Ethnic diversity and its effects on social cohesion

Annual Review of Sociology

Volumn 40, Issue , 2014, Pages 459-478

  Van Der Meer, Tom ^a   Tolsma, Jochem ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anomie; Constrict theory; Ethnic heterogeneity; Ethnic threat; Neighborhood effects; Social capital

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905272906     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043309     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Aizlewood A, Pendakur R. 2005. Ethnicity and social capital in Canada. Can. Ethn. Stud. 37:77-102
2. Alesina A, La Ferrara E. 2000. Participation in heterogeneous communities. Q. J. Econ. 115:847-904
3. Alesina A, La Ferrara E. 2002. Who trusts others? J. Public Econ. 85:207-34
4. Allport GW. 1954 (1979). The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Basic Books
5. Andrews R. 2009. Civic engagement, ethnic heterogeneity, and social capital in urban areas: evidence from England. Urban Aff. Rev. 44:428-40
6. Bailey N, Kearns A, Livingston M. 2012. Place attachment in deprived neighbourhoods: the impacts of population turnover and social mix. Hous. Stud. 27:208-31
7. Bécares L, Stafford M, Laurence J, Nazroo J. 2011. Composition, concentration and deprivation: exploring their association with social cohesion among different ethnic groups in the UK. Urban Stud. 48:2771-87
8. Blalock HM. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York:Wiley
9. Blumer H. 1958. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pac. Sociol. Rev. 1:3-7
10. Bobo L, Hutchings VL. 1996. Perceptions of racial group competition: extending Blumers theory of group position to a multiracial social context. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61:951-72
11. Bourdieu P. 1987. Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge
12. Chan J, To H-P, Chan E. 2006. Reconsidering social cohesion: developing a definition and analytical framework for empirical research. Soc. Indic. Res. 75:273-302
13. Cheong PH, Edwards R, Goulbourne H, Solomos J. 2007. Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: a critical review. Crit. Soc. Policy 27:24-49
14. Coleman J. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap
15. Costa DL, Kahn ME. 2003. Civic engagement and community heterogeneity: an economists perspective. Perspect. Polit. 1:103-11
16. Dincer OC. 2011. Ethnic diversity and trust. Contemp. Econ. Policy 29:284-93
17. Dinesen PT, Søderskov KM. 2012. Trust in a time of increasing diversity: on the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and social trust in Denmark from 1979 until today. Scand. Polit. Stud. 35:273-94
18. Dinesen PT, Søderskov KM. 2013. Ethnic diversity of the micro-context and generalized trust: evidence from Denmark. Work. Pap., first presented at 6th Eur. Consort. Polit. Res. (ECPR) Gen. Conf., Reykjavik, Iceland, Aug. 25-27, 2011
19. Fieldhouse E, Cutts D. 2010. Does diversity damage social capital? A comparative study of neighbourhood diversity and social capital in the US and Britain. Can. J. Polit. Sci. 43:289-318
20. Finney N, Jivraj S. 2013. Ethnic group population change and neighbourhood belonging. Urban Stud. 50:3323-41
21. Finseraas H, Jakobsson N. 2012. Trust and ethnic fractionalization: the importance of religion as a crosscutting dimension. Kyklos 65:327-39
22. Fischer CS. 2005. Bowling alone:Whats the scoré Soc. Netw. 27:155-67
23. Fotheringham AS, Wong DW. 1991. The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environ. Plan. A 23:1025-44
24. Gesthuizen M, Van der Meer T, Scheepers P. 2009. Ethnic diversity and social capital in Europe: tests of Putnams thesis in European countries. Scand. Polit. Stud. 32:121-42
25. Gijsberts M, Van der Meer T, Dagevos J. 2012. Hunkering down in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods? The effects of ethnic diversity on dimensions of social cohesion. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 28:527-37
26. Granovetter M. 1983. The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited. Sociol. Theory 1:201-33
27. Gustavsson M, Jordahl H. 2008. Inequality and trust in Sweden: some inequalities are more harmful than others. J. Public Econ. 92:348-65
28. Hagendoorn L. 2009. Ethnic diversity and the erosion of social capital? APSA Newsl. 20:12-14
29. Hallberg P, Lund J. 2005. The business of apocalypse: Robert Putnam and diversity. Race Class 46:53-67
30. Healy E. 2007. Ethnic diversity and social cohesion in Melbourne. People Place 15:49-64
31. Hero RE. 2003. Social capital and racial inequality in America. Perspect. Polit. 1:113-22
32. Hipp JR, Boessen A. 2013. Egohoods as waves washing across the city: a new measure of "neighborhoods. " Criminology 51:287-327
33. HoogheM. 2007. Social capital and diversity: generalized trust, social cohesion and regimes of diversity. Can. J. Polit. Sci. 40:709-32
34. Hooghe M, Reeskens T, Stolle D, Trappers A. 2009. Ethnic diversity and generalized trust in Europe: a cross-national multilevel study. Comp. Polit. Stud. 42:198-223
35. Hou F, Wu Z. 2009. Racial diversity, minority concentration, and trust in Canadian urban neighborhoods. Soc. Sci. Res. 38:693-716
36. Huijts T, Kraaykamp G, Scheepers P. 2014a. Ethnic diversity and informal intra-and inter-ethnic contacts with neighbors in the Netherlands: a comparison of natives and ethnic minorities. Acta Sociol. 57:41-57
37. Huijts T, Sluiter R, Scheepers P, Kraaykamp G. 2014b. Ethnic diversity and personal contacts at work and at school in the Netherlands: a comparison of natives and ethnic minorities. J. Int. Migr. Integr. 15:277-98
38. Johnston R, PoulsenM, Forrest J. 2007. The geography of ethnic residential segregation: a comparative study of five countries. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 97:713-38
39. Kesler C, Bloemraad I. 2010. Does immigration erode social capital? The conditional effects of immigration-generated diversity on trust, membership, and participation across 19 countries, 1981-2000. Can. J. Polit. Sci. 43:319-47
40. Knack S, Keefer P. 1997. Does social capital have an economic payoff ? A cross-country investigation. Q. J. Econ. 112:1251-88
41. Koopmans R, Veit S. 2013. Cooperation in ethnically diverse neighborhoods: a lost-letter experiment. Polit. Psychol. In press
42. Lancee B, Dronkers J. 2011. Ethnic, religious and economic diversity in Dutch neighbourhoods: Explaining quality of contact with neighbours, trust in the neighbourhood and inter-ethnic trust. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 37:597-618
43. Laurence J. 2011. The effect of ethnic diversity and community disadvantage on social cohesion: a multi-level analysis of social capital and interethnic relations in UK communities. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 27:70-89
44. Laurence J, Heath A. 2008. Predictors of Community Cohesion: Multi-Level Modelling of the 2005 Citizenship Survey. London: Dep. Commun. Local Gov.
45. Lazarsfeld PF, Merton RK. 1954. Friendship as a social process: a substantive and methodological analysis. Freedom Control Mod. Soc. 18:18-66
46. Lee T. 2008. Race, immigration, and the identity-to-politics link. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 11:457-78
47. Letki N. 2008. Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and race in British neighbourhoods. Polit. Stud. 56:99-126
48. Lewicki RJ, Bunker BB. 1996. Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, ed. RM Kramer, TR Tyler, pp. 114-39. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
49. Lupo G. 2010. Is immigration detrimental for social trust in the European Union? A three-level model of cultural heterogeneity and citizenship regime as social capital predictors. Int. J. Soc. Inq. 3:67-96
50. Macedo S. 1999. Diversity and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
51. Marschall MJ, Stolle D. 2004. Race and the city: neighborhood context and the development of generalized trust. Polit. Behav. 26:125-53
52. Martinović B. 2013. The inter-ethnic contacts of immigrants and natives in the Netherlands: a two-sided perspective. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 39:69-85
53. Massey DS, Denton NA. 1988. The dimensions of residential segregation. Soc. Forces 67:281-315
54. Massey DS, Denton NA. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
55. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. 2001. Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:415-44
56. Morales L, Echazarra A. 2013. Will we all hunker down? The impact of immigration and diversity on local communities in Spain. J. Elect. Public Opin. Parties 23:343-66
57. Pennant R. 2005. Diversity, trust and community participation in England. Findings 253, Home Off., Res. Dev. Stat. Dir., London
58. Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 90:751-83
59. Pettigrew TF, Wagner U, Christ O. 2010. Population ratios and prejudice: modelling both contact and threat effects. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 36:635-50
60. Phan MB. 2008. Were all in this together: context, contacts, and social trust in Canada. Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy 8:23-51
61. Pichler F, Wallace C. 2007. Patterns of formal and informal social capital in Europe. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 23:423-35
62. Portes A, Vickstrom E. 2011. Diversity, social capital, and cohesion. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 37:461-79
63. Putnam RD. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster
64. Putnam RD. 2007. E pluribus unum: diversity and community in the twenty-first century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scand. Polit. Stud. 30:137-74
65. Putnam RD, Leonardi R, Nanetti RY. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
66. Quillian L. 1995. Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: population composition and antiimmigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. Am. Sociol. Rev. 60:586-611
67. Quillian L. 1996. Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African-Americans. Am. J. Sociol. 102:816-60
68. Quillian L, Campbell ME. 2003. Beyond black and white: the present and future of multiracial friendship segregation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68:540-66
69. Reeskens T. 2010. Ethnic-cultural diversity, migrant integration policies and social cohesion in Europe: investigating the conditional effect of ethnic-cultural diversity on generalized trust. Presented at Migration: A World in Motion, Feb. 18-20, Maastricht, Neth.
70. Reeskens T, Hooghe M. 2009. Is local ethnic diversity harmful for social capital? A multilevel analysis of social capital in Belgian communities. Presented at Eur. Consort. Polit. Res. (ECPR) edition:5, Sept. 10-14, Potsdam, Ger.
71. Rothwell JT. 2012. The effects of racial segregation on trust and volunteering in US cities. Urban Stud. 49:2109-36
72. Sampson RJ, Groves WB. 1989. Community structure and crime: testing social-disorganization theory. Am. J. Sociol. 94:774-802
73. Savelkoul M, GesthuizenM, Scheepers P. 2011. Explaining relationships between ethnic diversity and informal social capital across European countries and regions: tests of constrict, conflict and contact theory. Soc. Sci. Res. 40:1091-107
74. Scheepers P, Gijsberts M, Coenders M. 2002. Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 18:17-34
75. Schlueter E, Scheepers P. 2010. The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: a theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat and intergroup contact theory. Soc. Sci. Res. 39:285-95
76. Schlueter E, Wagner U. 2008. Regional differences matter examining the dual influence of the regional size of the immigrant population on derogation of immigrants in Europe. Int. J. Comp. Sociol. 49:153-73
77. Schmid K, Al Ramiah A, Hewstone M. 2013. Diversity and its consequences for outgroup, ingroup, and neighborhood trust: indirect effects via intergroup contact and threat. Presented at Ethnic Diversity and Social Capital: Mechanism, Conditions and Causality, Soc. Sci. Res. Cent., May 24-25, Berlin
78. Seeman M. 1959. On the meaning of alienation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 24:783-91
79. Semyonov M, Raijman R, Tov AY, Schmidt P. 2004. Population size, perceived threat, and exclusion: a multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward foreigners in Germany. Soc. Sci. Res. 33:681-701
80. Shaw CR, McKay HD. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
81. Smith HP, Bohm RM. 2008. Beyond anomie: alienation and crime. Crit. Criminol. 16:1-15
82. StephanWG, Stephan CW. 2000. An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, ed. S Oskamp, pp. 23-45. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
83. Stolle D, Petermann S, Schmid K, Schönwälder K, Hewstone M, et al. 2013. Immigration-related diversity and trust in German cities: the role of intergroup contact. J. Elect. Public Opin. Parties 23:279-98
84. Tajfel H, Turner JC. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. WC Austin, SWorchel, pp. 33-47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole
85. Tolsma J, Van der Meer T, Gesthuizen M. 2009. The impact of neighbourhood and municipality characteristics on social cohesion in the Netherlands. Acta Polit. 44:286-313
86. Tolsma J, van Deurzen I, Stark TH, Veenstra R. 2013. Who is bullying whom in ethnically diverse primary schools? Exploring links between bullying, ethnicity, and ethnic diversity in Dutch primary schools. Soc. Netw. 35:51-61
87. Twigg L, Taylor J, Mohan J. 2010. Diversity or disadvantagé Putnam, Goodhart, ethnic heterogeneity, and collective efficacy. Environ. Plan. A 42:1421-38
88. Uslaner EM. 2011a. Contact, diversity, and segregation. SULCISWork. Pap. 2011:5, StockholmUniv. Linnaeus Cent. Integr. Stud., Stockholm, Swed.
89. Uslaner EM. 2011b. Trust, diversity, and segregation in the United States and the United Kingdom. Comp. Sociol. 10:221-47
90. Uslaner EM. 2012. Segregation and Mistrust: Diversity, Isolation, and Social Cohesion. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
91. Vervoort M, Flap H, Dagevos J. 2011. The ethnic composition of the neighbourhood and ethnic minorities social contacts: three unresolved issues. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 27:586-605
92. Wagner U, Christ O, Pettigrew TF, Stellmacher J, Wolf C. 2006. Prejudice and minority proportion: contact instead of threat effects. Soc. Psychol. Q. 69:380-90
93. Wallman Lundasen S, Wolleb D. 2013. Diversity and community trust in Swedish local communities. J. Elect. Public Opin. Parties 23:299-321
94. Zimdars A, Tampubolon G. 2012. Ethnic diversity and Europeans generalised trust: how inclusive immigration policy can aid a positive association. Sociol. Res. Online 17:15