Advances in the treatment of cervical rheumatoid: Less surgery and less morbidity

World Journal of Orthopedics

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 292-303

  Mallory, Grant W ^a   Halasz, Sasha R ^a   Clarke, Michelle J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Atlantoaxial instability; Cervical; Cranial settling; Morbidity; Rheumatoid arthritis; Subaxial subluxation; Surgery

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906075810     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22185836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i3.292     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Koopman WJ. Prospects for autoimmune disease: Research advances in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 2001; 285: 648-650 [PMID: 11176875 DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.5.648]
2. Silman AJ. Rheumatoid arthritis and infection: a population approach. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 707-710 [PMID: 2679449 DOI: 10.1136/ard.48.9.707]
3. Hansen SE. The recognition of rheumatoid arthritis in the eighteenth century. The contribution of Linné and Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages. Scand J Rheumatol 1993; 22: 178-182 [PMID: 8356410 DOI: 10.3109/03009749309099267]
4. Garrod AE. A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis. London: Griffin, 1890
5. Mathews JA. Atlanto-axial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. A 5-year follow-up study. Ann Rheum Dis 1974; 33: 526-531 [PMID: 4441130 DOI: 10.1136/ard.33.6.526]
6. Casey AT, Crockard HA, Bland JM, Stevens J, Moskovich R, Ransford A. Predictors of outcome in the quadriparetic nonambulatory myelopathic patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study of 55 surgically treated Ranawat class IIIb patients. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 574-581 [PMID: 8814158 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1996.85.4.0574]
7. Fujiwara K, Owaki H, Fujimoto M, Yonenobu K, Ochi T. A long-term follow-up study of cervical lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13: 519-526 [PMID: 11132984 DOI: 10.1097/00002517-200012000-00010]
8. Pellicci PM, Ranawat CS, Tsairis P, Bryan WJ. A prospective study of the progression of rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981; 63: 342-350 [PMID: 7204429]
9. Marks JS, Sharp J. Rheumatoid cervical myelopathy. Q J Med 1981; 50: 307-319 [PMID: 7330168]
10. Crockard HA, Essigman WK, Stevens JM, Pozo JL, Ransford AO, Kendall BE. Surgical treatment of cervical cord compression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 809-816 [PMID: 4083936 DOI: 10.1136/ard.44.12.809]
11. Boden SD. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Surgical decision making based on predictors of paralysis and recovery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19: 2275-2280 [PMID: 7846571]
12. Kaito T, Hosono N, Ohshima S, Ohwaki H, Takenaka S, Fujiwara H, Makino T, Yonenobu K. Effect of biological agents on cervical spine lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37: 1742-1746 [PMID: 22472805 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318256b584]
13. Kaito T, Ohshima S, Fujiwara H, Makino T, Yonenobu K. Predictors for the progression of cervical lesion in rheumatoid arthritis under the treatment of biological agents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38: 2258-2263 [PMID: 24150439 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000066]
14. Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, Liang MH, Kremers HM, Mayes MD, Merkel PA, Pillemer SR, Reveille JD, Stone JH. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 15-25 [PMID: 18163481 DOI: 10.1002/art.23177]
15. Cathcart ES, O'Sullivan JB. Rheumatoid arthritis in a New England town. A prevalence study in Sudbury, Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 1970; 282: 421-424 [PMID: 5412189 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197002192820804]
16. Sokka T, Kautiainen H, Pincus T, Verstappen SM, Aggarwal A, Alten R, Andersone D, Badsha H, Baecklund E, Belmonte M, Craig-Müller J, da Mota LM, Dimic A, Fathi NA, Ferraccioli G, Fukuda W, Géher P, Gogus F, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hamoud H, Haugeberg G, Henrohn D, Horslev-Petersen K, Ionescu R, Karateew D, Kuuse R, Laurindo IM, Lazovskis J, Luukkainen R, Mofti A, Murphy E, Nakajima A, Oyoo O, Pandya SC, Pohl C, Predeteanu D, Rexhepi M, Rexhepi S, Sharma B, Shono E, Sibilia J, Sierakowski S, Skopouli FN, Stropuviene S, Toloza S, Valter I, Woolf A, Yamanaka H. Work disability remains a major problem in rheumatoid arthritis in the 2000s: data from 32 countries in the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12: R42 [PMID: 20226018 DOI: 10.1186/ar2951]
17. Grassi W, De Angelis R, Lamanna G, Cervini C. The clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Radiol 1998; 27 Suppl 1: S18-S24 [PMID: 9652497 DOI: 10.1016/S0720-048X(98)00038-2]
18. Condemi JJ. The autoimmune diseases. JAMA 1992; 268: 2882-2892 [PMID: 1433704 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1992.0349020 0134015]
19. Helmers R, Galvin J, Hunninghake GW. Pulmonary manifestations associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Chest 1991; 100: 235-238 [PMID: 2060351 DOI: 10.1378/chest.100.1.235]
20. Hurd ER. Extraarticular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1979; 8: 151-176 [PMID: 370982 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.05.007]
21. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 37-1992. A 68-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 873-880 [PMID: 1508248 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199209173271209]
22. Young ID, Ford SE, Ford PM. The association of pulmonary hypertension with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 1266-1269 [PMID: 2810287]
23. Wiedemann HP, Matthay RA. Pulmonary manifestations of the collagen vascular diseases. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10: 677-722 [PMID: 2689071]
24. Brito-Zerón P, Akasbi M, Bosch X, Bové A, De-Lis PM, Diaz-Lagares C, Retamozo S, Gandía M, Pérez-Alvarez R, Soto-Cárdenas MJ, Sisó A, Valls-Solé J, Graus F, Ramos- Casals M. Classification and characterisation of peripheral neuropathies in 102 patients with primary Sjögren' s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013; 31: 103-110 [PMID: 23020902]
25. Zikou AK, Alamanos Y, Argyropoulou MI, Tsifetaki N, Tsampoulas C, Voulgari PV, Efremidis SC, Drosos AA. Radiological cervical spine involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross sectional study. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 801-806 [PMID: 15868612]
26. Heywood AW, Meyers OL. Rheumatoid arthritis of the thoracic and lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1986; 68: 362-368 [PMID: 3733796]
27. Kawaguchi Y, Matsuno H, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Kimura T. Radiologic findings of the lumbar spine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a review of pathologic mechanisms. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003; 16: 38-43 [PMID: 12571483 DOI: 10.1097/00024720-200302000-00007]
28. Balandraud N, Roudier J, Roudier C. Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3: 362-367 [PMID: 15288002 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2004.02.002]
29. Toussirot E, Roudier J. Epstein-Barr virus in autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22: 883-896 [PMID: 19028369 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.09.007]
30. Ollier W, Thomson W. Population genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992; 18: 741-759 [PMID: 1280845]
31. Lee DM, Weinblatt ME. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2001; 358: 903-911 [PMID: 11567728 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06075-5]
32. Koch AE. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2007; 36: 5-8 [PMID: 17694191 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1004965]
33. Firestein GS. Immunologic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2005; 11: S39-S44 [PMID: 16357749 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000166673.34461.33]
34. Müller-Ladner U, Pap T, Gay RE, Neidhart M, Gay S. Mechanisms of disease: the molecular and cellular basis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2005; 1: 102-110 [PMID: 16932639 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0047]
35. Ainola MM, Mandelin JA, Liljeström MP, Li TF, Hukkanen MV, Konttinen YT. Pannus invasion and cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis: involvement of MMP-3 and interleukin- 1beta. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23: 644-650 [PMID: 16173240]
36. Delamarter RB, Bohlman HH. Postmortem osseous and neuropathologic analysis of the rheumatoid cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19: 2267-2274 [PMID: 7846570 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199410150-00004]
37. Weissman BN, Aliabadi P, Weinfeld MS, Thomas WH, Sosman JL. Prognostic features of atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Radiology 1982; 144: 745-751 [PMID: 7111719 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.144.4.7111719]
38. Ball J, Sharp J. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Mod Trends Rheumatol 1971; 2: 117-138 [PMID: 5155317]
39. Sharp J, Purser DW, Lawrence JS. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine in the adult. Ann Rheum Dis 1958; 17: 303-313 [PMID: 13583915 DOI: 10.1136/ard.17.3.303]
40. Menezes AH AG. Acquired Abnormalities of the Craniocervical Junction. In: Youmans Neurological Surgery, Vol 3. 6th ed. Online Version. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2011: 289
41. Lorber A Pearson CM, Rene RM. Osteolytic vertebral lesions as a manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1961; 4: 514-532 [PMID: 14035951 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780040508]
42. Mohammad A, Lohan D, Bergin D, Mooney S, Newell J, O' Donnell M, Coughlan RJ, Carey JJ. The prevalence of vertebral fracture on vertebral fracture assessment imaging in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53: 821-827 [PMID: 24249032 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket353]
43. Neva MH, Häkkinen A, Mäkinen H, Hannonen P, Kauppi M, Sokka T. High prevalence of asymptomatic cervical spine subluxation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis waiting for orthopaedic surgery. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 884-888 [PMID: 16269427 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.042135]
44. Menezes AH, VanGilder JC, Clark CR, el-Khoury G. Odontoid upward migration in rheumatoid arthritis. An analysis of 45 patients with "cranial settling". J Neurosurg 1985; 63: 500-509 [PMID: 4032013 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1985.63.4.0500]
45. Gurley JP, Bell GR. The surgical management of patients with rheumatoid cervical spine disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 317-332 [PMID: 9156395 DOI: 10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70332-X]
46. Menezes AH. Rheumatological disorders. In: Menezes AH, Sonntag VKH, editors. Principles of Spinal Surgery, Vol 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996: 705-722
47. Sharp J, Purser DW. Spontaneous Atlanto-Axial Dislocation in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1961; 20: 47-77 [PMID: 18623858 DOI: 10.1136/ard.20.1.47]
48. Bell HS. Paralysis of both arms from injury of the upper portion of the pyramidal decussation: "cruciate paralysis". J Neurosurg 1970; 33: 376-380 [PMID: 5471927 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1970.33.4.0376]
49. Rana NA, Hancock DO, Taylor AR, Hill AG. Upward translocation of the dens in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1973; 55: 471-477 [PMID: 4729016]
50. Mikulowski P, Wollheim FA, Rotmil P, Olsen I. Sudden death in rheumatoid arthritis with atlanto-axial dislocation. Acta Med Scand 1975; 198: 445-451 [PMID: 1211212 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb19573.x]
51. Sunahara N, Matsunaga S, Mori T, Ijiri K, Sakou T. Clinical course of conservatively managed rheumatoid arthritis patients with myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997; 22: 2603-2607; discussion 2608 [PMID: 9399444 DOI: 10.1097/00 007632-199711150-00004]
52. Winfield J, Cooke D, Brook AS, Corbett M. A prospective study of the radiological changes in the cervical spine in early rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1981; 40: 109-114 [PMID: 7224682 DOI: 10.1136/ard.42.6.613]
53. Oda T, Fujiwara K, Yonenobu K, Azuma B, Ochi T. Natural course of cervical spine lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995; 20: 1128-1135 [PMID: 7638655 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199505150-00004]
54. Winfield J, Young A, Williams P, Corbett M. Prospective study of the radiological changes in hands, feet, and cervical spine in adult rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 613-618 [PMID: 6651365 DOI: 10.1136/ard.40.2.109]
55. Davis JM, Matteson EL. My treatment approach to rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 659-673 [PMID: 22766086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.03.011]
56. Mawatari T, Miura H, Hamai S, Shuto T, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Kinukawa N, Sakai S, Hoffmann PF, Iwamoto Y, Keaveny TM. Vertebral strength changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with alendronate, as assessed by finite element analysis of clinical computed tomography scans: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 3340-3349 [PMID: 18975334 DOI: 10.1002/art.23988]
57. Cha TD, An HS. Cervical spine manifestations in patients with inflammatory arthritides. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9: 423-432 [PMID: 23528639 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.40]
58. Paimela L, Laasonen L, Kankaanpää E, Leirisalo-Repo M. Progression of cervical spine changes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1280-1284 [PMID: 9228125]
59. Young A, Corbett M, Winfield J, Jaqueremada D, Williams P, Papasavvas G, Hay F, Roitt I. A prognostic index for erosive changes in the hands, feet, and cervical spines in early rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1988; 27: 94-101 [PMID: 3365542 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/27.2.94]
60. Alosh H, Parker SL, McGirt MJ, Gokaslan ZL, Witham TF, Bydon A, Wolinsky JP, Sciubba DM. Preoperative radiographic factors and surgeon experience are associated with cortical breach of C2 pedicle screws. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010; 23: 9-14 [PMID: 20068474 DOI: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e318194e746]
61. Zoli A, Priolo F, Galossi A, Altomonte L, Di Gregorio F, Cerase A, Mirone L, Magarò M. Craniocervical junction involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical and radiological study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1178-1182 [PMID: 10813284]
62. Stiskal MA, Neuhold A, Szolar DH, Saeed M, Czerny C, Leeb B, Smolen J, Czembirek H. Rheumatoid arthritis of the craniocervical region by MR imaging: detection and characterization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 585-592 [PMID: 7645475 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.3.7645475]
63. Yonezawa I, Okuda T, Won J, Sakoda J, Nakahara D, Nojiri H, Muto O, Momomura R, Kaneko K. Retrodental mass in rheumatoid arthritis. J Spinal Disord Tech 2013; 26: E65-E69 [PMID: 22688616 DOI: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3182621a05]
64. Grob D, Würsch R, Grauer W, Sturzenegger J, Dvorak J. Atlantoaxial fusion and retrodental pannus in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997; 22: 1580-1583; discussion 1584 [PMID: 9253092 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-19970715 0-00010]
65. Krauss WE, Bledsoe JM, Clarke MJ, Nottmeier EW, Pichelmann MA. Rheumatoid arthritis of the craniovertebral junction. Neurosurgery 2010; 66: 83-95 [PMID: 20173532 DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000365854.13997.B0]
66. Clark CR, Goetz DD, Menezes AH. Arthrodesis of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71: 381-392 [PMID: 2925711]
67. Heywood AW, Learmonth ID, Thomas M. Cervical spine instability in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1988; 70: 702-707 [PMID: 3192564]
68. Conaty JP, Mongan ES. Cervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981; 63: 1218-1227 [PMID: 7287792]
69. Papadopoulos SM, Dickman CA, Sonntag VK. Atlantoaxial stabilization in rheumatoid arthritis. J Neurosurg 1991; 74: 1-7 [PMID: 1984487 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1991.74.1.0001]
70. Oda T, Yonenobu K, Fujimura Y, Ishii Y, Nakahara S, Matsunaga S, Shimizu T, Matsumoto M. Diagnostic validity of space available for the spinal cord at C1 level for cervical myelopathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34: 1395-1398 [PMID: 19478659 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a2b486]
71. Boden SD, Dodge LD, Bohlman HH, Rechtine GR. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. A long-term analysis with predictors of paralysis and recovery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75: 1282-1297 [PMID: 8408150]
72. Kawaida H, Sakou T, Morizono Y, Yoshikuni N. Magnetic resonance imaging of upper cervical disorders in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989; 14: 1144-1148 [PMID: 2603048 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-198911000-00003]
73. Greenberg AD. Atlanto-axial dislocations. Brain 1968; 91: 655-684 [PMID: 5704829 DOI: 10.1093/brain/91.4.655]
74. Koehler PR, Haughton VM, Daniels DL, Williams AL, Yetkin Z, Charles HC, Shutts D. MR measurement of normal and pathologic brainstem diameters. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985; 6: 425-427 [PMID: 3923800]
75. Iizuka H, Iizuka Y, Kobayashi R, Nishinome M, Sorimachi Y, Takagishi K. The relationship between an intramedullary high signal intensity and the clinical outcome in atlanto-axial subluxation owing to rheumatoid arthritis. Spine J 2014; 14: 938-943 [PMID: 24239487 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.448]
76. Burry HC, Tweed JM, Robinson RG, Howes R. Lateral subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1978; 37: 525-528 [PMID: 749697 DOI: 10.1136/ard.37.6.525]
77. MCRAE DL, BARNUM AS. Occipitalization of the atlas. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1953; 70: 23-46 [PMID: 13058024]
78. Chamberlain WE. Basilar Impression (Platybasia): A Bizarre Developmental Anomaly of the Occipital Bone and Upper Cervical Spine with Striking and Misleading Neurologic Manifestations. Yale J Biol Med 1939; 11: 487-496 [PMID: 21433841]
79. Riew KD, Hilibrand AS, Palumbo MA, Sethi N, Bohlman HH. Diagnosing basilar invagination in the rheumatoid patient. The reliability of radiographic criteria. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83-A: 194-200 [PMID: 11216680]
80. Kawaida H, Sakou T, Morizono Y. Vertical settling in rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnostic value of the Ranawat and Redlund-Johnell methods. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; (239): 128-135 [PMID: 2912612 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-198902000-00013]
81. Redlund-Johnell I, Pettersson H. Radiographic measurements of the cranio-vertebral region. Designed for evaluation of abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1984; 25: 23-28 [PMID: 6731007]
82. White AA PM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990
83. Bundschuh C, Modic MT, Kearney F, Morris R, Deal C. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine: surface-coil MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 181-187 [PMID: 3259803 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.151.1.181]
84. Howe CR, Gardner GC, Kadel NJ. Perioperative medication management for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006; 14: 544-551 [PMID: 16959892]
85. Scanzello CR, Figgie MP, Nestor BJ, Goodman SM. Perioperative management of medications used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. HSS J 2006; 2: 141-147 [PMID: 18751827 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-006-9012-5]
86. Grennan DM, Gray J, Loudon J, Fear S. Methotrexate and early postoperative complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 214-217 [PMID: 11171680 DOI: 10.1136/ard.60.3.214]
87. Gerster JC, Bossy R, Dudler J. Bone non-union after osteotomy in patients treated with methotrexate. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2695-2697 [PMID: 10606386]
88. Giles JT, Bartlett SJ, Gelber AC, Nanda S, Fontaine K, Ruffing V, Bathon JM. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and risk of serious postoperative orthopedic infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 333-337 [PMID: 16583385 DOI: 10.1002/art.21841]
89. Crawford CH, Carreon LY, Djurasovic M, Glassman SD. Lumbar fusion outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Spine J 2008; 17: 822-825 [PMID: 18228051 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0610-4]
90. Inaoka M, Tada K, Yonenobu K. Problems of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for the rheumatoid spondylitis of the lumbar spine. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002; 122: 73-79 [PMID: 11880906 DOI: 10.1007/s004020100321]
91. Mitsuyama T, Kubota M, Yuzurihara M, Mizuno M, Hashimoto R, Ando R, Okada Y. The pitfalls in surgical management of lumbar canal stenosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53: 853-860 [PMID: 24140780 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa2012-0299]
92. Ravi B, Croxford R, Hollands S, Paterson JM, Bogoch E, Kreder H, Hawker GA. Increased risk of complications following total joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66: 254-263 [PMID: 24504797]
93. Stundner O, Chiu YL, Sun X, Goodman SM, Russell LA, Calloway JJ, MacKenzie CR, Mazumdar M, Memtsoudis SG. Perioperative outcomes in patients with rheumatoid versus osteoarthritis for total hip arthroplasty: a population-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013; 31: 889-895 [PMID: 24237847 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.05.008]
94. Baum J. Infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1971; 14: 135-137 [PMID: 5542366 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780140119]
95. Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 2287-2293 [PMID: 12355475 DOI: 10.1002/art.10524]
96. Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 2294-2300 [PMID: 12355476 DOI: 10.1002/art.10529]
97. Nannini C, Ryu JH, Matteson EL. Lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20: 340-346 [PMID: 18388528 DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f798ed]
98. Amital A, Shitrit D, Adir Y. The lung in rheumatoid arthritis. Presse Med 2011; 40: e31-e48 [PMID: 21196098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2010.11.003]
99. Rittmeister M, Patzel U, Kerschbaumer F. [The influence of rheumatoid and degenerative disease on hospital resources in the operative treatment of cervical spine instability]. Orthopade 2002; 31: 1123-1131 [PMID: 12486538 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-002-0400-3]
100. Miyamoto H, Sumi M, Uno K. Outcome of surgery for rheumatoid cervical spine at one institute over three decades. Spine J 2013; 13: 1477-1484 [PMID: 23830828 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.05.023]
101. Wolfs JF, Kloppenburg M, Fehlings MG, van Tulder MW, Boers M, Peul WC. Neurologic outcome of surgical and conservative treatment of rheumatoid cervical spine subluxation: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61: 1743-1752 [PMID: 19950322 DOI: 10.1002/art.25011]
102. Nakano KK, Schoene WC, Baker RA, Dawson DM. The cervical myelopathy associated with rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of patients, with 2 postmortem cases. Ann Neurol 1978; 3: 144-151 [PMID: 655664 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410030210]
103. Santavirta S, Slätis P, Kankaanpää U, Sandelin J, Laasonen E. Treatment of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70: 658-667 [PMID: 3392058]
104. Crockard HA. Surgical management of cervical rheumatoid problems. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995; 20: 2584-2590 [PMID: 8610256 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199512000-00022]
105. Lipson SJ. Cervical myelopathy and posterior atlanto-axial subluxation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67: 593-597 [PMID: 3980505]
106. Peppelman WC, Kraus DR, Donaldson WF, Agarwal A. Cervical spine surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: improvement of neurologic deficit after cervical spine fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993; 18: 2375-2379 [PMID: 8303435 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199312000-00001]
107. McAfee PC, Cassidy JR, Davis RF, North RB, Ducker TB. Fusion of the occiput to the upper cervical spine. A review of 37 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991; 16: S490-S494 [PMID: 1801259 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199110001-00007]
108. Foerster O. Die Leitungsbahnen des Schmerzgefuehls. Berlin, Urban und Schwarzenburg 1927; 266
109. Hamblen DL. Occipito-cervical fusion. Indications, technique and results. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1967; 49: 33-45 [PMID: 4960010]
110. Ransford AO, Crockard HA, Pozo JL, Thomas NP, Nelson IW. Craniocervical instability treated by contoured loop fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1986; 68: 173-177 [PMID: 3514627]
111. Flint GA, Hockley AD, McMillan JJ, Thompson AG. A new method of occipitocervical fusion using internal fixation. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 947-950 [PMID: 3437969 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-198712000-00032]
112. Grob D, Dvorak J, Panjabi MM, Antinnes JA. The role of plate and screw fixation in occipitocervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19: 2545-2551 [PMID: 7855679 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199411001-00009]
113. Grob D, Dvorak J, Panjabi M, Froehlich M, Hayek J. Posterior occipitocervical fusion. A preliminary report of a new technique. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991; 16: S17-S24 [PMID: 2028334 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199103001-00005]
114. Smith MD, Anderson P, Grady MS. Occipitocervical arthrodesis using contoured plate fixation. An early report on a versatile fixation technique. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993; 18: 1984-1990 [PMID: 8272947 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-19931000 1-00010]
115. Sasso RC, Jeanneret B, Fischer K, Magerl F. Occipitocervical fusion with posterior plate and screw instrumentation. A long-term follow-up study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19: 2364-2368 [PMID: 7846583 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-19941015 0-00021]
116. Huckell CB, Buchowski JM, Richardson WJ, Williams D, Kostuik JP. Functional outcome of plate fusions for disorders of the occipitocervical junction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999; (359): 136-145 [PMID: 10078136 DOI: 10.1097/0000308 6-199902000-00014]
117. Gallie WE. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Am J Surg 1939; 46: 495-499 [DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9610(39)90309-0]
118. Brooks AL, Jenkins EB. Atlanto-axial arthrodesis by the wedge compression method. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978; 60: 279-284 [PMID: 348703]
119. Wertheim SB, Bohlman HH. Occipitocervical fusion. Indications, technique, and long-term results in thirteen patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987; 69: 833-836 [PMID: 3597495]
120. Coyne TJ, Fehlings MG, Wallace MC, Bernstein M, Tator CH. C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion: long-term evaluation of results and efficacy. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 688-692; discussion 692-693 [PMID: 8559297 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199510 000-00012]
121. Chan DP, Ngian KS, Cohen L. Posterior upper cervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1992; 17: 268-272 [PMID: 1566162 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199203000-00004]
122. Magerl F, Seeman P. Stable posterior fusion of the atlas and axis by transarticular screw fixation. In: Kehr P, Weidner A, editors. Cervical Spine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986: 322-327
123. Grob D, Magerl F. [Surgical stabilization of C1 and C2 fractures]. Orthopade 1987; 16: 46-54 [PMID: 3574943]
124. Harms J, Melcher RP. Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26: 2467-2471 [PMID: 11707712 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-2001111 50-00014]
125. Goel A, Laheri V. Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 129: 47-53 [PMID: 7998495 DOI: 10.1007/BF01400872]
126. Yamazaki M, Okawa A, Furuya T, Sakuma T, Takahashi H, Kato K, Fujiyoshi T, Mannoji C, Takahashi K, Koda M. Anomalous vertebral arteries in the extra- and intraosseous regions of the craniovertebral junction visualized by 3-dimensional computed tomographic angiography: analysis of 100 consecutive surgical cases and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37: E1389-E1397 [PMID: 22825480 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31826a0c9f]
127. Sawin PD, Traynelis VC, Menezes AH. A comparative analysis of fusion rates and donor-site morbidity for autogeneic rib and iliac crest bone grafts in posterior cervical fusions. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 255-265 [PMID: 9452233 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.2.0255]
128. Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Boah A, Morsi A, Ma T, Frempong- Boadu A, Smith ML. Outcome comparison of atlantoaxial fusion with transarticular screws and screw-rod constructs: meta-analysis and review of literature. J Spinal Disord Tech 2014; 27: 11-28 [PMID: 23128387 DOI: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e318277da19]
129. Meyer B, Kuhlen D. Atlantoaxial fusion: transarticular screws versus screw-rod constructs. World Neurosurg 2013; 80: 516-517 [PMID: 23174153 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.11.008]
130. Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Boah A, Morsi A, Ma T, Smith ML, Frempong-Boadu A. Atlantoaxial fusion with screw-rod constructs: meta-analysis and review of literature. World Neurosurg 2014; 81: 411-421 [PMID: 22469526 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.013]
131. Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Boah A, Morsi A, Ma T, Frempong- Boadu A, Smith ML. Atlantoaxial fusion with transarticular screws: meta-analysis and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 2013; 80: 627-641 [PMID: 22469527 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.012]
132. Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Boah A, Smith ML, Frempong- Boadu A. Comparison of safety and stability of C-2 pars and pedicle screws for atlantoaxial fusion: meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 17: 577-593 [PMID: 23039110 DOI: 10.3171/2012.9.SPINE111021]
133. Tokuhashi Y, Ajiro Y, Oshima M, Umezawa N. C1-C2 intraarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial subluxation due to rheumatoid arthritis. Orthopedics 2009; 32: 172 [PMID: 19309061 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20090301-28]
134. Gorek J, Acaroglu E, Berven S, Yousef A, Puttlitz CM. Constructs incorporating intralaminar C2 screws provide rigid stability for atlantoaxial fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30: 1513-1518 [PMID: 15990665 DOI: 10.1097/01. brs.0000167827.84020.49]
135. Dmitriev AE, Lehman RA, Helgeson MD, Sasso RC, Kuhns C, Riew DK. Acute and long-term stability of atlantoaxial fixation methods: a biomechanical comparison of pars, pedicle, and intralaminar fixation in an intact and odontoid fracture model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34: 365-370 [PMID: 19214095 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181976aa9]
136. Lapsiwala SB, Anderson PA, Oza A, Resnick DK. Biomechanical comparison of four C1 to C2 rigid fixative techniques: anterior transarticular, posterior transarticular, C1 to C2 pedicle, and C1 to C2 intralaminar screws. Neurosurgery 2006; 58: 516-521; discussion 516-521 [PMID: 16528192 DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000197222.05299.31]
137. An HS, Gordin R, Renner K. Anatomic considerations for plate-screw fixation of the cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991; 16: S548-S551 [PMID: 1801270 DOI: DOI:]
138. Heller JG, Carlson GD, Abitbol JJ, Garfin SR. Anatomic comparison of the Roy-Camille and Magerl techniques for screw placement in the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991; 16: S552-S557 [PMID: 1801271 DOI: 10.1097/000 07632-199110001-00020]
139. Hostin RA, Wu C, Perra JH, Polly DW, Akesen B, Wroblewski JM. A biomechanical evaluation of three revision screw strategies for failed lateral mass fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33: 2415-2421 [PMID: 18923316 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818916e3]
140. 44th Annual Meeting. Council on Arteriosclerosis. Dallas, Texas, November 1990. Abstracts. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 751a-871a [PMID: 2403303]
141. Xu R, Haman SP, Ebraheim NA, Yeasting RA. The anatomic relation of lateral mass screws to the spinal nerves. A comparison of the Magerl, Anderson, and An techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999; 24: 2057-2061 [PMID: 10528384 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199910010-00016]
142. Van Gompel JJ, Morris JM, Kasperbauer JL, Graner DE, Krauss WE. Cystic deterioration of the C1-2 articulation: clinical implications and treatment outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 14: 437-443 [PMID: 21314283 DOI: 10.3171/2010.12. SPINE10302]
143. Gladi M, Iacoangeli M, Specchia N, Re M, Dobran M, Alvaro L, Moriconi E, Scerrati M. Endoscopic transnasal odontoid resection to decompress the bulbo-medullary junction: a reliable anterior minimally invasive technique without posterior fusion. Eur Spine J 2012; 21 Suppl 1: S55-S60 [PMID: 22398642 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2220-4]
144. Wu JC, Huang WC, Cheng H, Liang ML, Ho CY, Wong TT, Shih YH, Yen YS. Endoscopic transnasal transclival odontoidectomy: a new approach to decompression: technical case report. Neurosurgery 2008; 63: ONSE92-ONSE4; discussion ONSE94 [PMID: 18728615 DOI: 10.1227/01. neu.0000335020.06488.c8]
145. Frempong-Boadu AK, Faunce WA, Fessler RG. Endoscopically assisted transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the craniovertebral junction. Neurosurgery 2002; 51: S60-S66 [PMID: 12234431 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200211002-00009]
146. Iacoangeli M, Gladi M, Alvaro L, Di Rienzo A, Specchia N, Scerrati M. Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy with anterior C1 arch preservation in elderly patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Spine J 2013; 13: 542-548 [PMID: 23453575 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.01.043]
147. Gempt J, Lehmberg J, Grams AE, Berends L, Meyer B, Stoffel M. Endoscopic transnasal resection of the odontoid: case series and clinical course. Eur Spine J 2011; 20: 661-666 [PMID: 21125300 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1629-x]
148. Laufer I, Greenfield JP, Anand VK, Härtl R, Schwartz TH. Endonasal endoscopic resection of the odontoid process in a nonachondroplastic dwarf with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: feasibility of the approach and utility of the intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2008; 8: 376-380 [PMID: 18377323 DOI: 10.3171/SPI/2008/8/4/376]
149. Nayak JV, Gardner PA, Vescan AD, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Snyderman CH. Experience with the expanded endonasal approach for resection of the odontoid process in rheumatoid disease. Am J Rhinol 2007; 21: 601-606 [PMID: 17999797 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3089]
150. Kassam AB, Snyderman C, Gardner P, Carrau R, Spiro R. The expanded endonasal approach: a fully endoscopic transnasal approach and resection of the odontoid process: technical case report. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: E213; discussion E213 [PMID: 15987596 DOI: 10.1227/01. NEU.0000163687.64774.E4]
151. Gande A, Tormenti MJ, Koutourousiou M, Paluzzi A, Fernendez- Miranda JC, Snydermnan CH, Gardner PA. Intraoperative computed tomography guidance to confirm decompression following endoscopic endonasal approach for cervicomedullary compression. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2013; 74: 44-49 [PMID: 24436887 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329627]
152. Dasenbrock HH, Clarke MJ, Bydon A, Sciubba DM, Witham TF, Gokaslan ZL, Wolinsky JP. Endoscopic imageguided transcervical odontoidectomy: outcomes of 15 patients with basilar invagination. Neurosurgery 2012; 70: 351-359; discussion 351-359 [PMID: 21826033 DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318230e59a]
153. Schmitt-Sody M, KirchhoffC, Buhmann S, Metz P, Birkenmaier C, Troullier H, Jansson V, Veihelmann A. Timing of cervical spine stabilisation and outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Orthop 2008; 32: 511-516 [PMID: 17372732 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-007-0349-2]
154. Ranawat CS, O'Leary P, Pellicci P, Tsairis P, Marchisello P, Dorr L. Cervical spine fusion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979; 61: 1003-1010 [PMID: 489640]
155. Ronkainen A, Niskanen M, Auvinen A, Aalto J, Luosujärvi R. Cervical spine surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: longterm mortality and its determinants. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 517-522 [PMID: 16511921]
156. Agarwal AK, Peppelman WC, Kraus DR, Pollock BH, Stolzer BL, Eisenbeis CH, Donaldson WF. Recurrence of cervical spine instability in rheumatoid arthritis following previous fusion: can disease progression be prevented by early surgery? J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1364-1370 [PMID: 1433002]
157. Clarke MJ, Cohen-Gadol AA, Ebersold MJ, Cabanela ME. Long-term incidence of subaxial cervical spine instability following cervical arthrodesis surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Surg Neurol 2006; 66: 136-140; discussion 140 [PMID: 16876600 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2005.12.037]