The epidemiology of fractures in otherwise healthy children

Current Osteoporosis Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 272-278

  Clark, Emma M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone mass; Children; Diet; Epidemiology; Fractures; Muscle; Obesity; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARM FRACTURE; BONE DENSITY; BONE MASS; CALCIUM INTAKE; CARBONATED BEVERAGE; CHILD; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FALLING; FINGER FRACTURE; FRACTURE; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEG FRACTURE; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RADIUS FRACTURE; REVIEW; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEX RATIO; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPINE FRACTURE; TELEVISION VIEWING; WRIST FRACTURE; ADOLESCENT; AGE; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; INFANT; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL CLASS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIET; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; RISK-TAKING; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL CLASS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84906313167     PISSN: 15441873     EISSN: 15442241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-014-0227-y     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Landin L. Fracture patterns in children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54 Suppl 202:1-109.
2. Moustaki M. Cross country variation of fractures in the childhood population. Is the origin biological or 'accidental'. Inj Prev. 2001;7:77.
3. Kopjar B, Wickizer TM. Fractures among children: incidence and impact on daily activities. Inj Prev. 1998;4:194-7.
4. Cooper C, Walker-Bone K, Arden N, Dennison E. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: the role of intrauterine programming. Rheumatology. 2000;39:1312-5. (Pubitemid 32045855)
5. Lyons RA, Delahunty AM, Kraus D, et al. Children's fractures: a population based study. Inj Prev. 1999;5:129-32.
6. Jones IE, Williams SM, Dow N, Goulding A. How many children remain fracture-free during growth? A longitudinal study of children and adolescents participating in the Dunedim Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:990-5. (Pubitemid 36050277)
7. Oskam J, Kingma J, Klasen HJ. Fracture of the distal forearm: epidemiological developments in the period 1971 to 1995. Injury. 1998;29(5):353-5. (Pubitemid 28344723)
8. • Mayranpaa MK, Makitie O, Kallio PE. Decreasing incidence and changing pattern of childhood fractures: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(12):2752-9. The most recent and comprehensive population-based study showing the changing pattern of childhood fractures.
9. Bridgman S, Wilson R. Epidemiology of femoral fractures in children in the West Midlands region of England 1991 to 2001. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2004;86-B(8):1152-7. (Pubitemid 39545605)
10. Emami A, Mjoberg B, Ragnarsson B, Larsson S. Changing epidemiology of tibial shaft fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67(6):557-61.
11. •• Wren T, Shepherd J, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Racial disparity in fracture risk between white and nonwhite children in the United States. J Pediatr. 2012;161(6):1035-40. An important prospective study of 1470 children aged 6-17 followed-up for up to 6 years with excellent ethnicity data plus many other variables including activity and body fat allowing identification of independent predictors of fracture risk.
12. Mayranpaa MK, Viljakainen HT, Toiviainen-Salo S, Kallio PE, Makitie O. Impaired bone health and asymptomatic vertebral compressions in fracture-prone children: a case-control study. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(6):1413-24.
13. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallen WM, Melton III LJ. Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:221-7.
14. Puisto V, Kaariainen S, Impinen A, Parkkila T, Vartiainen E, Jalanko T, et al. Incidence of spinal and spinal cord injuries and their surgical treatment in children and adolescents. Spine. 2009;35(1):104-7.
15. Cooper C, Dennison EM, Leufkens HGM, Bishop N, van Staa TP. Epidemiology of childhood fractures in Britain: a study using the GP Research Database. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(12):1976-81. (Pubitemid 41103412)
16. Henrikson B. Isolated fracture of the proximal end of the radius in children: epidemiology, treatment and prognosis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1969;40:246-60.
17. Khosla S, Melton III LJ, Dekutoski MB, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Riggs BL. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years: a population-based study. JAMA. 2003;290(11):1479-85. (Pubitemid 37430403)
18. Kramhoft M, Bodtker S. Epidemiology of distal forearm fractures in Danish children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1988;59(5):557-9. (Pubitemid 18264556)
19. Stark AD, Bennet GC, Stone DH, Chishti P. Association between childhood fractures and poverty: population based study. BMJ. 2002;324:457. (Pubitemid 34169460)
20. Lyons RA, Delahunty AM, Heaven M, McCabe M, Allen H, Nash P. Incidence of childhood fractures in affluent and deprived areas: population based study. BMJ. 2000;320:149. (Pubitemid 30179364)
21. Hinton RY, Lincoln A, Crockett MM, Sponseller P, Smith G. Fractures of the femoral shaft in children. J Bone Joint Surg. 1999;81A(4):500-9.
22. Rowe R, Maughan B, Goodman R. Childhood psychiatric disorder and unintentional injury: findings from a national cohort study. Pediatr Psychol. 2004;29(2):119-30. (Pubitemid 38608036)
23. Thandrayen K, Norris S, Micklesfield L, Pettifor JM. Heterogeneity of fracture pathogenesis in urban South African children: the birth to twenty cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(12):2834-42.
24. Lyons RA, Sellstrom E, Delahunty AM, Loeb M, Varilo S. Incidence and causes of fractures in European districts. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82:452-5. (Pubitemid 30367052)
25. Suuriniemi M, Mahonen A, Kovanen V, Alen M, Cheng S. Relation of PuvII site polymorphism in the COL1A2 gene to the risk of fractures in prepubertal Finnish girls. Physiol Genomics. 2003;14:217-24. (Pubitemid 37345230)
26. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Ness AR. Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):e291-7. (Pubitemid 46074646)
27. Ma DQ, Jones G. The association between BMD, metacarpal morphometry and upper limb fractures in children: a population-based case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1486-91. (Pubitemid 36623358)
28. Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(9):1489-95. (Pubitemid 44300056)
29. Ferrari S, Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R. Childhood fractures are associated with decreased bone mass gain during puberty: an early marker of persistent bone fragility? J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(4):501-7.
30. Flynn J, Foley S, Jones G. Can BMD assessed by DXA at age 8 predict fracture risk in boys and girls during puberty?: an eight-year prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(9):1463-7. (Pubitemid 351339692)
31. Cheng S, Xu L, Nicholson PH, et al. Low volumetric BMD is linked to upper-limb fracture in pubertal girls and persists into adulthood: a seven-year cohort study. Bone. 2009;45(3):480-6.
32. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, van Rietbergen B, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. Fractures during childhood and adolescence in healthy boys: relation with bone mass, microstructure, and strength. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3134-42.
33. Jones G, Boon P. Which bone mass measures discriminate adolescents who have fractured from those who have not? Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(2):251-5.
34. Kalkwarf HJ, Laor T, Bean JA. Fracture risk in children with a forearm injury is associated with volumetric bone density and cortical area (by peripheral QCT) and areal bone density (by DXA). Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(2):607-16.
35. Jones IE, Williams SM, Goulding A. Associations of birth weight and length, childhood size, and smoking with bone fractures during growth: evidence from a birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):343-50. (Pubitemid 38200767)
36. Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH. Vigorous physical activity increases fracture risk in children irrespective of bone mass: a prospective study of the independent risk factors for fractures in healthy children. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:1012-22. (Pubitemid 351915722)
37. • Kim J, Hsieh MH, Soni B, Zayzafoon M, Allison D. Childhood obesity as a risk factor for bone fracture: a mechanistic study. Obesity. 2013;21(7):1459-66. One of a small number of studies attempting to identify the mechanism behind any association between obesity and bone fracture.
38. Field AE, Gordon CM, Pierce L, Ramappa A, Kocher M. Prospective study of physical activity and risk of developing a stress fracture among preadolescent and adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(8):723-8.
39. • Detter F, Rosengren B, Dencker M, Nilsson J, Karlsson M. A 5-year exercise programme in pre- and peri-pubertal children improves bone mass and bone size without affecting fracture risk. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;92:385-93. A high quality RCT of exercise in childhood, reassuringly reporting no increase in fracture risk.
40. Ma DQ, Jones G. Soft drink and milk consumption, physical activity, bone mass and upper limb fractures in children: a population-based case-control study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004;75:286-91. (Pubitemid 40064229)
41. Ma DQ, Jones G. TV, computer and video viewing; physical activity; and upper limb fracture risk in children: a population based case control study. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(11):1970-7.
42. Marshall SJ, Biddle SJH, Gorely T, Cameron N, Murdey I. Relationships between media use, body fatness and physical activity in children and youth: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2004;28(10):1238-46. (Pubitemid 39389580)
43. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Murray L, Boreham C. Children with low muscle strength are at an increased risk of fracture with exposure to exercise. J Musculoskelet Nueronal Interact. 2011;11(2):196-202.
44. Chlebna-Sokol D, Blaszczuk A, Trafalska E, Grzybowski A. Bone mineralization in children with skeletal system abnormalities in relation to dietary intake of some nutrients. Przegl Lek. 2003;60 Suppl 6:60-4.
45. Wyshak G, Frisch RE. Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium, the dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, and bone fractures in girls and boys. J Adolesc Health. 1994;15(3):210-5. (Pubitemid 24161159)
46. Konstantynowicz J, Nguyen TV, Kaczmarski M, Jamiolkowski J, Piotrowska-Jastrzebska J, Seeman E. Fractures during growth: potential role of a milk-free diet. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(12):1601-7. (Pubitemid 47620308)
47. Goulding A, Rockell JE, Black RE, Grant AM, Jones IE, Williams SM. Children who avoid drinking cow's milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:250-3. (Pubitemid 38183195)
48. Petridou E, Karpathios T, Dessypris N, Simou E, Trichopoulos D. The role of dairy products and non- alcoholic beverages in bone fractures among school age children. Scand J Soc Med. 1997;25(2):119-25.
49. Salinas C, Segura E, Alonson J, Lopez V, Galvez A. Decreased BMD and other risk factors in prepubertal children with fracture of the distal forearm. An Pediatr. 2009;71(5):383-90.
50. Committee on N. Calcium requirements of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1999;104(5):1152-7.
51. Ryan L, Teach S, Singer S, et al. BMD and vitamin D status among African American children with forearm fractures. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e553-60.
52. Chan GM, Hess M, Hollis J, Book LS. Bone mineral status in childhood accidental fractures. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:569-70. (Pubitemid 14100981)
53. Cook SD, Harding AF, Morgan EL, et al. Association of BMD and pediatric fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1987;7:424-7.
54. Goulding A, Cannan R, Williams SM, Gold EJ, Taylor RW, Lewis-Barned NJ. BMD in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(1):143-8.
55. Skaggs DL, Loro ML, Pitukcheewanont P, Tolo V, Gilsanz V. Increased body weight and decreased radial cross-sectional dimensions in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(7):1337-42. (Pubitemid 32574663)
56. Ma DQ, Jones G. Clinical risk factors but not bone density are associated with prevalent fractures in prepubertal children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38:497-500. (Pubitemid 35217535)
57. Schalamon J, Singer G, Schwantzer G, Nietosvaara Y. Quantitative ultrasound assessment in children with fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(8):1276-9. (Pubitemid 41094368)