Triaging the right patient to the right place in the shortest time

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 226-233

  Cameron, P A ^a,b,c   Gabbe, B J ^a,d   Smith, K ^a,e,f   Mitra, B ^a,b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c HAMAD MEDICAL CORPORATION   (Qatar)

^d SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e Blackburn North   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Triage; Wounds and injuries

Indexed keywords

AMBULANCE; APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDER; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; INJURY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

TRIAGE; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

HUMANS; RESUSCITATION; TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS; TRAUMA CENTERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIAGE; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 84905650685     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu231     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Cowley R. The resuscitation andstabilization ofmajormultiple trauma patients in a trauma centre environment. Clin Med 1976; 83: 16-22
2. Jurkovich GJ. Regionalized health care and the trauma system model. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215: 1-11
3. American College of Surgeons. Resources for optimal care of the injured patient, 2006. Available from www.facs.org/trauma/optimalcare.pdf (accessed December 2013)
4. Cameron PA, Finch CF, Gabbe BJ, Collins LJ, Smith KL, McNeil JJ. Developing Australia's first statewide trauma registry: what are the lessons? ANZ J Surg 2004; 74: 424-8 (Pubitemid 38887831)
5. Cameron PA, Gabbe BJ, Cooper DJ, Walker T, Judson R, McNeil J. A statewide system of trauma care in Victoria: effect on patient survival. Med J Aust 2008; 189: 546-50
6. MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 366-78 (Pubitemid 43145061)
7. Gabbe BJ, Simpson PM, Sutherland AM, et al. Improved functional outcomes for major trauma patients in a regionalized, inclusive trauma system. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 1009-15
8. American College of Emergency Physicians. Guidelines for trauma care systems. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1079-100
9. Clawson JJ, Martin RL, Hauert SA. Protocols vs. guidelines. Choosing a medical-dispatch program. Emerg Med Serv 1994; 23: 52-60
10. Taylor CB, CurtisK, JanS, NewcombeM.Helicopteremergencymedical services (HEMS) over-triage and the financial implications for major trauma centres in NSW, Australia. BMC Emerg Med 2013; 13: 11
11. ThomasSH, Biddinger PD. Helicopter traumatransport:an overview of recent outcomes and triage literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2003; 16: 153-8 (Pubitemid 36521169)
12. Johnsen AS, Fattah S, Sollid SJ, Rehn M. Impact of helicopter emergency medical services in major incidents: systematic literature review. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e003335
13. American Colle of Emergency Physicians. Guidelines for air medical dispatch: policy resource and education paper, 2006. Available from http://www.acep.org/uploadedFiles/ACEP/Practice-Resources/issues-by-category/ Emergency-Medical-Services/GuidelinesForAir MedDisp.pdf (accessed December 2013)
14. Ringburg AN, de Ronde G, Thomas SH, van Lieshout EM, Patka P, Schipper IB. Validity of helicopter emergency medical services dispatch criteria for traumatic injuries: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009; 13: 28-36
15. Wigman LD, van Lieshout EM, de Ronde G, Patka P, Schipper IB. Trauma-related dispatch criteria for Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Injury 2011; 42: 525-33
16. Trunkey DD. Trauma. Accidental and intentional injuries account for more years of life lost in the U.S. than cancer and heart disease. Among the prescribed remedies are improved preventive efforts, speedier surgery and further research. Sci Am 1983; 249: 28-35
17. Zalstein S, Danne P, Taylor D, et al. The Victorian major trauma transfer study. Injury 2010; 41: 102-9
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Field Triage Decision Scheme: The National Trauma Triage Protocol, 2006. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ fieldtriage/
19. Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA, Finch CF. Is the revised trauma score still useful? ANZ J Surg 2003; 73: 944-8 (Pubitemid 37500591)
20. Gormican SP. CRAMS scale: field triage of trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 11: 132-5 (Pubitemid 12117014)
21. Ornato J, Mlinek EJ Jr, Craren EJ, Nelson N. Ineffectiveness of the trauma score and the CRAMS scale for accurately triaging patients to trauma centers. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 1061-4 (Pubitemid 16201411)
22. Baker SP, O'Neill B, HaddonWJr, Long WB. The injury severity score: amethodfor describing patients with multiple injuriesandevaluating emergency care. J Trauma 1974; 14: 187-96
23. Mulholland SA, Gabbe BJ, Cameron P. Is paramedic judgement useful in prehospital trauma triage? Injury 2005; 36: 1298-305 (Pubitemid 41427208)
24. Mulholland SA, Cameron PA, Gabbe BJ, et al. Prehospital prediction of the severity of blunt anatomic injury. J Trauma 2008; 64: 754-60 (Pubitemid 351366905)
25. Cox S, Smith K, Currell A, Harriss L, Barger B, Cameron P. Differentiation of confirmed major trauma patients and potential major trauma patients using pre-hospital trauma triage criteria. Injury 2011; 42: 889-95
26. Cox S, Martin R, SomaiaP, SmithK. Thedevlopmentofadatamatching algorithm to define the 'case patient'. Aust Health Rev 2013; 37: 54-9
27. Sasser SM, Hunt RC, Faul M, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2011. MMWR Recomm Rep 2012; 61: 1-20
28. West JG, Trunkey DD, Lim RC. Systemsof traumacare.Astudyof two counties. Arch Surg 1979; 114: 455-60
29. Cohen MM, Fath JA, Chung RS, AmmonAA, Matthews J. Impact of a dedicated traumaserviceonthe qualityandcostof careprovidedto injured patients at an urban teaching hospital. J Trauma 1999; 46: 1114-9 (Pubitemid 29277575)
30. Liberman M, Mulder DS, Jurkovich GJ, Sampalis JS. The association between trauma system and trauma center components and outcome in a mature regionalized trauma system. Surgery 2005; 137: 647-58 (Pubitemid 40755422)
31. National Confidential Enquiry into patient outcome and death. Trauma: who cares? 2007. Available from http://www.ncepod.org. uk/2007t.htm (accessed December 2013)
32. Georgiou A, Lockey DJ. The performance and assessment of hospital trauma teams. Scand J Trauma, Resuscit Emerg Med 2010; 18: 66
33. LehmannR, BrountsL, LesperanceK, et al.Asimplified set of trauma triage criteria to safely reduce overtriage: a prospective study. Arch Surg 2009; 144: 853-8
34. Jenkins P, Kehoe A, Smith J. Is a two-tier trauma team activation system the most effective way to manage trauma in the UK? Trauma 2013; 15: 322-30
35. Fitzgerald M, Cameron P, Mackenzie C, et al. Trauma resuscitation errors and computer-assisted decision support. Arch Surg 2011; 146: 218-25
36. Mitra B, Rainer TH, Cameron PA. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sanguinis 2012; 102: 324-30
37. Mitra B, Cameron PA, Mori A, et al. Early prediction of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Resuscitation 2011; 82: 1208-13
38. Mitra B, O'Reilly G, Cameron PA, Zatta A, Gruen RL. Effectiveness of massive transfusion protocols on mortality in trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg 2013; 83: 918-23
39. Nunez TC, Young PP, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Creation, implementation, and maturation of a massive transfusion protocol for the exsanguinating trauma patient. J Trauma 2010; 68: 1498-505
40. Gabbe BJ, Cleland HJ, Cameron PA. Profile, transport and outcomes of severe burns patients within an inclusive, regionalized trauma system. ANZ J Surg 2011; 81: 725-30
41. Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, et al. Traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 465-70
42. Leis CC, Hernandez CC, Blanco MJ, Paterna PC, Hernandez Rde E, Torres EC. Traumatic cardiac arrest: should advanced life support be initiated? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74: 634-8
43. Lendrum RA, Lockey DJ. Trauma system development. Anaesthesia 2013; 68(Suppl. 1): 30-9
44. Lyons RA, Finch CF, McClureR, vanBeeck E, Macey S. The injury List of All Deficits (LOAD) framework-conceptualizing the full range of deficits and adverse outcomes following injury and violence. Int J Inj Cont Saf Promot 2010; 17: 145-59
45. Mackenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. The impact of traumacenter care on functional outcomes following major lower-limb trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am Vol 2008; 90: 101-9
46. Gabbe B, Lyons R, Fitzgerald M, Judson R, Richardson J, Cameron PA. Reduced population burden of road transport-related major trauma following introduction of an inclusive trauma system. Ann Surg Advance Access published on Jan 14, 2014, doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000522
47. Sleat GK, Ardolino AM, Willett KM. Outcome measures in major traumacare: a review of current international traumaregistry practice. Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 1008-12
48. Ardolino A, Sleat G, Willett K. Outcome measurements in major trauma-results of a consensus meeting. Injury 2012; 43: 1662-6
49. Willett KM. The future of traumacare in the UK. Br J Hosp Med 2009; 70: 612-3
50. Lyons RA, Jones KH, John G, et al. The SAIL databank: linking multiple health and social care datasets. BMC Med Infor Decis Mak 2009; 9: 3
51. Lyons R, Hutchings H, Rodgers S, et al. Development and use of a privacy-protecting total population record linkage system to support observational, interventional, and policy relevant research. Lancet 2012; 380: S6
52. Charash WE, Caputo MP, Clark H, et al. Telemedicine to a moving ambulance improves outcome after trauma in simulated patients. J Trauma 2011; 71: 49-54; discussion 5
53. Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Mulder PG, Rommes JH, Schieveld SJ, Bakker J. The prognostic value of blood lactate levels relative to that of vital signs in the pre-hospital setting: a pilot study. Crit Care 2008; 12: R160
54. Sherren PB, Burns B. Prehospital blood transfusion: 5-year experience of an Australian helicopter emergency medical service. Crit Care 2013; 17: 1-200
55. Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL, et al. Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 2000; 19: 140-3
56. Gruen RL, Reade MC. Administer tranexamic acid early to injured patients at risk of substantial bleeding. BMJ 2012; 345: e7133
57. Mitra B, Fitzgerald M, Chan J. The utility of a shock index./=1asan indication for pre-hospital oxygen carrier administration in major trauma. Injury 2014; 45: 61-5
58. Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, D'Amours SK. The RAPTOR: resuscitation with angiography, percutaneous techniques and operative repair. Transforming the discipline of trauma surgery. Can J Surg J Can de Chirurgie 2011; 54: E3-4
59. O'Reilly GM, Fitzgerald M, Dewan Y, Chou K, Mathew J, Peters N. The Alfred TraumaTeamTraining Programin India and Sri Lanka. Emerg Med Aust 2011; 23: 632-9