Climate services for society: Origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 587-603

  Vaughan, Catherine ^a,b   Dessai, Suraje ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b Earth Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; DESIGN; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

CLIMATE INFORMATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE; EVALUATION FRAMEWORK; INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT; INTERNATIONAL SCALE; PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION; SERVICE DEVELOPMENT; WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DECISION MAKING; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; RESEARCH; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84906259409     PISSN: 17577780     EISSN: 17577799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcc.290     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Stern PC, Easterling WE. Making Climate Forecasts Matter. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1999, 192.
2. IPCC. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
3. IPCC. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007, 976.
4. Fleming G. Service delivery and public weather services-an overview. WMO Bull 2008, 57:208-212.
5. Dutton JA. Opportunities and priorities in a new era for weather and climate services. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2002:1303-1311.
6. National Research Council. Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.
7. Gupta S, Jain S, Kim J-S. Past climate, future perspective: an exploratory analysis using climate proxies and drought risk assessment to inform water resources management and policy in Maine, USA. J Environ 2011, 92:941-947.
8. Buizer J, Jacobs K, Cash D. Making short-term climate forecasts useful: linking science and action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900518107. Available at: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/01/18/0900518107. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
9. Hansen JW, Mason SJ, Sun L, Tall A. Review of seasonal climate forecasting for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Exp Agric 2011, 47:205-240.
10. Coelho CA, Costa SM. Challenges for integrating seasonal climate forecasts in user applications. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2010, 2:317-325.
11. Meza FJ, Hansen JW, Osgood D. Economic value of seasonal climate forecasts for agriculture: review of ex-ante assessments and recommendations for future research. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 2008, 47:1269-1286.
12. Ranger N, Hallegatte S, Bhattacharya S, Bachu M, Priya S, Dhore K, Rafique F, Mathur P, Naville N, Henriet F, et al. An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai. Clim Change 2010, 104:139-167.
13. Scott D, Lemieux C, Malone L. Climate services to support sustainable tourism and adaptation to climate change. Clim Res 2011, 47:111-122.
14. Srinivasan G, Rafisura K, Subbiah A. Climate information requirements for community-level risk management and adaptation. Clim Res 2011, 47:5-12.
15. Wilby RL, Troni J, Biot Y, Tedd L, Hewitson BC, Smith DM, Sutton RT. A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning. Int J Climatol 2009, 1215:1193-1215.
16. Street RB. Adapting to climate change: a challenge and an opportunity for development. WMO Bull 2007, 56:174-178.
17. Climate Services Partnership. Available at: www.climate-services.org. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
18. Nicklin S, Cornwell B, Witthaus M, Rowlands C, Griffiths J. Climate Exchange. Geneva: Tudor Rose Publications and World Meteorological Organization; 2012.
19. Hartmann HC, Pagano TC, Sorooshian S, Bales R. Confidence builders: evaluating seasonal climate forecasts from user perspectives. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2002, 83:683-698.
20. Lavers D, Luo L, Wood EF. A multiple model assessment of seasonal climate forecast skill for applications. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L23711.
21. Cash DW, Borck JC, Patt AC. Countering the loading-dock approach to linking science and decision making: comparative analysis of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasting systems. Sci Technol Hum Values 2006, 31:465-494.
22. Vedwan N, Broad K, Letson D, Ingram KT, Jones JW, Brien JJO. Assessment of climate information dissemination efforts by the Florida Climate Consortium; 2003. Available at: http://www.seclimate.org/pdfpubs/SECC05-001.pdf. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
23. World Meteorological Organization. Proceedings of the World Climate Conference: a conference of experts on climate and mankind, No. 537. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization; 1979.
24. Bruce JP. The World Climate Programme: achievements and challenges. In: Proceedings of Second World Climate Conference. World Meteorological Organization: Geneva; 1990.
25. World Climate Programme. Available at: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/index_en.html. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
26. Hecht AD. Meeting the challenge of climate service in the 1980s. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1984, 65:365-366.
27. Changnon SA, Lamb PA, Hubbard KG. Regional climate centers: new institutions for climate services and climate-impact research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1990, 71:527-538.
28. National Research Council. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.
29. Coughlan M, Walland D, Watkins A. A short history of climate services in Australia. Working paper; 2012.
30. History of Met Office Hadley Centre. Available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-change/resources/hadley. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
31. Busalacchi AJ, Asrar GR. World Climate Research Programme: achievements, activities and challenges. WMO Bull 2009, 58:151-161.
32. Cane MA, Zebiak SE, Dolan SC. Experimental forecasts of El Nino. Nature 1986, 321:827-832.
33. Agrawala S. Context and early origins of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Clim Change 1998, 39:605-620.
34. Final statement of the Second World Climate Conference. Environ Conserv 1991, 18:62-65.
35. Zillman JW. A history of climate activities. WMO Bull 2009, 58:141-150.
36. Finnish Meteorological Institute, International Research Institute for Climate & Society, World Meteorological Organization. Report of the WMO Conference on Living with Climate Variability and Change: Understanding the Uncertainties and Managing the Risks, Espoo, Finland 2006.
37. World Meteorological Organization. Secure and Sustainable Living: Social and Economic Benefits of Weather, Climate and Water Services. Geneva: WMO; 2007, 19-22.
38. World Climate Conference 3 High Level Declaration. Available at: http://www.wmo.int/wcc3/documents/WCC3_declaration_en.pdf. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
39. Troccoli A. Seasonal climate forecasting. Meteorol Appl 2010, 17:251-268.
40. Lynch P. The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling. J Comput Phys 2008, 227:3431-3444.
41. Edwards PN. History of climate modeling. WIRES Clim Change 2011, 2:128-139.
42. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
43. Goddard L, Aitchellouche YBW, Dettinger M, Graham R, Hayman P, Kadi M, Martínez R, Meinke H, Conrad E. Seasonal-to-interannual climate information for risk management and decision-making. Proc Environ Sci 2010, 1:81-101.
44. National Research Council. Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
45. Changnon D, Changnon S. Major growth in some business-related uses of climate information. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 2010, 49:325-331.
46. Hellmuth ME, Mason SJ, Vaughan C, van Aalst MK, Choularton R. A Better Climate for Disaster Risk Management. Palisades, NY: International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University; 2013.
47. Braman LM, van Aalst M, Mason SJ, Suarez P, Ait-Chellouche Y, Tall A. Climate forecasts in disaster management: Red Cross flood operations in West Africa, 2008. Disasters 2013, 37:144-164.
48. Goddard L, Hurrell JW, Kirtman BP, Murphy J, Stockdale T, Vera C. Two time scales for the price of one (almost). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2012, 93:621-629.
49. Cash DW, Buizer J. Knowledge-Action Systems for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Forecasting: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005.
50. Agrawala S, Broad K, Guston DH. Integrating climate forecasts and societal decision making: challenges to an emergent boundary organization. Sci Technol Hum Values 2001, 26:454-477.
51. Rayner S, Lach D, Ingram H. Weather forecasts are for wimps: why water resource managers do not use climate forecasts. Clim Change 2005, 69:197-227.
52. Changnon D. Improving outreach in atmospheric sciences: assessment of users of climate products. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2004, 85:601-606.
53. McNie EC. Reconciling the supply of scientific information with user demands: an analysis of the problem and review of the literature. Environ Sci Policy 2007, 10:17-38.
54. Orlove BS, Broad K, Petty AM. Factors that influence the use of climate forecasts: evidence from the 1997/98 El Niño event in Peru. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2004, 85:1735-1743.
55. Power SB, Plummer N, Alford P. Making climate model forecasts more useful. Aust J Agric Res 2007, 58:945-951.
56. Meinke H, Nelson R, Kokic P, Stone R, Selvaraju R. Actionable climate knowledge: from analysis to synthesis. Clim Res 2006, 33:101-110.
57. Dilling L, Lemos MC. Creating usable science: opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy. Glob Environ Chang 2011, 21:680-689.
58. National Research Council. A Climate Services Vision: First Steps toward the Future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.
59. Lemos MC, Kirchhoff CJ, Ramprasad V. Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat Clim Change 2012, 2:789-794.
60. Lövbrand E. Co-producing European climate science and policy: a cautionary note on the making of useful knowledge. Sci Public Policy 2011, 38:225-236.
61. Hegger D, Lamers M, Van Zeijl-Rozema A, Dieperink C. Conceptualising joint knowledge production in regional climate change adaptation projects: success conditions and levers for action. Environ Sci Policy 2012, 18:52-65.
62. WMO. Global Framework for Climate Services Implementation Plan. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization; 2012.
63. World Meteorological Organization. Building capacity around the world. WMO Bull 2010, 59:46-59.
64. Hewitt C, Mason S, Walland D. The global framework for climate services. Nat Clim Change 2012, 2:831-832.
65. IRI-IFRC Map Room: Forecasts in Context. Available at: http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/IFRC/FIC/index.html. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
66. Von Storch H, Meinke I, Stehr N, Ratter B, Krauss W, Pielke RA, Grundmann R, Reckermann M, Weisse R. Regional climate service. Z Umweltpolitick Umweltr 2011, 34:1-16.
67. Jasanoff S. Contested boundaries in policy-relevant science. Soc Stud Sci 1986, 17:195-230.
68. Guston DH. Boundary organizations in environmental policy and science: an introduction. Sci Technol Human Values 2001, 26:399-408.
69. Shafer MA. Climate literacy and a national climate service. Phys Geogr 2008, 29:561-574.
70. Cash DW, Clark WC, Alcock F, Dickson NM, Eckley N, Guston DH, Jäger J, Mitchell RB. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:8086-8091.
71. Medri S, Banos de Guisasola E, Gualdi S. Overview of the Main International Climate Services. Venice: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici; 2012, 108.
72. Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre. Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Guide. Den Haag: Red Cross Climate Centre; 2007, 73.
73. Perez F, de Stefano M, Disabato F, Vigna R. The ITHACA Early Warning System for drought monitoring: first prototype test for the 2010 Sahel crisis. Ital J Remote Sens 2012, 44:181-195.
74. Samimi C, Fink AH, Paeth H. The 2007 flood in the Sahel: causes, characteristics and its presentation in the media and FEWS NET. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 2012, 12:313-325.
75. Smyth I. Gender in climate change and disaster risk reduction. Dev Pract 2009, 19:799-802.
76. Urich PB, Quirog L, Granert WG. El Niño: an adaptive response to build social and ecological resilience. Dev Pract 2009, 19:766-776.
77. Meybeck A, Lankoski J, Redfern S, Azzu N, Gitz V, eds. Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agricultural Sector: Summary of Joint FAO/OECD Workshop. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organisation and the Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development; 2012.
78. International Research Institute for Climate and Society. Available at: www.iri.columbia.edu. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
79. Bellow J, Mokssit A, O'Brien J, Sebbari R. Building national and specialized climate services. In: Troccoli A, Harrison M, Anderson D, Mason SJ, eds. Seasonal Climate: Forecasting and Managing Risk. NATO Science Series. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Academic Publishers; 2007, 323-360.
80. Hunt JCR. Meteorology in society and practical developments. Q J R Meteorol Soc 2012, 139:561-572.
81. World Meteorological Organization. Guidelines on Frameworks for Climate Services at the National Level. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization; 2012.
82. Miles EL, Snover AK, Whitely Binder LC, Sarachik ES, Mote PW, Mantua N. An approach to designing a national climate service. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:19616-19623.
83. Australia National Climate Centre. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
84. Climate Change Centre Austria. Available at: http://ccca.boku.ac.at/?lang=en. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
85. Chinese National Climate Centre. Available at: http://www.cma.gov.cn/en/ClimateChange/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
86. FMI Climate Services Centre. Available at: http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/climate-service-centre. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
87. German Climate Service Center. Available at: www.climate-service-center.de/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
88. Deutsche Wetterdienst. Available at: http://www.dwd.de/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
89. Euro-Mediterrean Center for Climate Change. Available at: http://www.cmcc.it/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
90. KNMI Climate Services. Available at: http://www.knmi.nl/research/climate_services/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
91. UK Met Office Climate Service. Available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/climate-services. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
92. National Climate Prediction Center. Available at: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
93. Dinku T. The need for national centres for climate and development in Africa. Clim Dev 2010, 2:9-13.
94. Rogers DP, Thomson MC, Connor SJ, Dinku T, Johm KB, Shalaby HR, Ahmadu B, Niang A. Climate and environmental services for development. International Symposium on Public Weather Service a Key to Service Delivery, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
95. Kwok R. US considers a national climate service. Nature 2009. doi:10.1038/news.2009.108. Available at: http://www.nature.com/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
96. Visbeck M. From climate assessment to climate services. Nat Geosci 2008, 1:2-3.
97. DeGaetano AT, Brown TJ, Hilberg SD, Redmond K, Robbins K, Robinson P, Shulski M, McGuirk M. Toward regional climate services: the role of NOAA's regional climate centers. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2010, 91:1633-1644.
98. Redmond KT. A regional climate services core for the western United States: an organizational perspective. In Annual Meeting on American Geophysics Union, San Francisco; 2002, pp. 1-4.
99. Horsfall F, Hill H, Pulwarty R, Redmond K. NOAA Climate Cores: enhancing the national climate decision support capacity. In Annual Meeting on American Geophysics Union, San Francisco; 2004.
100. Regional Climate Centers. Available at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/regionalclimatecenters.html. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
101. Krauss W, Von Storch H. Post-normal practices between regional climate services and local knowledge. Nat Cult 2012, 7:213-230.
102. Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium. Available at: http://pacificclimate.org/about-pcic/fact-sheet. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
103. Martínez Guingla R, Mascarenhas A. Climate risk management in western South America: implementing a successful information system. WMO Bull 2009, 58:188-196.
104. Muñoz ÁG, Ruiz-Carrascal D, Ramírez P, León G, Quintana J, Bonilla A, Torres W, Pastén M, Sánchez O. Risk management at the Latin American Observatory. In: Banaitiene N, ed. Risk Management-Current Issues and Challenges. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2012, 533-556.
105. Ogallo L. The mainstreaming of climate change and variability information into planning and policy development for Africa. In Third World Climate Conference, Vol. 1, Geneva, Switzerland 2010, pp. 405-410.
106. Reckermann M, Langner J, Omstedt A, von Storch H, Keevallik S, Schneider B, Arheimer B, Meier HEM, Hunicke B. BALTEX-an interdisciplinary research network for the Baltic Sea region. Environ Res Lett 2011, 6:1-11.
107. North Sea Regional Climate Change Assessment. Available at: http://www.loicz.org/projects/documents/009998/index_0009998.html.en. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
108. Patt AG, Ogallo L, Hellmuth M. Learning from 10 years of Climate Outlook Forums in Africa. Science 2007, 318:49-50.
109. Ogallo L, Oludhe C. Climate information in decision-making in the Greater Horn of Africa: lessons and experiences. WMO Bull 2009, 58:184-187.
110. Berri GJ, Antico PL, Goddard L. Evaluation of the Climate Outlook Forums' seasonal precipitation forecasts of southeast South America during 1998-2002. Int J Climatol 2005, 25:365-377.
111. CSAG Climate Information Portal. Available at: http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/webclient/introduction. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
112. Everingham Y, Stoeckl N, Cusack J, Osborne J. Quantifying the benefits of a long-lead ENSO prediction model to enhance harvest management: a case study for the Herbert sugarcane growing region, Australia. Int J Climatol 2012, 32:1069-1076.
113. Everingham Y, Muchow R, Stone R, Inman-Bamber N, Singels A, Bezuidenhout C. Enhanced risk management and decision-making capability across the sugarcane industry value chain based on seasonal climate forecasts. Agric Syst 2002, 74:459-477.
114. Climate Impacts Group. Climate Impacts Research at the University of Washington, 1995-2005, Seattle, WA; 2000.
115. EUPORIAS. Available at: www.euporias.eu/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
116. SPECS. Available at: http://www.specs-fp7.eu/SPECS/Home.html. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
117. NACLIM. Available at: www.eu-thor.eu/NACLIM.1994.0.html. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
118. Hewitt C, Buontempo C, Newton P. Using climate predictions to better serve society's needs. EOS 2013, 94:105-107.
119. Agrawala S, Carraro M, Kingsmill N, Lanzi E, Prudent-Richard G. Private sector engagement in adaptation to climate change. OECD Environment Working Paper No. 39. Paris: OECD; 2011.
120. Paull CJ. The Value and Benefits of Using Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Making Business Decisions: A Review. Queensland: Queensland Government: Department of Primary Industries. Project Series QO02012; November 2002, p. 42.
121. García-Morales MB, Dubus L. Forecasting precipitation for hydroelectric power management: how to exploit GCM's seasonal ensemble forecasts. Int J Climatol 2007, 27:1691-1705.
122. Giger F, Vailhen O, Arrondel V. Innovations to meet the challenges faced by EDF power plants in France. VGB PowerTech 2007, 87:40-45.
123. e-dric.ch. Available at: http://e-dric.ch. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
124. Climate Risk Analysis Group. Available at: www.climate-risk-analysis.com. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
125. Predicitia. Available at: http://www.predictia.es/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
126. Climpact. Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climpact.com%2Fen&ei=fc7EUNnSG8qU0QWxoYCABw&usg=AFQjCNFE-t5h5NWNoXTDnRUAkfigGnMwA. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
127. Climate Corporation. Available at: http://www.climate.com/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
128. Prescient Weather. Available at: http://www.prescientweather.com/. (Accessed November 26, 2012).
129. Freebairn JW, Zillman JW. Economic benefits of meteorological services. Meteorol Appl 2002, 9:33-44.
130. Selvaraju R, Gommes R, Bernardi M. Climate science in support of sustainable agriculture and food security. Clim Res 2011, 47:95-110.
131. Pfaff A, Broad K, Glantz M. Who benefits from climate forecasts? Nature 1999, 397:645-646.
132. Patt A, Suarez P, Gwata C. Effects of seasonal climate forecasts and participatory workshops among subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:12623-12628.
133. McNie EC. Delivering climate services: organizational strategies and approaches for producing useful climate science information. Weather Clim Soc 2013, 5:14-26.
134. Millner A, Washington R. What determines the perceived value of seasonal climate forecasts? A theoretical analysis. Glob Environ Change 2011, 21:209-218.
135. Broad K, Agrawala S. The Ethiopia food crisis: uses and limits of climate forecasts. Science 2000, 289:1693-1984.
136. Vogel C, O'Brien K. Who can eat information? Examining the effectiveness of seasonal climate forecasts and regional climate-risk management strategies. Clim Res 2006, 33:111-122.
137. Peterson ND, Broad K, Orlove B, Roncoli C, Taddei R, Velez MA. Participatory processes and climate forecast use: socio-cultural context, discussions, and consensus. Clim Dev 2010, 2:14-29.
138. Archer ERM. Identifying underserved end-user groups in the provision of climate information. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2003, 84:1525-1532.
139. Broad K, Pfaff ASP, Glantz MH. Effective and equitable dissemination of seasonal-to-interannual climate forecasts: policy implications from the Peruvian fishery during El Niño. Clim Change 2002, 5:415-438.
140. Lemos MC, Dilling L. Equity in forecasting climate: can science save the world's poor? Sci Public Policy 2007, 34:109-116.
141. Slingo J, Palmer T. Uncertainty in weather and climate prediction. Philos Trans R Soc A 2011, 369:4751-4767.
142. Stockdale TN, Alves O, Boer G, Deque M, Ding Y, Kumar A, Kumar K, Landman W, Mason S, Nobre P, et al. Understanding and predicting seasonal-to-interannual climate variability: the producer perspective. Proc Environ Sci 2010, 1:55-80.
143. National Research Council. Completing the Forecast: Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty for Better Decisions Using Weather and Climate Forecasts. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006, 124.
144. Furman C, Roncoli C, Crane T, Hoogenboom G. Beyond the "fit": introducing climate forecasts among organic farmers in Georgia (United States). Clim Change 2011, 109:791-799.
145. Duerden F. Translating climate change impacts at the community level. Arctic 2004, 57:204-212.
146. Giorgi F, Jones C, Asrar GR. Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: the CORDEX framework. WMO Bull 2009, 58:175-183.
147. Livezey RE, Timofeyeva MM. The first decade of long-lead U.S. seasonal forecasts. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2008, 89:843-854.
148. Corringham TW, Westerling AL, Morehouse BJ. Exploring use of climate information in wildland fire management: a decision calendar study. J For 2008:71-77.
149. Harrison M, Williams JIMB. Communicating seasonal forecasts. In: Troccoli A, Harrison M, Anderson D, Mason SJ, eds. Seasonal Climate: Forecasting and Managing Risk. NATO Science Series IV: 82. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Academic Publishers; 2007, 299-322.
150. Bettencourt S. Making climate services more effective. WMO Bull 2011, 60:108-112.
151. World Meteorological Organization. Guide to Climatological Practices. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization; 2010, 180.
152. Lemos MC, Morehouse BJ. The co-production of science and policy in integrated climate assessments. Glob Environ Chang 2005, 15:57-68.
153. Katz RW, Murphy AH. Economic Value of Climate and Weather Forecasts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
154. Changnon SA. Economic impacts of climate conditions in the United States: past, present, and future. Clim Change 2005, 68:1-9.
155. Adams RM, Chen C, McCarl BA, Weiher RF. The economic consequences of ENSO events for agriculture. Clim Res 1999, 13:165-172.