Corporate public affairs: Interacting with interest groups, media, and government

Corporate Public Affairs: Interacting With Interest Groups, Media, and Government

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-477

  Lerbinger, Otto ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906291321     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410617262     Document Type: Book

References (514)

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67. Also see Jackie Kemp, "McDonald's Suffers From Court Grilling," Scotland on Sunday, June 25, 1995, p. 4.
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137. Herb Schmertz with William Novak, Good-Bye to the Low Profile: The Art of Creative Confrontation (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), p. 8.
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139. Michael Moss, "Reverse Gocha: Companies Are Paying Big Fees to Get News About Beat Reporters," Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1995, p. A1.
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142. G. Bruce Knecht, "No Offense: Big Retail Chains Get Special Advance Looks at Magazine Contents," Wall Street Journal, October 22, 1997, p. A1.
143. Peter Foster, "Anticorporate Crusader," Canadian Business, January 1994, p. 76.
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146. Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1982), p. ix.
147. Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 72,. Summer 1995, pp. 271-284.
148. Ronald N. Levy, "Public Policy Publicity: How to Do It," Public Relations Journal, Vol. 31, June 1975, pp. 19-21, 35-36.
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150. Richard Weiner, Webster's New World Dictionary of Media and Communications (New York: Webster's New World, 1990).
151. Krisztina Marton and Lowndes F. Stephens, "The New York Times' Conformity to AAPOR Standards of Disclosure for the Reporting of Public Opinion Polls," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 78, Autumn 2001, p. 486.
152. Lori Robertson, "Poll Crazy," American Journalism Review, Vol. 25, January-February 2003, p. 40.
153. Mervin D. Field, "Polls and Public Policy," Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 19, October 1979, p. 14.
154. Warren Miofsky and Martin Plissner, "A Reporter's Guide to Published Polls," Public Opinion, Vol. 3, June-July 1980, p. 16.
155. Michael R. Gordon, "The Image Makers in Washington-PR Firms Have Found a Natural Home," National Journal,Vol. 12, May31, 1980, p. 884.
156. Philip Meyer, Precision Journalism, 2nd edition (Indiana University Press, 1979), pp. 185-186.
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160. Larry King, with Mark Stencel, On the Line: The New Road to the White House (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), p. 147.
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162. James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984), p. 149.
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164. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 9-10.
165. Joe Conason, Big Lies: The Right-Wing Propaganda Machine and How It Distorts the Truth (New York: St. Martin's, 2003), p. 47.
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170. Lori Robertson, "The Art of Self-Defense," American Journalism Review, Vol. 24, April 2002, pp. 46-51.
171. Marshall McLuhan, "Media Hot and Cold," in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: New American Library, 1964), pp. 36-45
172. Clarence Jones, How to Speak TV (Marathon, Fla.: Video Consultants, 1983), p. 22.
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178. Robert Pear, "CBS Pulls Advertisement on Medicare Prepared by Administration," New York Times, February 14, 2004, p. A20.
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188. Eva Hoeffelman, "The Crisis of the Tobacco Industry," class paper in Managing Corporate Crises, Boston University, College of Communication, November 16, 1994, p. 18.
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190. Lynn Adkins, "How Good Are Advocacy Ads?" Dun's Review, June 1978, p. 76.
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192. Charles T. Salmon, et al., "The Effectiveness of Advocacy Advertising Relative to News Coverage," Communication Research, Vol. 12, October 1985, pp. 546-567.
193. Raymond P. Ewing, "Advocacy Advertising: The Voice of Business in Public Policy Debate," Public Affairs Review, Vol. 3, 1982, pp. 35-39.
194. Joseph Klapper, "WhatWe Know About the Effects of Mass Communication: The Brink of Hope," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 21,Winter, 1957-58, pp. 453-474.
195. James A. Barnes, "Privatizing Politics," National Journal, Vol. 27, June 3, 1995, pp. 1330-1334.
196. Tony Spaeth, "The Name Game," Across the Board, Vol. 39, March-April 2002, pp. 27-31.
197. Alan Siegel, "Defining the Corporate Voice; Corporate Identity," Across the Board, Vol. 31, November 1994, p. 56.
198. Donald K. Baldwin, editor, Making Sense of the News (St. Petersburg, FL: Modern Media Institute, 1981), p. 6.
199. Claude-Jean Bertrand, Media Ethics & Accountability Systems (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2000), p. 149.
200. Susanne Fengler, "Holding the News Media Accountable: A Study of Media Reporters and Media Critics in the United States," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 80, Winter 2003, p. 818.
201. See Jonathan Chait, "Bad Press," The New Republic, Vol. 229, November 10, 2003, pp. 20-23.
202. See Bob Davis, "Self-Styled Media Critic Dissects TV Coverage to Expose Perceived Liberal Bias at Networks," Wall Street Journal, August 15, 1996, p. A12.
203. Eric Altman, "Anchors Aweigh: The Refs AreWorking," The Nation, November 1, 2004, p. 12.
204. Charlene J. Brow, Trevor R. Brown, andWilliam L. Rivers, The Media and the People (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978), pp. 395-396.
205. Joseph Weber, "This Old-Media Deal Has New-Media Promise," BusinessWeek, March 27, 2000, p. 46.
206. Susan E. Tifft, "American Journalism Loses Another Family," Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2000, p. A30.
207. Katharine Graham, "Journalistic Family Values," BusinessWeek, July 8, 2002, p. 118.
208. Martin Peers, Nick Wingfield, and Laura Landro, "Media Blitz: AOL, Time Warner Leap Borders to Plan a Mammoth Merger,"Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2000, p. A1.
209. Catherine Yang, "A Real Test for Trustbusters," BusinessWeek, July 17, 2000, pp. 78, 81.
210. Dan Carney, "WhoWillWatch AOL'sWatchdog?" BusinessWeek, January 8, 2001, p. 39.
211. Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age (New York: Viking, 1995), pp. 200-201.
212. Gary C.Woodward, Perspectives on American Political Media (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1997), p. 31.
213. Morton Mintz, "The Pro-corporate Tilt," Nieman Reports, Vol. 45, Fall 1999, p. 24.
214. Tom Shales, "The Endangered NBC Peacock: How Owner GE Is Ravaging the Once-Proud Network," Washington Post, March 29, 1991, p. B1.
215. Bruce Orwall, "Disney's ABC Keeps Ad Hole Mouse-Friendly," Wall Street Journal, July 17, 1997, p. B1.
216. Elizabeth Jensen and Thomas R. King, "World of Disney Isn't SoWonderful for ABC," Wall Street Journal, July 12, 1996, p. B1.
217. Bruce Orwall, "Disney to Show Its Animated Film Hits on ABC," Wall Street Journal, January 6, 1997, p. B6.
218. James Fallows, Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy (New York: Pantheon, 1996), p. 3.
219. Peter Vanderwicken, "Why the News Is Not the Truth," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 73, May-June 1995, pp. 144-152.
220. Bruce Nussbaum, "The Myth of the Liberal Media," BusinessWeek, November 11, 1996, p. 34.
221. Robert J. Barro, "The Liberal Media: It's No Myth," BusinessWeek, June 14, 2004, p. 28
222. Jane Hall, "ABC Pulls Story on Misdeeds in Congress," Los Angeles Times, May 17, 1997, p. A15.
223. John R.Wilke, "FTC Asks Media to Reject False Ads,"Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2002, p. A3.
224. Jacqueline Sharkey, "The Diana Aftermath," American Journalism Review, Vol. 19, November, 1997, p. 22.
225. Lisa Bannon, "In Special Section, Los Angeles Times Raps Executives' Role in 'Tangled Tale,'" Wall Street Journal, December 21, 1999, p. B10.
226. R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1988), p. 1.
227. Eileen Gannon, "Solving Environmental Problems With Information Technology," The CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, Summer 1995, pp. 9-10.
228. Sally Goll Beatty, "Philip Morris Starts Lifestyle Magazine,"Wall Street Journal, September 16, 1996, p. B1.
229. Andy Meisler, "From Your Mailbox to Your VCR: More Ads," New York Times, October 16, 1994, p. E6.
230. Walter S. Mossberg, "Personal Technology: 'Push' Technology Sometimes Pushes News You Can't Use," Wall Street Journal, March 27, 1997, p. B1.
231. Stephen Baker, "The Taming of the Internet," BusinessWeek, December 15, 2003, pp. 78-81.
232. Murray L. Weidenbaum, Business, Government, and the Public (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977), pp. 33-35.
233. See Rogene A. Buchholz, Business Environment and Public Policy: Implications for Management, 5th edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995), pp. 142-157.
234. Jonathan Rauch, "Demosclerosis Returns," Wall Street Journal, April 14, 1998, p. A22.
235. Edward L. Bernays, Crystallizing Public Opinion (New York: Liveright, 1923), p. 34.
236. Leo Bogart, "Use of Opinion Research," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1951, p. 121.
237. Robert O. Carlson, "The Use of Public Relations Research by Large Corporations," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3, Fall 1957, p. 341.
238. John L. Paluszek, Business & Society 1976-2000 (New York: AMACOM, 1976), p. 1.
239. Hedrick Smith, The Power Game: How Washington Works (New York: Ballantine, 1988), p. 230.
240. Edwin M. Epstein, The Corporation in American Politics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969), p. 67.
241. Charles Pope, "Media Groups Spent Millions Lobbying the FCC," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 3, 2003, p. C2.
242. V. O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 3rd edition (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1953), p. 24.
243. Ken Silverstein, Washington on $10 Million a Day (Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 1998), p. 18.
244. Michael Kilian and Arnold Sawislak, Who Runs Washington? (New York: St. Martin's, 1982), p. 142.
245. Jim VandeHei and Juliet Eilperin, "Targeting Lobbyists Pays off for GOP; Party Earns More Funds, Influence," Washington Post, June 26, 2003, p. A01.
246. Murray L. Weidenbaum, Business, Government, and the Public (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), pp. 244-252.
247. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, The Lobbyists: How Influence Peddlers Get Their Way in Washington (New York: Times Books, 1992), p. 7.
248. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "The Fallen Giant," Fortune, December 8, 1997, pp. 156-158.
249. Glenn R. Simpson, "Lobbying for 'Net Firms Gets Boost From 'Adhocracy,'" Wall Street Journal, December 21, 1999, p. A24.
250. Anne C. Mulkern, "Industry-Paid Junkets Raise Ethics Issues for the FCC, The Denver Post, March 9, 2003, p. A-01.
251. Burt Solomon, "Hawking Access," National Journal, Vol. 18, May 3, 1986, pp. 1048-1053.
252. Dan H. Fenn Jr., Donald Grunewald, and Robert N. Katz, Business Decision Making and Government Policy: Cases in Business and Government (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966).
253. Ron Faucheux, "The Grassroots Explosion," Campaigns & Elections, Vol. 16, No. 1, December 1994-January 1995, p. 20.
254. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "Washington's Power 25," Fortune, December 8, 1997, pp. 144-158.
255. Hjalma Johnson, "Team 21: Future of Grassroots Lobbying," ABA Banking Journal, Vol. 92, May 2000, p. 17.
256. Michael D. Lord, "Grassroots Strategy and Tactics: WhatWorks, What Doesn't, and Why," in Kramer, op. cit., pp. 238-239.
257. See Gerry Keim, "Corporate Grassroots Programs in the 1980s," California Management Review, Vol. 28, Fall 1985, pp. 110-123.
258. Chris Casey, The Hill on the Net: Congress Enters the Information Age (Boston: AP Professional, 1996), p. 223.
259. Pete Engardio, "Activists Without Borders," BusinessWeek, October 4, 1999, p. 144.
260. Sally Goll Beatty, "Philip Morris Boosts Marketing via Catalog," Wall Street Journal, November 4, 1996, p. 5.
261. Kenneth Pins, "Foes Make Pitches on World Wide Web," Des Moines Register, June 10, 1996, p. 5.
262. Albert R. Hunt, "The Lessons of the 1996 Scandals: Do It Again, and More," Wall Street Journal, June 3, 1999, p. A27.
263. Phil Kuntz, "The Money Chase: A Day inWashington Is Just Another Day to Raise More Dollars," Wall Street Journal, October 23, 1995, p. A1.
264. Ellen Miller and Nick Penniman, "The Road to Nowhere: Thirty Years of Campaign-Finance Reform Yield Precious Little," The American Prospect, August 12, 2002, p. 14.
265. David Cohen, "PAC Power: An Abuse of Power," in Political Action for Business: The PAC Handbook, ed. Ken Clair (Washington, D.C.: Fraser/Associates, 1981), p. 313.
266. Glenn R. Simpson, "The Internet Begins to Click as a Political Money Web," Wall Street Journal, October 19, 1999, p. A28.
267. Jeanne Cummings, "Closing the Spigot: In New Law's Wake, Companies Slash Their Political Donations," Wall Street Journal, September 3, 2004, p. A4.
268. Alan B. Krueger, "Economic Scene; Lobbying by Businesses Overwhelms Their Campaign Contributions," New York Times, September 19, 2002, p. C2.
269. Mary Beth Regan, "Campaign Finance '96: It Doesn't Get Much Sleazier Than This," BusinessWeek, October 28, 1996, p. 59.
270. Darrell M. West, Checkbook Democracy: How Money Corrupts Political Campaigns (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000), p. 7.
271. Amy Borrus and Mary Beth Regan, "The Backlash Against Soft Money," BusinessWeek, March 31, 1997, p. 33
272. Lisa Zagaroli, "GM Puts Brakes on 'Soft Money' contributions," Detroit News, June 1, 1997, p. A1.
273. Alan Murray, "Corporate America Sits Mostly on Side During This Election," Wall Street Journal, July 27, 2004, p. A6.
274. Jeanne Cummings, "Those 527 Fund-Raisers Prove Resilient," Wall Street Journal, December 6, 2004, p. A4.
275. Lorraine Woellert and Lee Walczak, "Campaign Reform's Dangerous Aftershocks," BusinessWeek, April 8, 2002, p. 42.
276. Glenn R. Simpson, "Democrats to Swivel Spotlight to 'Mush' Money Issue," Wall Street Journal, September 19, 1997, p. A16.
277. Jeanne Cummings, "Political Contributors Step up to the Plate," Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2004, p. A4.
278. Richard S. Dunham, "Hail to the Chief: Big Business Gets Behind Bush's Bash," BusinessWeek, January 10, 2005, p. 13.
279. Jill Zuckman, "McCain Takes Aim at System of Campaign Financing," Boston Globe, July 1, l999, p. A6.
280. Phil Kuntz, "McCain's Financing Stance Recalls Keating-Five Role," Wall Street Journal, December 17, 1999, p. A16.
281. Ron Unz, "McCain-Feingold Loses. There Is an Alternative,"Wall Street Journal, October 20, 1999, p. A26.
282. From a Public Affairs Council PowerPoint presentation on "Campaign Finance Laws," SASM&FLLP, December 2, 2003.
283. David Rogers, "Senate Approves Measure to Curb Big Donations,"Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2002, p. A24.
284. Joanna Chung, "Battle Over Funding Continues After History's Costliest Presidential Race," Financial Times, November 20, 2004, p. 9.
285. Richard Tedesco, "Issue Ads to Boost Political Spending," Broadcasting & Cable, Vol. 128, September 7, 1998, pp. 11-14.
286. Glenn R. Simpson, "Democrats to Swivel Spotlight to 'Mush' Money Issue," Wall Street Journal, September 19, 1997, p. A16.
287. Mary Beth Regan, Stan Crock, and Paul Magnusson, "Campaign Finance: A Deepening Cesspool of Politics and Cash," BusinessWeek, July 22, 1996, p. 96.
288. Jack Brady, "Stumping for Ad Dollars; Newspapers Push for More Political Advertising Revenue," Newspaper Association of America, Inc., July-August 2004, Special Report, p. 28.
289. Greg Hitt, "'527 Groups' Use Tax Loopholes to Promote Politicians," Wall Street Journal, May 25, 2000, p. A28.
290. John M. Broder, "Clinton's Drug Plan Attacked by Industry," New York Times, June 27, 2000, p. A22.
291. Glen Justice, "Concerns Grow About Role in Interest Groups in Elections," New York Times, March 9, 2005, p. A20.
292. Greg Hitt, "Political Groups Swarm to Campaign-Finance Loophole," Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2000, p. A36.
293. Timothy Noah, "Environmentalists Take Leaf From Book of Right and Target Enemies, Allies in Issue Campaigns,"Wall Street Journal, July 19, 1996, p. A14.
294. "Editorial: The Rise of the Non-Candidate," Washington Post, November 5, 2000, p. B06.
295. Jeanne Cummings, "Issue-Advocacy Groups to Play Bigger Role,"Wall Street Journal, March 6, 1998, p. A16.
296. Greg Hitt, "Drug Makers Pour Ad Money Into Final Days of Campaign," Wall Street Journal, November 4, 2002, p. A1.
297. David M. Halbfinger, "Deep Pockets: How Corzine Spent $35 Million in a Primary," New York Times, September 17, 2000, p. WK5.
298. David Beiler, "Jon Corzine and the Power of Money," Campaigns & Elections, Vol. 22, April 2001, pp. 22-36.
299. Janet Hook, "Decision '98: Big Spenders Can Be Losers in Campaigns; DespiteWealth, Checchi, Harman, Issa and Others Came up Short in Political Wars," Los Angeles Times, June 5, 1998, p. A1.
300. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "Lobbyists Rain Largess on Senate Incumbents," Washington Post, November 2, 2004, p. A05.
301. Jill Abramson, "Political Memo: 1996 Campaign Left Finance Laws in Shreds," New York Times, November 2, 1997, p. 1.
302. Robert J.Wager, "Toward an Effective PAC: What to Do and How to Do It," in Clair, op. cit., p. 160.
303. Jeanne Cummings, "Closing the Spigot: In New Law's Wake, Companies Slash Their Political Donations," op. cit., p. A4.
304. Jonathan Weisman, "Adopting Union Tactics, Firms Dive More Deeply Into Politics; Employees Targeted With Voter Guides, Turnout Efforts," Washington Post, October 24, 2002, p. A8.
305. Raymond L. Hoewing, "The State of Public Affairs: A Profession Reinventing Itself," in Dennis, op. cit., p. 37.
306. Jeanne Cummings, "Political Contributors Step Up to the Plate,"Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2004, p. A4.
307. Peter B. Kennerdell, Managing the Business-Employee PAC (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Council, 1992), pp. 8-9.
308. Jeanne Cummings, "Closing the Spigot: In New Law's Wake, Companies Slash Their Political Donations,"op. cit., p. A1.
309. Philip Lesly, "Why Economic Education Is Failing," Management Review, Vol. 65, October 1976, pp. 17-23.
310. Jean F. Grogan, "Using Partisan Communications to Aid a Candidate," in Kennerdell, op. cit., p. 165.
311. Amy Borrus, "On the Stump, Online," BusinessWeek, April 12, 1999, p. 123.
312. Ryan Lizza, "Campaign Journal: Dean.com," The New Republic, June 2, 2003, pp. 10-12.
313. Richard S. Dunham, "Commentary: Why the Dean Bubble Popped," BusinessWeek, February 16, 2004, p. 38.
314. Stephen Baker, "Click the Vote," BusinessWeek, March 29, 2004, p. 104.
315. Kevin McCoy, "Enron's Contributions Trail Reads Like a U.S. Road Map," USA Today, January 28, 2002, p. B1.
316. Carla Marinucci, "Group Tallies Enron's Contributions, Lobbying," San Francisco Chronicle, January 30, 2002, p. A10.
317. Joe Stephens, "Hard Money, Strong Arms and 'Matrix'; How Enron Dealt With Congress, Bureaucracy,"Washington Post, February 10, 2002, p. A1.
318. Albert R. Hunt, "Enron's One Good Return: Political Investments," Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2002, p. A19.
319. Michael Schroeder and Greg Hitt, "Accounting Industry Is Taken to Task," Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2002, p. A12.
320. "Arthur Andersen: The Enron Scandal's Other Big Donor," The Center for Responsive Politics; Greg Hitt, "Andersen Lobbyists Work to Ease Pressure of Probes, Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2002, p. A16.
321. "Lexington: Beware the K-Street Conservatives," The Economist, December 7, 2002, p. 36.
322. Arthur Levitt, "Arthur Levitt's Crusade," BusinessWeek, September 30, 2002, pp. 74-80.
323. Raymond P. Ewing recognizes this stage in "Issues Management: Managing Trends Through the Issues Life Cycle," in The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations & Integrated Communications, ed. Carke L. Caywood (New York: McGrawill, 1997), p. 183.
324. Mike France and Lorraine Woellert, "The Battle Over the Courts: How Politics, Ideology, and Special Interests Are Compromising the U.S. Justice System," BusinessWeek, September 27, 2004, p. 38.
325. Sheil Kaplan, "Justice for Sale," Common Cause Magazine, No. 13, May-June 1987, pp. 29-32.
326. John J. Fialka, "How Koch Industries Tries to Influence Judicial System," Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1999, p. 20.
327. Dan Carney, "Is the High Court Too High and Mighty? BusinessWeek, October 21, 2002, p. 26.
328. Edward Felsenthal, "Legal Beat: In Blockbuster Cases, Justices Rule for Restraint," Wall Street Journal, June 30, 1997, p. B1.
329. Mike France, "High Court Anxiety," BusinessWeek, July 7, 2003, pp. 28-31.
330. Christopher P. A. Komisarjevsky, "Trial by Media," Business Horizons,Vol. 26, January-February 1983, pp. 36-43.
331. Vanessa O'Connell and Gregory Zuckerman, "Altria Verdict UnleashesWorries," Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2003, pp. C1, C3.
332. Dan Carney, with Amy Borrus and Jay Greene, "Microsoft's All-Out Counterattack," BusinessWeek, May 15, 2000, p. 103.
333. Stanley Holmes, "New Ads to Bolster Microsoft Image: Software Giant Tries to Make Up for Lost Time on Lobbying Front," Ottawa Citizen, April 29, 2000, p. D3.
334. John Wilke, "Hard Drive: Negotiating All Night, Tenacious Microsoft Won Many Loopholes," Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2001, p. A-1.
335. John F. Budd, Jr., "Guilty-Until Proven Innocent: Litigation Journalism Tests Public Relations Acumen," Public Relations Quarterly, Vol. 39, Summer 1994, p. 12.
336. John Gibeaut, "Fear and Loathing in Corporate America: Big Business's Public Tribulations Have Led to Skeptical Juries, New Laws and In-House LawyersWorking to Tighten Compliance," ABA Journal, Vol. 89, January 2003, pp. 50-56.
337. Harlan Loeb, "Branding Possibilities Abound in the Litigation Process," PR Week, January 20, 2003, p. 8.
338. W. John Moore, "The Court of Public Opinion," National Journal, May 23, 1998, p. 1199.
339. Alan M. Dershowitz, "With Lawyers Like These ...," Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2004, p. A16.
340. Carrick Mollenkamp, "Scrushy Team to Argue Against Gag Order in HealthSouth Case," Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2004, p. C3.
341. Bloomberg News, "Scrushy, U.S. Will Restrict Comments About Trial," Los Angeles Trial, April 10, 2004, p. C3.
342. Betty Liu, "From High-Flier to Humble Churchgoer ...," Financial Times, May 18, 2004, p. 26.
343. Dirk C. Gibson, "Litigation Public Relations: Fundamental Assumptions," Public Relations Quarterly, Vol. 43, Spring 1998, p. 19.
344. Rick Wartzman and Kathleen A. Hughes, "Northrop's Image Ads, Televised on Trial's Eve, Spark U.S. Objection, But Appeals Court Lifts Ban," Wall Street Journal, February 20, 1990, p. A26.
345. William Fay, "The Case for Products Liability Reform," Risk Management, Vol. 39, July 1992, p. 26.
346. Mentioned in Lawrence Susskind and Patrick Field, Dealing With an Angry Public: The Mutual Gains Approach to Resolving Disputes (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 3.
347. See Fay, op. cit.; also Robert Kuttner, "Don't Make It Harder to Sue," Washington Post, June 24, 1994, p. A27.
348. Barbara Bowers, "The Next Big Risks," Best's Review-P/C, Vol. 99, May 1998, p. 36.
349. Peter H. Stone, "Trial Lawyers on Trial," National Journal, July 12, 2003, p. 2250.
350. William S. Stavroupoulos, "Tort Reform: Excessive Litigation by Trial Lawyers," Vital Speeches, Vol. 64, April 1, 1998, pp. 362-365.
351. Heidi Dawley, "And Now, Mad Plaintiff Disease," BusinessWeek, November 10, 1997, pp. 66, E16.
352. Bill Richards and Barry Meier, "Widening Horizons: Lawyers Lead Hunt for New Groups of Asbestos Victims,"Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1987, p. 1.
353. Mike France, "The Litigation Machine," BusinessWeek, January 29, 2001, pp. 115-123.
354. Richard B. Schmitt, "Thinning the Ranks: Diet-Pill Litigation Finds Courts Frowning on Mass Settlements," Wall Street Journal, January 8, 1998, p. A1.
355. Richard B. Schmitt, "Feeding Frenzy: Trial Lawyers Rush to Turn Diet-Pill Ills Into Money in the Bank," Wall Street Journal, October 24, 1997, p. A6.
356. Ken Silverstein, Washington on $10 Million a Day (Monroe, Me: Common Courage Press, 1998), p. 103.
357. Peter H. Stone, "Grass-Roots Group Rakes in the Green," National Journal, Vol. 27, March 11, 1995, p. 621.
358. Thomas B. Edwsull, "Unwise Product Liability Reform," Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1998, p. B6.
359. Jim VandeHei, "Bush's Cherished Tort-Reform Plans Survive Enron-Barely," Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2002, p. A20.
360. "Tort Reform: A Little Here, A Little There," BusinessWeek, January 20, 2003, p. 60.
361. Mike France, "How to Fix the Tort System," BusinessWeek, March 14, 2005, pp. 70-78.
362. Susanne Roschalb, "Does Television Belong in the Courtroom?" USA Today Magazine, November 1994, p. 69.
363. Richard B. Schmitt, "Witness Stand: Who Is an Expert? In Some Courtrooms, the Answer is 'Nobody,'"Wall Street Journal, June 17, 1997, p. A1.
364. Bruce Rubenstein, "Trend Toward Pre-trial Rejection of Evidence Emerges; The Junk Science Debate Sharpens," Corporate Legal Times, June 1998, p. 34.
365. David G. Savage, "High Court Limits 'Junk Science' Claims," Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1997, p. A29.
366. Joseph F. Sullivan, "In Lawsuits, How Much Should the Courts Keep Secret?," New York Times, March 3, 1991, p. E6.
367. Paul M. Barrett, "Silent Partners: When Lawyers See Fraud at a Company, What Must They Do?" Wall Street Journal, August 22, 1997, p. A1.
368. Elyse Tanoute, "Does Corporate Funding Influence Research?" Wall Street Journal, January 8, 1998, p. B1.
369. Harry W. O'Neill, "They Can't Subpoena What You Ain't Got," AAPOR News, Vol. 19, Winter 1992, p. 4.
370. Richard B. Schmitt, "Chrysler Bites Back at Class Action Lawyers," Wall Street Journal, March 27, 1996, p. B1.
371. Tim Bryant, "Chrysler Wins Case Against 2 Lawyers; Clayton Pair Must Pay Company $850,000, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 15, 1998, p. B2.
372. Otto Lerbinger, The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997).
373. Scott R. Bowman, The Modern Corporation and American Political Thought (University Park, Penna.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996), p. 276.
374. David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes (New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 237.
375. "Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism," Publishers Weekly, January 26, 1998, Vol. 245, No. 4, p. 82.
376. Sharon Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism (White River Junction, Vt.: Green Books & Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1997), p. 15.
377. John J. Fialka and Jeanne Cummings, "Energy Documents Show Different Levels of Access," Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2002, p. A4.
378. Robert S. Greenberger, "Court to Rule on Energy Task Force,"Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2003, p. A2.
379. "Cheney Energy Panel Wins Court Ruling," Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2005, p. A4.
380. See book review by Christopher Farrell, "A Nation Shaped in the Image of Big Business," BusinessWeek, April 30, 2001, p. 20.
381. Robert Weissman, "Insurrection: Taking on Corporate Power," a book review. Multinational Monitor, Vol. 25, January-February 2004, pp. 40-41.
382. "Special K: Why the Bush Administration Is Worse Than DiLulio Said," The New Republic, December 30, 2002, p. 16.
383. Richard S. Dunham, et al., "The Fallout for Bush and Congress," BusinessWeek, January 28, 2002, p. 43.
384. Carla Marinucci, "Group Tallies Enron's Contributions, Lobbying," San Francisco Chronicle, January 30, 2002, p. A10.
385. Albert R. Hunt, "Enron's One Good Return: Political Investments," Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2002, p. A19.
386. Rebecca Smith and Alexei Barrionuevo, "Dynergy Ex-Trader Is Indicted on Criminal-Fraud Charges," Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2003, p. A6.
387. Anita Raghavan, Kathryn Kranhold, and Alexei Barrionuevo, "Full Speed Ahead: How Enron Bosses Created a Culture of Pushing Limits," Wall Street Journal, August 26, 2002, p. A1.
388. Brad Foss, "The Year of the Corporate Scandal," Toronto Star, December 26, 2002, p. J02.
389. Kevin Phillips,Wealth and Democracy (New York: Broadway Books, 2002), p. 153.
390. Tom Hamburger and Jeanne Cummings, "Business Ties Now Bind Bush," Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2002, p. A4.
391. Richard W. Stevenson and Janet Elder, "Poll Finds Concerns That Bush Is Overly Influenced by Business," New York Times, July 18, 2002, p. A1.
392. Robert B. Reich, "Commentary; Perspective on Business; Democracy and Megacorporations May Be Mutually Exclusive." Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1998, p. B-9.
393. Paul M. Sherer, "The Lesson From Chrysler, Citicorp and Mobil: No Companies Nowadays Are Too Big to Merge,"Wall Street Journal, January 4, 1999, p. R8.
394. Martin Peers, Nick Wingfield, and Laura Landro, "Media Blitz: AOL, Time Warner Leap Borders to Plan a Mammoth Merger,"Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2000, p. A1.
395. Kirk Victor and Michael Posner, "Merger Mania: Federal Regulators and Lawmakers Are Struggling to Stay on Top of the Surge in Mergers," National Journal, Vol. 32, July 15, 2000, pp. 2280-2289.
396. Vernon A. Mund, Government and Business (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), p. 553.
397. DavidWessel and John Harwood, "Selling Entire Stock!: Capitalism Is Giddy With Triumph; Is It Possible to Overdo It?" Wall Street Journal, May 14, 1998, p. A10.
398. Rob Wells, "IRS to Begin Outsourcing Debt Collection," Wall Street Journal, November 24, 2004, p. D1.
399. "Private Security Firms in Iraq: Dangerous Work," Economist, April 10, 2004, pp. 22-23.
400. Spencer E. Ante and Stan Crock, "The Other U.S. Military," BusinessWeek, May 31, 2004, pp. 76-78.
401. Greg Jaffe, David S. Cloud, and Gary Fields, "Iraq Contractors Pose Problem," Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2004, p. A4.
402. Amy Keller, "After Victory, Reformers Start to Face Hard Times," Roll Call, January 27, 2003, Section: Welcome Congress.
403. See John J. Gialka, "Global Warming Treaty Is Sparking Differing Views From 2 Business Groups," Wall Street Journal, May 14, 1998, p. A8.
404. Greg Hitt, "Mercury Issue TakesWing,"Wall Street Journal, June 9, 2004, p. A4.
405. Jim Carlton, "Bush Administration Proposes Wider Overhaul of Forest Plan," Wall Street Journal, November 26, 2002, p. A6.
406. John Carey, "How Green Is the White House?" BusinessWeek, November 3, 2003, pp. 96-98.
407. John Carey, "Special Report: Global Warming," BusinessWeek, August 16, 2004, p. 62.
408. Tobias Huerter, "GE: Green and European," Technology Review, Vol. 107, September 2004, p. 24.
409. Jim Carlton, "U.S. Firms Are Getting 'Greener' But They Fail to Codify Practices," Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2002, p. B2.
410. Jeffrey Ball, "Rocky Road: After Long Detente, GM, Green Group Are at Odds Again," Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2002, p. A1.
411. John Carey, "GlobalWarming," BusinessWeek, August 16, 2004, pp. 60-69.
412. Aaron Bernstein, "Can This Man Save Labor?," BusinessWeek, September 13, 2004, p. 84.
413. Stated in a Wall Street Journal editorial, "State of the Unions," January 23, 2004, p. A14.
414. Joann Muller and David Welch, "Can the UAW Stay in the Game?" BusinessWeek, June 10, 2002, p. 78.
415. Thomas A. Kochan, "Building a New Social Contract atWork: A Call to Action," Perspectives on Work, Vol. 4, No.1, p. 3.
416. Robert L. Rose, "New AFL-CIO President Seeks to Revitalize Old Federation, Wall Street Journal, October 29, 1996, p. B1.
417. Glenn Burkins, "AFL-CIO Plans First Restructuring in 44 Years," Wall Street Journal, October 6, 1999, p. A2.
418. Robert L. Rose, "Love of Labor: Training the Newest Generation of AFL-CIO Organizers," Wall Street Journal, October 26, 1995, p. B1.
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423. Steven Greenhouse, "Labor's Labors Not Lost," New York Times, May 12, 1996, p. E4.
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426. Kathy Chen, "Bush Halts Union-Friendly Rules; Carpenters Sever AFL-CIO Link," Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2001, p. A24.
427. Tom Feran, "Big Business Raises the Price of Free Speech; PBS Looks at Effects of Consolidating Media Ownership," The Plain Dealer, June 8, 1999, p. 1E.
428. Tony Barber, "Berlusconi Under Attack for Media Power," Financial Times, April 23, 2004, Edition 2, p. 8.
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433. Patricia Aufderheide, Communications Policy and the Public Interest (New York: Guilford, 1999), p. 62.
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435. David Lieberman, "TV's New Look: All Business, All the Time," USA Today, January 14, 2000, pp. 1A, 2A.
436. William Safire, "The Great Media Gulp," New York Times, May 22, 2003, p. A-33.
437. Roland Marchand, Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1998). in W. Howard Chase, Issue Management: Origins of the Future (Stamford, Conn.: Issue Action Publications, Inc., 1984), pp. 36-37.
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443. An argument made by Orrin Baird, "Labor's Right to Speak Under Attack," Legal Times, May 18, 1998, p. S34.
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450. Eliza Newlin Carney, "The Soft-Money Battle Turns Bitter," National Journal, Vol. 34, July 6, 2002, pp. 2028-2029.
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452. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture," BusinessWeek, March 31, 2003, p. 16.
453. David Wessel, "Capital:When Standards Are Unacceptable,"Wall Street Journal, February 7, 2002, p. A1.
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455. David Henry, "Commentary: An End Run Around Accounting Reform," BusinessWeek, April 28, 2003, p. 85.
456. Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2003, p. A5.
457. See ad, "A mandate or a smart business practice," in Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2003, p. A15.
458. Kurt Eichenwald, "In String of Corporate Troubles, Critics Focus on Boards' Failings," New York Times, September 21, 2003, p. 1.
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460. Paula Dwyer, "Commentary: Why the Market Can't Police Itself," BusinessWeek, June 2, 2003, p. 84.
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462. Susanne Craig and Ianthe Jeanne Dugan, "NYSE Begins Its Huge Overhaul," Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2003, p. C11.
463. Scot J. Paltrow, "Concerns About SEC Chairman Mount,"Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2002, p. C1.
464. Michael Schroeder, "Regulator Under Fire: As Pitt Launches SEC Probe of Himself, Criticism Mounts,"Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2002, p. A1.
465. See a book excerpt, "Arthur Levitt's Crusade," BusinessWeek, September 30, 2002, p. 74.
466. Robert Kuttner, "Wake Up,Wall Street: Eliot Spitzer Is a Hero," BusinessWeek, May 19, 2003, p. 24.
467. John A. Byrne, "Restoring Trust in Corporate America," BusinessWeek, June 24, 2002, p. 31.
468. Ads in Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2002, p. A5, and July 9, 2002, p. A11.
469. Jerry Useem, "From Heroes to Goats and Back Again? How Corporate Leaders Lost Our Trust," Fortune, November 18, 2002, p. 48.
470. Seymour Trachimovsky, "Sarbanes Oxley and Canadian Counterparts: Any Prospects for Improved Corporate Ethics," Management Ethics, Fall 2003, pp. 1-3.
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483. Greg Ip, "Greenspan Issues Hopeful Outlook as Stocks Sink," Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2002, p. A1.
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501. "Principles for New Employment Relationships: The Collective Bargaining Forum," Perspectives on Work, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1999, p. 33.
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