Pediatric infectious endophthalmitis: A review

Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 140-153

  Khan, Sharaf ^a   Athwal, Lisa ^a   Zarbin, Marco ^a   Bhagat, Neelakshi ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISUAL SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIMETABOLITE; MITOMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; FUNGAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS; GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE IMPLANT; GLAUCOMA SURGERY; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS; PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STRABISMUS SURGERY; STREPTOCOCCUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; TRABECULECTOMY; VITRECTOMY; ADOLESCENT; BACTERIAL EYE INFECTION; CHILD; FUNGAL EYE INFECTION; INFANT; MICROBIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; EYE INFECTIONS, FUNGAL; HUMANS; INFANT;

EID: 84905463651     PISSN: 01913913     EISSN: 19382405     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20140507-01     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. Callanan D, Scott IU, Murray TG, Oxford KW, Bowman CB, Flynn HW Jr. Early onset endophthalmitis caused by Aspergillus species following cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:509-511.
2. Greenwald MJ, Wohl LG, Sell CH. Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis:a contemporary reappraisal. Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;31:81-101.
3. Weinstein GS, Mondino BJ, Weinberg RJ, Biglan AW. Endophthalmitis in a pediatric population. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:935-943.
4. Thordsen JE, Harris L, Hubbard GB III. Pediatric endophthalmitis:a 10-year consecutive series. Retina. 2008;28:S3-S7.
5. Sidoti PA, Belmonte SJ, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in the treatment of pediatric glaucomas. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:422-429.
6. Beck AD, Wilson WR, Lynch MG, Lynn MJ, Noe R. Trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C in pediatric glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:648-657.
7. Giampani J Jr, Borges-Giampani AS, Carani JC, Oltrogge EW, Susanna R Jr. Efficacy and safety of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for childhood glaucoma: a study of results with long-term follow-up. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008;63:421-426.
8. Lemley CA, Han DP. Endophthalmitis: a review of current evaluation and management. Retina. 2007;27:662-680.
9. Read RW. Endophthalmitis. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, Augsburger JJ, Azar DT, eds. Ophthalmology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:815-819.
10. Al-Rashaed SA, Abu El-Asrar AM. Exogenous endophthalmitis in pediatric age group. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2006;14:285-292.
11. Kresloff MS, Castellarin AA, Zarbin MA. Endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998;43:193-224.
12. Pflugfelder SC, Flynn HW Jr, Zwickey TA, et al. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:19-30.
13. Fine BS, Zimmerman LE. Exogenous intraocular fungus infections with particular reference to complications of intraocular surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1959;48:151-165.
14. Danis RP. Endophthalmitis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2002;15:243-248.
15. Domniz Y, Lawless M, Sutton GL, Rogers CM, Meagher LJ. Successful treatment of Paecilomyces lilacinus endophthalmitis after foreign body trauma to the cornea. Cornea. 2001;20:109-111.
16. Theodore FH. Etiology and diagnosis of fungal postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:327-340.
17. Narang S, Gupta A, Gupta V, et al. Fungal endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: clinical presentation, microbiological spectrum, and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:609-617.
18. Forster RK, Zachary IG, Cottingham AJ Jr, Norton EW. Further observations on the diagnosis cause, and treatment of endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:52-56.
19. Barza M, Pavan PR, Doft BH, et al. Evaluation of microbiological diagnostic techniques in postoperative endophthalmitis in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1142-1150.
20. Ariyasu RG, Kumar S, LaBree LD, Wagner DG, Smith RE. Microorganisms cultured from the anterior chamber of ruptured globes at the time of repair. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:181-188.
21. Talwar D, Kulkarni A, Azad R, et al. Intraocular ciprofloxacin levels after oral administration in silicone oil-filled eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:505-509.
22. Sugar AM. Agents of Mucormycosis and related species. In: Mandell B, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:2973-2984.
23. Abu el-Asrar AM, Al-Amro SA, Al-Mosallam AA, Al-Obeidan S. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis: causative organisms and visual outcome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999;9:21-31.
24. Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG, Allen PJ. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:547-550.
25. Chhabra S, Kunimoto DY, Kazi L, et al. Endophthalmitis after open globe injury: microbiologic spectrum and susceptibilities of isolates. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:852-854.
26. Fredrick DR. Endophthalmitis. In: Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:503-506.
27. Salman AG, Mansour DE, Radwan AA, Mansour LE. Polymerase chain reaction in pediatric post-traumatic fungal endophthalmitis among Egyptian children. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18:127-132.
28. Surachatkumtonekul T, Phamonvaechavan P, Kumpanardsanyakorn S, Wongpitoonpiya N, Nimmannit A. Scleral penetrations and perforations in strabismus surgery: incidence, risk factors and sequelae. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92:1463-1469.
29. Woodcock MG, Scott RA, Huntbach J, Kirkby GR. Mass and shape as factors in intraocular foreign body injuries. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2262-2269.
30. Narang AS, Ey J. The emerging role of pediatric hospitalists. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42:295-297.
31. Alfaro DV, Roth DB, Laughlin RM, Goyal M, Liggett PE. Paediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:888-891.
32. Good WV, Hing S, Irvine AR, Hoyt CS, Taylor DS. Postoperative endophthalmitis in children following cataract surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;27:283-285.
33. Wheeler DT, Stager DR, Weakley DR Jr. Endophthalmitis following pediatric intraocular surgery for congenital cataracts and congenital glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29:139-141.
34. Peyman GA, Carroll CP, Raichand M. Prevention and management of traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:320-324.
35. Microbiologic factors and visual outcome in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:830-846.
36. Al-Omran AM, Abboud EB, Abu El-Asrar AM. Microbiologic spectrum and visual outcome of posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Retina. 2007;27:236-242.
37. Novosad BD, Callegan MC. Severe bacterial endophthalmitis: towards improving clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2010;5:689-698.
38. Katosova LK. The features of Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and the comparative characteristics of strains isolated from healthy children and from patients with acute and chronic respiratory infections [article in Russian]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1994;Suppl 1:55-60.
39. Menikoff JA, Speaker MG, Marmor M, Raskin EM. A case-control study of risk factors for postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1761-1768.
40. Apt L, Isenberg S, Yoshimori R, Paez JH. Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery: III. Effect of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:728-729.
41. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1769-1775.
42. Tabbara KF. Late infections following filtering procedures. Ann Ophthalmol. 1976;8:1228-1231.
43. Wolner B, Liebmann JM, Sassani JW, Ritch R, Speaker M, Marmor M. Late bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1053-1060.
44. Mandelbaum S, Meisler DM. Postoperative chronic microbial endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1993;33:71-79.
45. Katz LJ, Cantor LB, Spaeth GL. Complications of surgery in glaucoma: early and late bacterial endophthalmitis following glaucoma filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:959-963.
46. Ing MR. Infection following strabismus surgery. J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1991;10:211-214.
47. Simon JW, Lininger LL, Scheraga JL. Recognized scleral perforation during eye muscle surgery: incidence and sequelae. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29:273-275.
48. Recchia FM, Baumal CR, Sivalingam A, Kleiner R, Duker JS, Vrabec TR. Endophthalmitis after pediatric strabismus surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:939-944.
49. McNeer K. Three complications of strabismus surgery. Ann Ophthalmol. 1975;7:441-446.
50. Salamon SM, Friberg TR, Luxenberg MN. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93:39-41.
51. Thomas JW, Hamill MB, Lambert HM. Streptococcus pneumoniae endophthalmitis following strabismus surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1170-1171.
52. Miller JJ, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE, Corey RP, Miller D. Endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:231-236.
53. Yoder DM, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D. Endophthalmitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:2023-2026.
54. Uniat LM, Olk RJ, Kenneally CZ, Windsor CE. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery with a good visual result. Ophthalmic Surg. 1988;19:42-43.
55. Kushner BJ, Meyers FL. Good visual outcome after endophthalmitis in an eye previously treated successfully for amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26:69-71.
56. Lenahan DS, Kutschke PJ, Scott WE. Endophthalmitis following pediatric strabismus surgery with good visual result. Am Orthopt J. 2004;54:152-154.
57. Noel LP, Bloom JN, Clarke WN, Bawazeer A. Retinal perforation in strabismus surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34:115-117.
58. Awad AH, Mullaney PB, Al-Hazmi A, et al. Recognized globe perforation during strabismus surgery: incidence, risk factors, and sequelae. J AAPOS. 2000;4:150-153.
59. Carothers TS, Coats DK, McCreery KM, et al. Quantification of incidental needle and suture contamination during strabismus surgery. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2003;18:75-79.
60. Olitsky SE, Vilardo M, Awner S, Reynolds JD. Needle sterility during strabismus surgery. J AAPOS. 1998;2:151-152.
61. Jalil A, Au L, Khan I, Ashworth J, Lloyd IC, Biswas S. Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy augmented with 5-fluorouracil in pediatric glaucoma. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2011;39:207-214.
62. Djodeyre MR, Peralta Calvo J, Abelairas Gomez J. Clinical evaluation and risk factors of time to failure of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant in pediatric patients. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:614-620.
63. Susanna R Jr, Oltrogge EW, Carani JC, Nicolela MT. Mitomycin as adjunct chemotherapy with trabeculectomy in congenital and developmental glaucomas. J Glaucoma. 1995;4:151-157.
64. Mandal AK, Walton DS, John T, Jayagandan A. Mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy in refractory congenital glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:996-1001.
65. Wells AP, Cordeiro MF, Bunce C, Khaw PT. Cystic bleb formation and related complications in limbus- versus fornix-based conjunctival flaps in pediatric and young adult trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:2192-2197.
66. Rodrigues AM, Júnior AP, Montezano FT, de Arruda Melo PA, Prata J Jr. Comparison between results of trabeculectomy in primary congenital glaucoma with and without the use of mitomycin C. J Glaucoma. 2004;13:228-232.
67. Freedman SF, McCormick K, Cox TA. Mitomycin C-augumented trabeculectomy with postoperative wound modulation in pediatric glaucoma. J AAPOS. 1999;3:117-124.
68. Gedde SJ, Scott IU, Tabandeh H, et al. Late endophthalmitis associated with glaucoma drainage implants. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1323-1327.
69. Al-Torbak AA, Al-Shahwan S, Al-Jadaan I, Al-Hommadi A, Edward DP. Endophthalmitis associated with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:454-458.
70. Ciulla TA, Beck AD, Topping TM, Baker AS. Blebitis, early endophthalmitis, and late endophthalmitis after glaucoma-filtering surgery. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:986-995.
71. Brown RH, Yang LH, Walker SD, Lynch MG, Martinez LA, Wilson LA. Treatment of bleb infection after glaucoma surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:57-61.
72. Higginbotham EJ, Stevens RK, Musch DC, et al. Bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:650-656.
73. Greenfield DS, Suñer IJ, Miller MP, Kangas TA, Palmberg PF, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis after filtering surgery with mitomycin. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:943-949.
74. Waheed S, Ritterband DC, Greenfield DS, Liebmann JM, Seedor JA, Ritch R. New patterns of infecting organisms in late bleb-related endophthalmitis: a ten year review. Eye (Lond). 1998;12:910-915.
75. Jampel HD, Pasquale LR, Dibernardo C. Hypotony maculopathy following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1049-1050.
76. Costa VP, Wilson RP, Moster MR, Schmidt CM, Gandham S. Hypotony maculopathy following the use of topical mitomycin C in glaucoma filtration surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1993;24:389-394.
77. Al-Turki TA, Al-Shahwan S, Al-Mezaine HS, Kangave D, Abu El-Asrar AM. Microbiology and visual outcome of bleb-associated endophthalmitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18:121-126.
78. Song A, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Budenz DL. Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:985-991.
79. Kuriyan AE, Weiss KD, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Endophthalmitis caused by streptococcal species. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:798-801.
80. Jacobs DJ, Leng T, Flynn HW Jr, Shi W, Miller D, Gedde SJ. Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: presentation and outcome by culture result. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:739-744.
81. Maalouf F, Abdulaal M, Hamam RN. Chronic postoperative endophthalmitis: a review of clinical characteristics, microbiology, treatment strategies, and outcomes. Int J Inflam. 2012;2012:313248.
82. Fox GM, Joondeph BC, Flynn HW Jr, Pflugfelder SC, Roussel TJ. Delayed-onset pseudophakic endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:163-173.
83. Al-Mezaine HS, Al-Assiri A, Al-Rajhi AA. Incidence, clinical features, causative organisms, and visual outcomes of delayed-onset pseudophakic endophthalmitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009;19:804-811.
84. Shirodkar AR, Pathengay A, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Delayed- versus acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:391-398.
85. Clark WL, Kaiser PK, Flynn HW Jr, Belfort A, Miller D, Meisler DM. Treatment strategies and visual acuity outcomes in chronic postoperative Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1665-1670.
86. Chihara E, Kubota H, Takanashi T, Nao-i N. Outcome of White pump shunt surgery for neovascular glaucoma in Asians. Ophthalmic Surg. 1992;23:666-671.
87. Perkins TW, Cardakli UF, Eisele JR, Kaufman PL, Heatley GA. Adjunctive mitomycin C in Molteno implant surgery. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:91-97.
88. Seah SK, Gazzard G, Aung T. Intermediate-term outcome of Baerveldt glaucoma implants in Asian eyes. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:888-894.
89. Morad Y, Donaldson CE, Kim YM, Abdolell M, Levin AV. The Ahmed drainage implant in the treatment of pediatric glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:821-829.
90. Zuo C, Chen C, Xing Y, Du L. Neovascular glaucoma in a patient with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2005;21:140-141.
91. Albis-Donado O, Gil-Carrasco F, Romero-Quijada R, Thomas R. Evaluation of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation through a needle-generated scleral tunnel in Mexican children with glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58:365-373.
92. Englert JA, Freedman SF, Cox TA. The Ahmed valve in refractory pediatric glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:34-42.
93. Kirwan C, O'Keefe M, Lanigan B, Mahmood U. Ahmed valve drainage implant surgery in the management of paediatric aphakic glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:855-858.
94. Ou Y, Yu F, Law SK, Coleman AL, Caprioli J. Outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in children with primary congenital glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1436-4141.
95. Nguyen QH, Budenz DL, Parrish RK II. Complications of Baerveldt glaucoma drainage implants. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:571-575.
96. Smith MF, Doyle JW, Sherwood MB. Comparison of the Baerveldt glaucoma implant with the double-plate Molteno drainage implant. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:444-447.
97. Law SK, Kalenak JW, Connor TB Jr, Pulido JS, Han DP, Mieler WF. Retinal complications after aqueous shunt surgical procedures for glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1473-1480.
98. Perkins TW. Endophthalmitis after placement of a Molteno implant. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:733-734.
99. Al-Torbaq AA, Edward DP. Delayed endophthalmitis in a child following an Ahmed glaucoma valve implant. J AAPOS. 2002;6:123-125.
100. Francis BA, DiLoreto DA Jr, Chong LP, Rao N. Late-onset bacteria endophthalmitis following glaucoma drainage implantation. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2003;34:128-130.
101. Chen PP, Palmberg PF. Needling revision of glaucoma drainage device filtering blebs. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1004-1010.
102. Trzcinka A, Soans FP, Archer SM, Moroi SE. Late-onset Haemophilus Influenzae endophthalmitis in an immunized child after Baerveldt implant. J AAPOS. 2008;12:412-414.
103. Ranganath A, Hashim A. Late-onset endophthalmitis secondary to exposed glaucoma tube implant in a rare case of paediatric glaucoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2011;2011:183647.
104. Gedde SJ, Scott IU, Tabandeh H, et al. Endophthalmitis after glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2007;47:109-115.
105. Munoz M, Tomey KF, Traverso C, Day SH, Senft SH. Clinical experience with the Molteno implant in advanced infantile glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;28:68-72.
106. Melamed S, Cahane M, Gutman I, Blumenthal M. Postoperative complications after Molteno implant surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:319-322.
107. Lloyd MA, Baerveldt G, Fellenbaum PS, et al. Intermediate-term results of a randomized clinical trial of the 350- versus the 500-mm2 Baerveldt implant. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1456-1463.
108. Krebs DB, Liebmann JM, Ritch R, Speaker M. Late infectious endophthalmitis from exposed glaucoma setons. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:174-175.
109. Kattan HM, Flynn HW Jr, Pflugfelder SC, Robertson C, Forster RK. Nosocomial endophthalmitis survey: current incidence of infection after intraocular surgery. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:227-238.
110. Packer M, Chang DF, Dewey SH, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of acute postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37:1699-1714.
111. Tassignon MJ, De Veuster I, Godts D, Kosec D, Van den Dooren K, Gobin L. Bag-in-the-lens intraocular lens implantation in the pediatric eye. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33:611-617.
112. Ahmadieh H, Javadi MA, Ahmady M. Primary capsulectomy, anterior vitrectomy, lensectomy, and posterior chamber lens implantation in children: limbal versus pars plana. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:768-775.
113. Zwaan J, Mullaney PB, Awad A, al-Mesfer S, Wheeler DT. Pediatric intraocular lens implantation: surgical results and complications in more than 300 patients. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:112-118.
114. Astle WF, Alewenah O, Ingram AD, Paszuk A. Surgical outcomes of primary foldable intraocular lens implantation in children: understanding posterior opacification and the absence of glaucoma. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:1216-1222.
115. Plager DA, Yang S, Neely D, Sprunger D, Sondhi N. Complications in the first year following cataract surgery with and without IOL in infants and older children. J AAPOS. 2002;6:9-14.
116. Kumar DA, Agarwal A, Prakash D, Prakash G, Jacob S, Agarwal A. Glued intrascleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:594-601.
117. Alexandrakis G, Peterseim MM, Wilson ME. Clinical outcomes of pars plana capsulotomy with anterior vitrectomy in pediatric cataract surgery. J AAPOS. 2002;6:163-167.
118. Faramarzi A, Javadi MA. Comparison of 2 techniques of intraocular lens implantation in pediatric cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:1040-1045.
119. Cassidy L, Rahi J, Nischal K, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor D. Outcome of lens aspiration and intraocular lens implantation in children aged 5 years and under. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:540-542.
120. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1479-1496.
121. Major JC Jr, Engelbert M, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D, Smiddy WE, Davis JL. Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis: antibiotic susceptibilities, methicillin resistance, and clinical outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:278-283.
122. Microbiologic factors and visual outcome in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:830-846.
123. Cowden JW. Penetrating keratoplasty in infants and children. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:324-328.
124. Erlich CM, Rootman DS, Morin JD. Corneal transplantation in infants, children and young adults: experience of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, 1979-88. Can J Ophthalmol. 1991;26:206-210.
125. Stulting RD, Sumers KD, Cavanagh HD, Waring GO III, Gammon JA. Penetrating keratoplasty in children. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1222-1230.
126. Wagoner MD, Al-Ghamdi AH, Al-Rajhi AA. Bacterial keratitis after primary pediatric penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:1045-1047.
127. Vanathi M, Panda A, Vengayil S, Chaudhuri Z, Dada T. Pediatric keratoplasty. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009;54:245-271.
128. Huang C, O'Hara M, Mannis MJ. Primary pediatric keratoplasty: indications and outcomes. Cornea. 2009;28:1003-1008.
129. Al-Torbak AA. Outcome of combined Ahmed glaucoma valve implant and penetrating keratoplasty in refractory congenital glaucoma with corneal opacity. Cornea. 2004;23:554-559.
130. Eifrig CW, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE, Newton J. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: incidence, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:799-802.
131. Cohen SM, Flynn HW Jr, Murray TG, Smiddy WE. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: the Postvitrectomy Endophthalmitis Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:705-712.
132. Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Dev S, et al. Endophthalmitis after 25-gauge and 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy: incidence and outcomes. Retina. 2008;28:138-142.
133. Sakamoto T, Enaida H, Kubota T, et al. Incidence of acute endophthalmitis after triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:137-138.
134. Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T, Mori R, Mizutani Y, Yuzawa M. Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20- and 25-gauge vitrectomy causes and prevention. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:2215-2220.
135. Parolini B, Romanelli F, Prigione G, Pertile G. Incidence of endophthalmitis in a large series of 23-gauge and 20-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:895-898.
136. Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Acar N. Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20-gauge vs 23-gauge vs 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249:377-380.
137. Kunimoto DY, Kaiser RS. Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20- and 25-gauge vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:2133-2137.
138. Wu L, Berrocal MH, Arévalo JF, et al. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group. Retina. 2011;31:673-678.
139. Chen JK, Khurana RN, Nguyen QD, Do DV. The incidence of endophthalmitis following transconjunctival sutureless 25- vs 20-gauge vitrectomy. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:780-784.
140. Aaberg TM Jr, Flynn HW Jr, Schiffman J, Newton J. Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis survey: a 10-year review of incidence and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1004-1010.
141. Wykoff CC, Parrott MB, Flynn HW Jr, Shi W, Miller D, Alfonso EC. Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis at a university teaching hospital (2002-2009). Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150:392-398.
142. Meier P. Combined anterior and posterior segment injuries in children: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:1207-1219.
143. Brophy M, Sinclair SA, Hostetler SG, Xiang H. Pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1263-e1271.
144. Serrano JC, Chalela P, Arias JD. Epidemiology of childhood ocular trauma in a northeastern Colombian region. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1439-1445.
145. Narang S, Gupta V, Simalandhi P, Gupta A, Raj S, Dogra MR. Paediatric open globe injuries: visual outcome and risk factors for endophthalmitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2004;52:29-34.
146. Scharf J, Zonis S. Perforating injuries of the eye in childhood. J Pediatric Ophthalmol. 1976;13:326-328.
147. Junejo SA, Ahmed M, Alam M. Endophthalmitis in paediatric penetrating ocular injuries in Hyderabad. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60:532-535.
148. Lee CH, Lee L, Kao LY, Lin KK, Yang ML. Prognostic indicators of open globe injuries in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27:530-535.
149. Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG, Allen PJ. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:2015-2022.
150. Thompson WS, Rubsamen PE, Flynn HW Jr, Schiffman J, Cous-ins SW. Endophthalmitis after penetrating trauma: risk factors and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1696-1701.
151. Boldt HC, Pulido JS, Blodi CF, Folk JC, Weingeist TA. Rural endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1722-1726.
152. Das T, Jalali S, Gothwal VK, Sharma S, Naduvilath TJ. Intravitreal dexamethasone in exogenous bacterial endophthalmitis:results of a prospective randomized study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1050-1055.
153. Bhagat N, Nagori S, Zarbin M. Post-traumatic infectious endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56:214-251.
154. Pieramici DJ, Sternberg P Jr, Aaberg TM Sr, et al. A system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye (globe): the Ocular Trauma Classification Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123:820-831.
155. Rostomian K, Thach AB, Isfahani A, Pakkar A, Pakkar R, Borchert M. Open globe injuries in children. J AAPOS. 1998;2:234-238.
156. Tok O, Tok L, Ozkaya D, Eraslan E, Ornek F, Bardak Y. Epidemiological characteristics and visual outcome after open globe injuries in children. J AAPOS. 2011;15:556-561.
157. Sternberg P Jr, de Juan E Jr, Michels RG, Auer C. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in penetrating ocular injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:467-472.
158. Pieramici DJ, MacCumber MW, Humayun MU, Marsh MJ, de Juan E Jr. Open-globe injury: update on types of injuries and visual results. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1798-1803.
159. Alfaro DV, Roth D, Liggett PE. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis:causative organisms, treatment, and prevention. Retina. 1994;14:206-211.
160. Thompson JT, Parver LM, Enger CL, Mieler WF, Liggett PE. Infectious endophthalmitis after penetrating injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies: National Eye Trauma System. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1468-1474.
161. Duch-Samper AM, Menezo JL, Hurtado-Sarrio M. Endophthalmitis following penetrating eye injuries. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1997;75:104-106.
162. Meredith TA. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:520-521.
163. Levitt JM, Stam J. Clostridium perfringens panophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970;84:227-228.
164. Abu el-Asrar AM, Tabbara KF. Clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis. Doc Ophthalmol. 1994;87:177-182.
165. Lieb DF, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D, Feuer WJ. Open globe injuries with positive intraocular cultures: factors influencing final visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1560-1566.
166. De Juan E Jr, Sternberg P Jr, Michels RG. Penetrating ocular injuries: types of injuries and visual results. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1318-1322.
167. Williams DF, Mieler WF, Abrams GW, Lewis H. Results and prognostic factors in penetrating ocular injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:911-916.
168. Kuhn F, Gini G. Ten years after...are findings of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study still relevant today? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:1197-1199.
169. Soheilian M, Rafati N, Mohebbi MR, et al. Prophylaxis of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial of intraocular antibiotic injection, report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:460-465.
170. Cebulla CM, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis after open globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:567-568.
171. Okada AA, Johnson RP, Liles WC, D'Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: report of a ten-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:832-838.
172. Garg SP, Talwar D, Verma LK. Metastatic endophthalmitis: a reappraisal. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991;23:74-78.
173. Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Al-Dhibi H, Khan AO. Pediatric endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: case report and review of the literature. J AAPOS. 2006;10:491-493.
174. Moshfeghi AA, Charalel RA, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM, Moshfeghi DM. Declining incidence of neonatal endophthalmitis in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:59-65.
175. Aziz HA, Berrocal AM, Sisk RA, et al. Intraocular infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:733-737.
176. Margo CE, Mames RN, Guy JR. Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis:report of two cases and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1298-1301.
177. Saiman L, Ludington E, Pfaller M, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit patients: the National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey study group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:319-324.
178. Saiman L, Ludington E, Dawson JD, et al. Risk factors for Candida species colonization of neonatal intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1119-1124.
179. Lopez Sastre JB, Coto Cotallo GD, Fernandez Colomer B. Neonatal invasive candidiasis: a prospective multicenter study of 118 cases. Am J Perinatol. 2003;20:153-163.
180. Leibovitz E, Iuster-Reicher A, Amitai M, Mogilner B. Systemic candidal infections associated with use of peripheral venous catheters in neonates: a 9-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:485-491.
181. Yancey MK, Duff P, Kubilis P, Clark P, Frentzen BH. Risk factors for neonatal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:188-194.
182. Chee SP, Jap A. Endogenous endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001;12:464-470.
183. Liu YC, Cheng DL, Lin CL. Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess associated with septic endophthalmitis. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:1913-1916.
184. O'Keefe M, Nolan L, Lanigan B, Murphy J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis in a preterm infant. J AAPOS. 2005;9:288-289.
185. Eifrig CW, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D. Endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1714-1717.
186. Kestelyn P, Bogaerts J, Lepage P. Multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium panophtalmia in an immunocompetent infant. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1986;66:83-85.
187. Suvarnamani C, Ku SW, Chan G, Farzavandi S, Yau KC. Salmonella endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma. Hong Kong Med J. 1995;1:319-321.
188. Appel I, Landman I, Savir H, Elian E. Endophthalmitis due to Salmonella enteritidis. J Pediatr. 1979;95:1001-1002.
189. Shohet I, Davidson S, Boichis H, Rubinstein E. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella typhimurium. Ann Ophthalmol. 1983;15:321-322.
190. Appel I, Landman I, Savir H, Elian E. Endophthalmitis due to Salmonella typhimurium. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1986;23:29-30.
191. Senft SH, Awad A, Batholomew L. Salmonella endophthalmitis in an infant with presumed retinopathy of prematurity. Eye (Lond). 1993;7:190-191.
192. Yu YS, Hwang SW, Lee HJ. Salmonella London endogenous endophthalmitis in a healthy infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:578.
193. Rachitskaya AV, Flynn HW, Davis JL. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by salmonella serotype B in an immunocompetent 12-year-old child. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012;130:802-804.
194. Sparks JR, FM Recchia, Weitkamp JH. Endogenous group B streptococcal endophthalmitis in a preterm infant. J Perinatol. 2007;27:392-394.
195. Berger BB. Endophthalmitis complicating neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;92:681-684.
196. Greene GR, Carroll WL, Morozumi PA, Ching FC. Endophthalmitis associated with group-B streptococcal meningitis in an infant. Am J Dis Child. 1979;133:752-753.
197. Wu Z, Uzcategui N, Chung M, Song J, Lim JI. Group B streptococcal endogenous endophthalmitis in a neonate. Retina. 2006;26:472-473.
198. McCourt EA, Hink EM, Durairaj VD, Oliver SC. Isolated group B streptococcal endogenous endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma or persistent fetal vasculature in a healthy full-term infant. J AAPOS. 2010;14:352-355.
199. Keswani T, Ahuja V, Changulani M. Evaluation of outcome of various treatment methods for endogenous endophthalmitis. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60:454-460.
200. Aydin M, Gürses N, Cetinkaya F, Albayrak D. Endophthalmitis in a young child with meningococcal meningitis. Turk J Pediatr. 1995;37:407-410.
201. Wong JS, Balakrishnan V. Neisseria meningitidis endogenous endophthalmitis: case report and literature review. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1999;36:145-152.
202. Figueiredo S, João A, Mateus M, Varandas R, Ferraz L. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a preterm infant: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:9304.
203. Wasserman BN, Sondhi N, Carr BL. Pseudomonas-induced bilateral endophthalmitis with corneal perforation in a neonate. J AAPOS. 1999;3:183-184.
204. Baley JE, Annable WL, Kliegman RM. Candida endophthalmitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr. 1981;98:458-461.
205. Essman TF, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997;28:185-194.
206. Hill HR, Mitchell TG, Matsen JM, Quie PG. Recovery from disseminated candidiasis in a premature neonate. Pediatrics. 1974;53:748-752.
207. Clinch TE, Duker JS, Eagle RC Jr, Calhoun JH, Augsburger JJ, Fischer DH. Infantile endogenous Candida endophthalmitis presenting as a cataract. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;34:107-112.
208. Khan FA, Slain D, Khakoo RA. Candida endophthalmitis: focus on current and future antifungal treatment options. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1711-1721.
209. Jackson TL, Eykyn SJ, Graham EM, Stanford MR. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: a 17-year prospective series and review of 267 reported cases. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48:403-423.
210. Smith SR, Kroll AJ, Lou PL, Ryan EA. Endogenous bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2007;47:173-183.
211. Callegan MC, Gilmore MS, Gregory M, et al. Bacterial endophthalmitis:therapeutic challenges and host-pathogen interactions. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2007;26:189-203.
212. Sunaric-Megevand G, Pournaras CJ. Current approach to postoperative endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:1006-1015.
213. Callegan MC, Engelbert M, Parke DW II, Jett BD, Gilmore MS. Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium- host interactions. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:111-124.
214. Irvine WD, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D, Pflugfelder SC. Endophthalmitis caused by gram-negative organisms. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1450-1454.
215. Peyman GA, Daun M. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:671-674.
216. Mamalis N, Kearsley L, Brinton E. Postoperative endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002;13:14-18.
217. Albrecht E, Richards JC, Pollock T, Cook C, Myers L. Adjunctive use of intravitreal dexamethasone in presumed bacterial endophthalmitis:a randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:1385-1388.
218. Gan IM, Ugahary LC, van Dissel JT, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone as adjuvant in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis:a prospective randomized trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:1200-1205.
219. Hall EF, Scott GR, Musch DC, Zacks DN. Adjunctive intravitreal dexamethasone in the treatment of acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2:139-145.
220. Flynn HW Jr, Scott IU. Legacy of the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:559-561.
221. Ghartey KN, Tolentino FI, Freeman HM, McMeel JW, Schepens CL, Aiello LM. Closed vitreous surgery. XVII. Results and complications of pars plana vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1248-1252.
222. Nelsen PT, Marcus DA, Bovino JA. Retinal detachment following endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1112-1117.
223. Mittra RA, Mieler WF. Controversies in the management of open-globe injuries involving the posterior segment. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;44:215-225.
224. Mieler WF, Mittra RA. The role and timing of pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1191-1192.
225. Chakrabarti A, Chatterjee SS, Shivaprakash MR. Overview of opportunistic fungal infections in India. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2008;49:165-172.
226. Riddell JT, Comer GM, Kauffman CA. Treatment of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: focus on new antifungal agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:648-653.
227. Gao H, Qiao X, Gao R, Mieler WF, McPherson AR, Holz ER. Intravitreal triamcinolone does not alter basal vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in rat retina. Vision Res. 2004;44:349-356.
228. Breit SM, Hariprasad SM, Mieler WF, Shah GK, Mills MD, Grand MG. Management of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis with voriconazole and caspofungin. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:135-140.
229. Bohigian GM, Olk RJ. Factors associated with a poor visual result in endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:332-341.
230. Nobe JR, Gomez DS, Liggett P, Smith RE, Robin JB. Post-traumatic and postoperative endophthalmitis: a comparison of visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71:614-617.
231. Cakir M, Cekiç O, Pekel G, Yilmaz OF. Pars plana vitrectomy results of exogenous endophthalmitis in children. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2010;20:424-428.
232. Doft BM, Kelsey SF, Wisniewski SR. Retinal detachment in the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1661-1665.
233. Affeldt JC, Flynn HW Jr, Forster RK, Mandelbaum S, Clarkson JG, Jarus GD. Microbial endophthalmitis resulting from ocular trauma. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:407-413.
234. Duch-Samper AM, Chaqués-Alepuz V, Menezo JL, Hurtado-Sarrió M. Endophthalmitis following open globe injury. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:111-114.
235. Ba'arah BT, Smiddy WE. Bleb-related endophthalmitis: clinical presentation, isolates, treatment and visual outcome of culture-proven cases. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2009;16:20-24.
236. Leng T, Miller D, Flynn HW Jr, Jacobs DJ, Gedde SJ. Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis (1996-2008): causative organisms and visual acuity outcomes. Retina. 2011;31:344-352.