Western democracies in low intensity conflict: Some postmodern aspects

Democracies and Small Wars

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 2-19

  Kober, Avi ^a,b  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b BESA Center for Strategic Studies   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905550860     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203485422     Document Type: Chapter

References (50)

1. Avi Kober, 'Low-Intensity Conflicts: Why the Gap Between Theory and Practise?', Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 1 (March 2002), pp. 15-38.
2. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991). TABLE 1 WESTERN DEMOCRACIES (WDs) IN POST-MODERN LICs
3. Loren B.Thompson, 'Low-Intensity Conflict: An Overview', in Loren B.Thompson (ed.), Low-Intensity Conflict: The Pattern of Warfare in the Modern World (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1989), p. 1.
4. Benjamin Miller, 'The Concept of Security', Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 2001), pp. 13-42.
5. On WMDs as becoming the weapons of the weak, see Richard K.Betts, The New Threat of Mass Destruction', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jan./Feb. 1998), p. 27.
6. Larry Minear, Colin Scott and Thomas G.Weiss, The News Media, Civil War, and Humanitarian Action (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), p. 39.
7. Joseph Alpher (ed.), War by Choice (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 1985) [Hebrew], pp. 157-63.
8. Steven Metz, Armed Conflict in the 21st Century: The Information Revolution and Post-Modern Warfare (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, April 2000), p. 57.
9. For a discussion of this process see, for example, Charles C.Moskos,Towards a Postmodern Military?', in Moskos, Williams, and Segal (eds.), The Postmodern Military, pp. 14-31.
10. David Fastabend, The Categorization of Conflict', Parameters, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 75-87;
11. See Yehezkel Dror, 'Modern Technology as a Basis for a War Doctrine', paper presented at a conference on Technology and War, BESA Center for Strategic Studies, Jan. 27, 1998.
12. On transnational terrorism see, for example, Walter Enders and Todd Sandler, 'Is Transnational Terrorism Becoming More Threatening?', Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No.3 (June 2000), pp. 307-32;
13. Louise Richardson, 'Terrorists as Transnational Actors', Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 209-19.
14. Stephen P.Rosen, 'War and the Willingness to Suffer', in Bruce M.Russett (ed.), Peace, War and Numbers (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83.
15. James Kurth, 'The War and the West', Watch on the West (a newsletter of Foreign Policy Research Institute), Vol. 3, No. 2 (Feb. 2002).
16. Steven R.David, 'Democracy, Internal War and Israeli Society', in Stuart A.Cohen (ed.), Democratic Societies and Their Armed Forces (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000), p. 276.
17. On the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) see, for example, Eliot A.Cohen, 'A Revolution in Warfare', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 2 (March/April 1996), pp. 37-54.
18. See, respectively, Sun Tzu, The Art of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 77;
19. Liddell Hart, Strategy (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), p. 338.
20. See, for example, Andrew Rathmell, 'Strategic Information Warfare: Responding to the Threat', in Brassey's Defence Yearbook 1998 (London: Brassey's, 1998), pp. 310-24.
21. Dorothy E.Denning, 'Cyberterrorism', Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism Committee on Armed Services, US House of Representatives, May 23, 2000, http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html.
22. Reports to this effect were published a few years before September 11 by The New York Times. Thomas L.Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1999), p. 325.
23. Stefan Wray, 'Electronic Civil Disobedience and the World Wide Web of Hacktivism', http://www.nyu.edu/projects/wray/wwwhack.html.
24. Christopher Coker, Humane Warfare (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 17-18, 49.
25. For a study suggesting that the West would not tolerate extensive casualties for relatively unimportant objectives, see Eric V.Larson, Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for US Military Operations (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996).
26. Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
27. Eliot A.Cohen, Technology and Supreme Command', in Cohen (ed.), Democratic Societies and Their Armed Forces, pp. 96-7.
28. Bernard Boëne, Trends in the Political Control of Post-Cold War Armed Forces', in Cohen (ed.), Democratic Societies and Their Armed Forces, pp. 73-88;
29. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince and the Discourses (New York: The Modern Library, 1950), Book 3, ch. 9;
30. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: HarperPerennial, 1988), pp. 657-64.
31. See also, Dan Reiter and Allan C.Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 10-48.
32. Richard K.Betts, 'What Will It Take to Deter the United States?' Parameters, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Winter 1995-96), p. 76.
33. Andrew P.N.Erdmann, 'The US Presumption of Quick, Costless Wars', Orbis, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1999), pp. 363-81.
34. Steven R.David, 'Why the Third World Still Matters', International Security, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Winter 1992/93), pp. 142-4.
35. Edward N.Luttwak, 'Give War a Chance', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4 (July/Aug. 1999), p. 36.
36. David Fisher, The Ethics of Intervention', Survival, No. 36 (Spring 1994), pp. 51-9.
37. A similar stand had been presented by Walzer in the early 1980s. Michael Walzer, The Moral Standing of States', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 109-29.
38. Edward N.Luttwak, 'Where Are the Great Powers?', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4 (July/Aug. 1994), pp. 23-8;.
39. FM 100-5: Operations (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1993), 1-3.
40. Mordechai Gur, Chief of the General Staff, 1974-1978 (Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1998) [Hebrew], p. 404.
41. Zeev Schiff, 'Fighting Those Who Are Prepared to Die', Ha'aretz, March 5, 2002, p. B1.
42. James Taranto, The Wall Street Journal editorial page, April 10, 2002;
43. Arieh O'Sullivan, 'Soldiers' Deaths Won't Affect Defensive Shield', The Jerusalem Post, April 10, 2002.
44. Major D.B.Hall (United States Marine Corps), 'Rules of Engagement and Non-Lethal Weapons: A Deadly Combination?', www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1997/Hall.htm.
45. www.aish.com/jewishissues/middleeast/Israels_Humane_Army.asp.
46. www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Full_Text/Illusions_of_Restraint.
47. John Sutherland, 'No more Mr Scrupulous Guy', Guardian, Feb. 18, 2002 (internet edition).
48. See, for example, John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, 'Looking Ahead: Preparing for Information-Age Conflict', in John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (eds.), In Athena's Camp:Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997), pp. 461-2.
49. Joseph S.Nye and William A.Owen, 'America's Information Edge', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 2 (March/April 1996), pp. 20-22;
50. Joseph S.Nye, Bound to Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1990), p. 188.