An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Diagnostics and therapeutics

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 201, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 133-141

  Pedersen, Niels C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnostics; Feline enteric coronavirus; Feline infectious peritonitis; Feline infectious peritonitis virus; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

ACEMANNAN; ALBUMIN; ALPHA INTERFERON; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLLEUCYLLEUCYLLEUCINAL; BILIRUBIN; BORTEZOMIB; CHLOROQUINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; ENTECAVIR; EPOXOMICIN; GLOBULIN; IMMUNOSTIMULATING AGENT; NELFINAVIR; OROSOMUCOID; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RIBAVIRIN; TENOFOVIR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; AUTOPSY; BLOOD CELL COUNT; CORONAVIRUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ECHOGRAPHY; EFFUSION; EYE DISEASE; FECES ANALYSIS; FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; FERRET; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KITTEN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS SHEDDING; WILD ANIMAL; ANIMAL; CAT; FELIDAE; PHYSIOLOGY;

FELIDAE; FELINE CORONAVIRUS; FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS VIRUS; MUSTELA;

ANIMALS; CATS; CORONAVIRUS, FELINE; FELIDAE; FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; FERRETS;

EID: 84904766161     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: 15322971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.016     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Addie D., Belák S., Boucraut-Baralon C., Egberink H., Frymus T., Gruffydd-Jones T., Hartmann K., Hosie M.J., Lloret A., Lutz H., et al. Feline infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2009, 11:594-604.
2. Addie D.D., McDonald M., Audhuy S., Burr P., Hollins J., Kovacic R., Lutz H., Luxton Z., Mazar S., Meli M.L. Quarantine protects Falkland Islands (Malvinas) cats from feline coronavirus infection. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2012, 14:171-176.
3. Amer A., Siti Suri A., Abdul Rahman O., Mohd H.B., Faruku B., Saeed S., Tengku Azmi T.I. Isolation and molecular characterization of type I and type II feline coronavirus in Malaysia. Virology Journal 2012, 9:278.
4. An D.J., Jeoung H.Y., Jeong W., Park J.Y., Lee M.H., Park B.K. Prevalence of Korean cats with natural feline coronavirus infections. Virology Journal 2011, 8:455.
5. Bauer B.S., Kerr M.E., Sandmeyer L.S., Grahn B.H. Positive immunostaining for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in a Sphinx cat with cutaneous lesions and bilateral panuveitis. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2013, 16(Suppl. 1):160-163.
6. Can-Sahna K., Soydal Ataseven V., Pinar D., Oǧuzoǧlu T.C. The detection of feline coronaviruses in blood samples from cats by mRNA RT-PCR. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2007, 9:369-372.
7. Castro-Prieto A., Wachter B., Sommer S. Cheetah paradigm revisited: MHC diversity in the world's largest free-ranging population. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011, 28:1455-1468.
8. Ceciliani F., Grossi C., Giordano A., Pocacqua V., Paltrinieri S. Decreased sialylation of the acute phase protein α1-acid glycoprotein in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2004, 99:229-236.
9. Chang H.W., de Groot R.J., Egberink H.F., Rottier P.J. Feline infectious peritonitis: Insights into feline coronavirus pathobiogenesis and epidemiology based on genetic analysis of the viral 3c gene. The Journal of General Virology 2010, 91:415-420.
10. Chang H.W., Egberink H., Halpin R., Spiro D.J., Rottier P.J. Spike protein fusion peptide and feline coronavirus virulence. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2012, 18:1089-1095.
11. Court M.H., Greenblatt D.J. Molecular genetic basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation by cats: UGT1A6 is a pseudogene, and evidence for reduced diversity of expressed hepatic UGT1A isoforms. Pharmacogenetics 2000, 10:355-369.
12. Declercq J., De Bosschere H., Schwarzkopf I., Declercq L. Papular cutaneous lesions in a cat associated with feline infectious peritonitis. Veterinary Dermatology 2008, 19:255-258.
13. Drechsler Y., Alcaraz A., Bossong F.J., Collisson E.W., Diniz P.P. Feline coronavirus in multicat environments. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 2011, 41:1133-1169.
14. Dye C., Helps C.R., Siddell S.G. Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR for the quantification of FCoV shedding in the faeces of domestic cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2008, 10:167-174.
15. Fischer Y., Ritz S., Weber K., Sauter-Louis C., Hartmann K. Randomized, placebo controlled study of the effect of propentofylline on survival time and quality of life of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2011, 25:1270-1276.
16. Fischer Y., Sauter-Louis C., Hartmann K. Diagnostic accuracy of the Rivalta test for feline infectious peritonitis. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2012, 41:558-567.
17. Fischer Y., Weber K., Sauter-Louis C., Hartmann K. The Rivalta's test as a diagnostic variable in feline effusions - evaluation of optimum reaction and storage conditions. Tierärztliche Praxis 2013, 41:297-303.
18. Foley J.E., Poland A., Carlson J., Pedersen N.C. Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1997, 210:1313-1318.
19. Gaffney P.M., Kennedy M., Terio K., Gardner I., Lothamer C., Coleman K., Munson L. Detection of feline coronavirus in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) feces by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction in cheetahs with variable frequency of viral shedding. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 2012, 43:776-786.
20. Gamble D.A., Lobbiani A., Gramegna M., Moore L.E., Colucci G. Development of a nested PCR assay for detection of feline infectious peritonitis virus in clinical specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1997, 35:673-675.
21. Giori L., Giordano A., Giudice C., Grieco V., Paltrinieri S. Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 2011, 52:152-157.
22. Hartmann K., Ritz S. Treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2008, 123:172-175.
23. Hartmann K., Binder C., Hirschberger J., Cole D., Reinacher M., Schroo S., Frost J., Egberink H., Lutz H., Hermanns W. Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2003, 17:781-790.
24. Herrewegh A.A., de Groot R.J., Cepica A., Egberink H.F., Horzinek M.C., Rottier P.J. Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33:684-689.
25. Hornyák A., Bálint A., Farsang A. Subgenomic mRNA of feline coronavirus by real time polymerase chain reaction based on primer-probe energy transfer (P-sg-QPCR). Journal of Virological Methods 2012, 181:155-163.
26. Hseih L.E., Lin C.N., Su B.L., Jan T.R., Chen C.M., Wang C.H., Lin D.S., Lin C.T., Chueh L.L. Synergistic antiviral effect of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin and nelfinavir against feline coronavirus. Antiviral Research 2010, 88:25-30.
27. Ives E.J., Vanhaesebrouck A.E., Cian F. Immunocytochemical demonstration of feline infectious peritonitis virus within cerebrospinal fluid macrophages. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2013, 15:1149-1153.
28. Jeffery U., Deitz K., Hostetter S. Positive predictive value of albumin:globulin ratio for feline infectious peritonitis in a mid-western referral hospital population. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2012, 14:903-905.
29. Kennedy M.A., Abd-Eldaim M., Zika S.E., Mankin J.M., Kania S.A. Evaluation of antibodies against feline coronavirus 7b protein for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2008, 69:1179-1182.
30. Kim Y., Mandadapu S.R., Groutas W.C., Chang K.O. Potent inhibition of feline coronaviruses with peptidyl compounds targeting coronavirus 3C-like protease. Antiviral Research 2013, 97:161-168.
31. Kipar A., Meli M.L., Baptiste K.E., Bowker L.J., Lutz H. Sites of feline coronavirus persistence in healthy cats. The Journal of General Virology 2010, 91:1698-1707.
32. Legendre A.M., Bartges J.W. Effect of polyprenyl immunostimulant on the survival times of three cats with the dry form of feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2009, 11:624-626.
33. Lewis K.M., O'Brien R.T. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings associated with feline infectious peritonitis: A retrospective review of 16 cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2010, 46:152-160.
34. Li X., Scott F.W. Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Microbiology 1994, 42:65-77.
35. Licitra B.N., Millet J.K., Regan A.D., Hamilton B.S., Rinaldi V.D., Duhamel G.E., Whittaker G.R. Mutation in spike protein cleavage site and pathogenesis of feline coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2013, 19:1066-1073.
36. Litster A.L., Pogranichniy R., Lin T.L. Diagnostic utility of a direct immunofluorescence test to detect feline coronavirus antigen in macrophages in effusive feline infectious peritonitis. The Veterinary Journal 2013, 198:362-366.
37. Liu I.J., Tsai W.T., Hsieh L.E., Chueh L.L. Peptides corresponding to the predicted heptad repeat 2 domain of the feline coronavirus spike protein are potent inhibitors of viral infection. PLoS ONE 2013, 8. e82081.
38. Marioni-Henry K. Feline spinal cord diseases. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 2010, 40:1011-1028.
39. Meli M.L., Burr P., Decaro N., Graham E., Jarrett O., Lutz H., McDonald M., Addie D.D. Samples with high virus load cause a trend toward lower signal in feline coronavirus antibody tests. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2013, 15:295-299.
40. Michimae Y., Mikami S., Okimoto K., Toyosawa K., Matsumoto I., Kouchi M., Koujitani T., Inoue T., Seki T. The first case of feline infectious peritonitis-like pyogranuloma in a ferret infected by coronavirus in Japan. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 2010, 23:99-101.
41. Murray J., Kiupel M., Maes R.K. Ferret coronavirus-associated diseases. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice 2010, 13:543-560.
42. 1-acid glycoprotein for feline infectious peritonitis using the likelihood ratios approach. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2007, 19:266-272.
43. Paltrinieri S., Marchini I., Gelain M.E. Flow cytometric detection of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein on feline circulating leucocytes. Australian Veterinary Journal 2012, 90:291-296.
44. Pearks Wilkerson A.J., Teeling E.C., Troyer J.L., Kahila Bar-Gal G., Roelke M., Marker L., Pecon-Slattery J., O'Brien S.J. Coronavirus outbreak in cheetahs: Lessons for SARS. Current Biology 2004, 14:R227-R228.
45. Pedersen N.C. A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963-2008. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2009, 11:225-258.
46. Pedersen N.C., Black J.W. Attempted immunization of cats against feline infectious peritonitis, using avirulent live virus or sublethal amounts of virulent virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1983, 44:229-234.
47. Pedersen N.C., Sato R., Foley J.E., Poland A.M. Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2004, 6:83-88.
48. Pedersen N.C., Allen C.E., Lyons L.A. Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2008, 10:529-541.
49. Pedersen N.C., Liu H., Dodd K.A., Pesavento P.A. Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis. Viruses 2009, 1:166-184.
50. Pedersen N.C., Liu H., Scarlett J., Leutenegger C.M., Golovko L., Kennedy H., Kamal F.M. Feline infectious peritonitis: Role of the feline coronavirus 3c gene in intestinal tropism and pathogenicity based upon isolates from resident and adopted shelter cats. Virus Research 2012, 165:17-28.
51. Pfefferle S., Schöpf J., Kögl M., Friedel C.C., Müller M.A., Carbajo-Lozoya J., Stellberger T., von Dall'Armi E., Herzog P., Kallies S., et al. The SARS-coronavirus-host interactome: Identification of cyclophillins as target for pan- coronavirus inhibitors. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 10. e1002331.
52. Porter E., Tasker S., Day M.J., Harley R., Kipar A., Siddell S.G., Helps C.R. Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis. Veterinary Research 2014, 45:49. Epub ahead of print.
53. Provacia L.B., Smits S.L., Martina B.E., Raj V.S., Doel P.V., Amerongen G.V., Moorman-Roest H., Osterhaus A.D.M.E., Haagmans B.L. Enteric coronavirus in ferrets, The Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011, 17:1570-1571.
54. Raaben M., Posthuma C.C., Verheije M.H., Te Lintelo E.G., Kikkert M., Drijfhout J.W., Snijder E.J., Rottier P.J., de Haan C.A. The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays an important role during various stages of the coronavirus infection cycle. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:7869-7879.
55. Sabshin S.J., Levy J.K., Tupler T., Tucker S.J., Greiner E.C., Leutenegger C.M. Enteropathogens identified in cats entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2012, 241:331-337.
56. Schneider M., Ackermann K., Stuart M., Wex C., Protzer U., Schätzl H.M., Gilch S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication is severely impaired by MG132 due to proteasome-independent inhibition of M-calpain. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:10112-10122.
57. Sharif S., Arshad S.S., Hair-Bejo M., Omar A.R., Zeenathul N.A., Alazawy A. Diagnostic methods for feline coronavirus: A review. Veterinary Medicine International 2010, 2010. pii: 809480.
58. Simons F.A., Vennema H., Rofina J.E., Pol J.M., Horzinek M.C., Rottier P.J., Egberink H.F. A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Virological Methods 2005, 124:111-116.
59. Soma T., Wada M., Taharaguchi S., Tajima T. Detection of ascitic feline coronavirus RNA from clinically suspected cats of feline infectious peritonitis. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2013, 75:1389-1392.
60. Stephenson N., Swift P., Moeller R.B., Worth S.J., Foley J. Feline infectious peritonitis in a mountain lion (Puma concolor), California, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2013, 49:408-412.
61. Takano T., Ishihara Y., Matsuoka M., Yokota S., Matsuoka-Kobayashi Y., Doki T., Hohdatsu T. Use of recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for serological diagnosis of feline coronavirus infection by three immunochromatographic tests. Journal of Virological Methods 2013, 196:1-6.
62. Takano T., Katoh Y., Doki T., Hohdatsu T. Effect of chloroquine on feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Research 2013, 99:100-107.
63. Tanaka Y., Sato Y., Sasaki T. Suppression of coronavirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors. Viruses 2013, 5:1250-1260.
64. Taylor S.S., Tappin S.W., Dodkin S.J., Papasouliotis K., Casamian-Sorrosal D., Tasker S. Serum protein electrophoresis in 155 cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2010, 12:643-653.
65. Terada Y., Minami S., Noguchi K., Mahmoud H.Y., Shimoda H., Mochizuki M., Une Y., Maeda K. Genetic characterization of coronaviruses from domestic ferrets, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2014, 20:284-287.
66. Vogel L., Van der Lubben M., Te Lintelo E.G., Bekker C.P.J., Geerts T., Schuijff L.S., Grinwis G.C.M., Egberink H.F., Rottier P.J.M. Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats. Veterinary Research 2010, 41:71.
67. Wang Y.T., Su B.L., Hsieh L.E., Chueh L.L. An outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis in a Taiwanese shelter: Epidemiologic and molecular evidence for horizontal transmission of a novel type II feline coronavirus. Veterinary Research 2013, 44:57.
68. Wiggans K.T., Vernau W., Lappin M.R., Thomasy S.M., Maggs D.J. Diagnostic utility of aqueocentesis and aqueous humor analysis in dogs and cats with anterior uveitis. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2013, 17:212-220.
69. Wise A.G., Kiupel M., Garner M.M., Clark A.K., Maes R.K. Comparative sequence analysis of the distal one-third of the genomes of a systemic and an enteric ferret coronavirus. Virus Research 2010, 149:42-50.
70. Zoia A., Slater L.A., Heller J., Connolly D.J., Church D.B. A new approach to pleural effusion in cats: Markers for distinguishing transudates from exudates. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2009, 11:847-855.