl.
489. Rivera, "Planificación urbana municipal", 113-15;
490. Rivera, "Planificación urbana municipal", 118-19;
491. UPREZ, "Los siete aspectos que debes saber de la UPREZ" (Seven things you should know about UPREZ).
492. López Laines, Nezahualcóyotl: Perfil político
493. Alvarado Guevara, Yolhueyliztli.
494. María Magdalena Tosoni García, "Acerca de como participan los excluidos en la ciudad de México: La historia de la Colonia Canal de Sales" (M. A. thesis, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Mexico City, 1998)
495. López Laines, Nezahualcóyotl: Perfil político.
496. Héctor Bautista, interview.
497. Héctor Bautista, interview.
498. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 188-89;
499. Arzaluz, "Participación ciudadana", 301 and 301n.
500. Odón Madariaga, interview.
501. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 201.
502. INEGI, Sistema Municipal de Base de Datos, http://sc.inegi.org.mx/simbad.
503. Plan de desarrollo municipal 2003-2006, 151-52.
504. Author's calculations based on data from the Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal (INAFED), "Finanzas públicas locales", available at http://www.inafed.gob.mx.
505. INEGI, XI censo; Conteo de población y vivienda 1995 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1998);
506. Rodríguez, interview.
507. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 197;
508. Arzaluz, "Participación ciudadana", 302-4.
509. Héctor Bautista, interview.
510. Revilla, interview.
511. http://www.ieem.org.mx.
512. Héctor Bautista, interview.
513. Duhau and Schteingart, "El primer gobierno perredista", 190-91.
514. Rodríguez, interview.
515. Alliet Bautista (PRD), interview.
516. Arzaluz, "Participación Ciudadana", 356 and 356n).
517. Revilla, interview.
518. Arzaluz, "Participación ciudadana", 346
519. Arzaluz, "Participación ciudadana", 345-71
520. Rodríguez, interview.
521. Martín Becerra, interviewed by the author, March 4, 2005
522. Arelio Acero, interviewed by the author, November 18, 2005.
523. Plan municipal de desarrollo 2003-2006 (Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl: Ayuntamiento de la Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, 2003), 132.
524. Copaci leaders, interviewed between February and October 2005.
525. Jorge Amador, director of public security, interviewed by the author, February 20, 2005;
526. Revilla, interview.
527. González Bautista, interview.
528. Grindle, Going Local, 34-35
529. Fox, Accountability Politics.
530. Grindle, Going Local, 70-72;
531. Cabrero Mendoza, Innovación en gobiernos locales.
532. Guillén, "Democracia representativa y participativa."
533. Andrew Selee, "An Alternative to Clientelism? Participatory Innovation in Mexico", in Selee and Peruzzotti, Participatory Innovation.
534. Selee and Santín, Democracia y Ciudadanía
535. Alicia Ziccardi, ed., La tarea de gobernar: Gobiernos locales y demandas ciudadanas (Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM, 1995).
536. Abers, Inventing Local Democracy.
537. Guillén, "Democracia representativa y participativa."
538. Guillén, "Democracia representativa y participativa."
539. Ribot, Waiting for Democracy
540. Crook and Manor, Democracy and Decentralisation
541. Grindle, Going Local, especially 175 and 181-82.
542. Robert Putnam, in Making Democracy Work
543. Gerd Schönwälder, Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980-1992 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002).
544. Fox, in Accountability Politics
545. Alberto Olvera, "Civil Society in Mexico at Century's End", in Middlebrook, Dilemmas of Political Change.
546. Fox, Accountability Politics.
547. Crespo, PRI: De la hegemonía a la oposición. here in Mexico.
548. Bruhn, Taking on Goliath.
549. Shirk, Mexico's New Politics
550. Mizrahi, From Martyrdom to Power.