Aging induced loss of complexity and dedifferentiation: Consequences for coordination dynamics within and between brain, muscular and behavioral levels

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

Volumn 6, Issue JUN, 2014, Pages 1-1

  Sleimen Malkoun, Rita ^a,b   Temprado, Jean Jacques ^a   Hong, S Lee ^c  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^c OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Complexity; Coordination dynamics; Dedifferentiation; Variability

Indexed keywords

AGING; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN FUNCTION; CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; COORDINATION; COORDINATION DYNAMICS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; LOSS OF COMPLEXITY; MOTOR SYSTEM; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PHASE TRANSITION; PREDICTION;

EID: 84904571964     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16634365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00140     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Aimetti, G. (2009). "Modelling early language acquisition skills: towards a general statistical learning mechanism," in Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop (Athens, Greece: Association for Computational Linguistics).
2. Andersen, J. L. (2003). Muscle fibre type adaptation in the elderly human muscle. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 13, 40-47. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00299.x
3. Anokhin, A. P., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Nikolaev, A., and Vogel, F. (1996). Age increases brain complexity. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 99, 63-68. doi: 10.1016/0921-884x(96)95573-3
4. Baedke, J. (2013). The epigenetic landscape in the course of time: conrad hal Waddington's methodological impact on the life sciences. Stud. Hist. Philos. Biol. Biomed. Sci. 44, 756-773. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.06.001
5. Baldissera, F., Cacallari, P., and Civashi, P. (1982). Preference coupling between voluntary movements of ipsilateral limbs. Neurosci. Lett. 34, 95-100. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(82)90098-2
6. Balasubramaniam, R., and Torre, K. (2012). Complexity in neurobiology: perspectives from the study of noise in human motor systems. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 40, 459-470. doi: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2013006841
7. Baldissera, F., Cavallari, P., Marini, G., and Tassone, G. (1991). Differential control of in-phase and anti-phase coupling of rhythmic movements of ipsilateral hand and foot. Exp. Brain Res. 83, 375-380. doi: 10.1007/bf00231161
8. Baltes, B. P. (1980). Integration versus differentiation of fluid/crystallized intelligence in old age. Dev. Psychol. 16, 625-635. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.16.6.625
9. Baltes, B. P., Lindenberger, U., and Staudinger, U. M. (1998). "Life-span theory in developmental psychology," in Theoretical Models of Human Development, ed R. M. Lerner 5th Edn. (New York: Wiley), 1029-1143.
10. Baltes, P. B., and Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: a new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychol. Aging 12, 12-21. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.12.1.12
11. Banerjee, A., Tognoli, E., Kelso, J. A., and Jirsa, V. K. (2012). Spatiotemporal re-organization of large-scale neural assemblies underlies bimanual coordination. Neuroimage 62, 1582-1592. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.046
12. Bardy, B. G., Marin, L., Stoffregen, T. A., and Bootsma, R. J. (1999). Postural coordination modes considered as emergent phenomena. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25, 1284-1301. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.25.5.1284
13. Bashore, T. R. (1994). Some thoughts on neurocognitive slowing. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 86, 295-325. doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(94)90006-x
14. Beggs, J. M., and Plenz, D. (2003). Neuronal avalanches in neocortical circuits. J. Neurosci. 23, 11167-11177.
15. Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The Co-Ordination and Regulation of Movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
16. Birren, J. E. (1965). "Age changes in speed of behavior: its central nature and physiological correlates," in Behavior, Aging and the Nervous System, eds A. T. Welford and J. E. Birren (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas), 191-216.
17. Birren, J. E., Woods, A. M., and Williams, M. W. (1980). "Behavioral slowing with age: causes, organization and consequences," in Aging in the 1980's, ed L. W. Poon (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 293-308.
18. Bravi, A., Longtin, A., and Seely, A. (2011). Review and classification of variability analysis techniques with clinical applications. Biomed. Eng. Online 10:90. doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-10-90
19. Buchman, T. G. (1996). Physiologic stability and physiologic state. J. Trauma 41, 599-605. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199610000-00002
20. Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model. Psychol. Aging 17, 85-100. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.85
21. Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., and Mcintosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage 17, 1394-1402. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1280
22. Carson, R. G. (2004). "Governing coordination: why do muscles matter," in Coordination Dynamics: Issues and Trends, eds V. K. Jirsa and J. A. S. Kelso (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 141-154.
23. Carson, R. G. (2006). Changes in muscle coordination with training. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 101, 1506-1513. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2006
24. Carson, R. G., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2004). Governing coordination: behavioural principles and neural correlates. Exp. Brain Res. 154, 267-274. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003-1726-8
25. Carson, R. G., Riek, S., Smethurst, C. J., Parraga, J. F., and Byblow, W. D. (2000). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon the dynamics of unimanual and bimanual coordination. Exp. Brain Res. 131, 196-214. doi: 10.1007/s002219900272
26. Cerella, J. (1985). Information processing rates in the elderly. Psychol. Bull. 98, 67-83. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.98.1.67
27. Cerella, J. (1991). Age effects may be global, not local: comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991). J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 120, 215-223. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.120.2.215
28. Cerella, J. (1994). Generalized slowing in Brinley plots. J. Gerontol. 49, P65-P71. doi: 10.1093/geronj/49.2.p65
29. Cesari, M., Gambassi, G., van Kan, G. A., and Vellas, B. (2014). The frailty phenotype and the frailty index: different instruments for different purposes. Age Ageing 43, 10-12. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft160
30. Chauvet, G. (1995). La Vie dans la Matière: Le Rôle de L'espace en Biologie (Life in Material: The Role of Space in Biology). Paris: Champs Flammarion.
31. Chen, Y. Q., Ding, M. Z., and Kelso, J. A. S. (1997). Long memory processes (1/f(alpha) type) in human coordination. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4501-4504. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.79.4501
32. Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., and Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 381, 752-762. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
33. Costa, M., Goldberger, A. L., and Peng, C. K. (2002). Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89:068102. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.068102
34. Daido, H. (2008). Aging transition and disorder-induced coherence in locally coupled oscillators. EPL 84:10002. doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/84/10002
35. d'Avella, A., Saltiel, P., and Bizzi, E. (2003). Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 300-308. doi: 10.1038/nn1010
36. d'Avella, A., and Tresch, M. C. (2002). "Modularity in the motor system: decomposition of muscle patterns as combinations of time-varying synergies," in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 14, eds T. G. Dietterich, S. Becker and Z. Ghahramani (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 141-148.
37. Deco, G., Jirsa, V., Mcintosh, A. R., Sporns, O., and Kötter, R. (2009). Key role of coupling, delay and noise in resting brain fluctuations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106, 10302-10307. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906701106
38. Deco, G., Jirsa, V. K., and McIntosh, A. R. (2011). Emerging concepts for the dynamical organization of resting-state activity in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 43-56. doi: 10.1038/nrn2961
39. Dennis, N. A., and Cabeza, R. (2011). Age-related dedifferentiation of learning systems: an fMRI study of implicit and explicit learning. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 2318.e17-2318.e30. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.004
40. Ding, M., Chen, Y., and Kelso, J. A. (2002). Statistical analysis of timing errors. Brain Cogn. 48, 98-106. doi: 10.1006/brcg.2001.1306
41. Dominici, N., Ivanenko, Y., Cappellini, G., d'avella, A., Mondi, V., Cicchese, M., et al. (2011). Locomotor primitives in newborn babies and their development. Science 334, 997-999. doi: 10.1126/science.1210617
42. Faisal, A. A., Selen, L. P. J., and Wolpert, D. M. (2008). Noise in the nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 292-303. doi: 10.1038/nrn2258
43. Fuchs, A., and Jirsa, V. K. (2008). Coordination: Neural, Behavioral and Social Dynamics. Heidelberg: Springer.
44. Fuchs, A., Jirsa, V. K., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2000). Theory of the relation between human brain activity (MEG) and hand movements. Neuroimage 11, 359-369. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0532
45. Garrett, D. D., Kovacevic, N., Mcintosh, A. R., and Grady, C. L. (2011). The importance of being variable. J. Neurosci. 31, 4496-4503. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5641-10.2011
46. Garrett, D. D., Kovacevic, N., Mcintosh, A. R., and Grady, C. L. (2013). The modulation of BOLD variability between cognitive states varies by age and processing speed. Cereb. Cortex 23, 684-693. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs055
47. Ghosh, A., Rho, Y., Mcintosh, A. R., Kötter, R., and Jirsa, V. K. (2008). Noise during rest enables the exploration of the brain's dynamic repertoire. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4:e1000196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000196
48. Glass, L., and Mackey, M. (1988). From Clocks to Chaos: The Rythms of Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
49. Goldberger, A. L., Amaral, L. A. N., Hausdorff, J. M., Ivanov, P. C., Peng, C.-K., and Stanley, H. E. (2002). Fractal dynamics in physiology: alterations with disease and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 99(Suppl. 1), 2466-2472. doi: 10.1073/pnas.012579499
50. Greene, L. S., and Williams, H. G. (1996). "Aging and coordination from the dynamic pattern perspective," in Advances in Psychology: Changes in Sensory Motor Behavior in Aging, eds A.-M. Ferrandez and N. Teasdale (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 89-131.
51. Haken, H. (1977). Synegetics. Berlin: Springer.
52. Haken, H. (1983). Synergetics: An Introduction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
53. Haken, H., Kelso, J. A., and Bunz, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biol. Cybern. 51, 347-356. doi: 10.1007/bf00336922
54. Harris, C. M., and Wolpert, D. M. (1998). Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394, 780-784. doi: 10.1038/29528
55. Heuninckx, S., Wenderoth, N., and Swinnen, S. P. (2008). Systems neuroplasticity in the aging brain: recruiting additional neural resources for successful motor performance in elderly persons. J. Neurosci. 28, 91-99. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3300-07.2008
56. Heuninckx, S., Wenderoth, N., Debaere, F., Peeters, R., and Swinnen, S. P. (2005). Neural basis of aging: the penetration of cognition into action control. J. Neurosci. 25, 6787-6796. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1263-05.2005
57. Hilber, K., Galler, S., Gohlsch, B., and Pette, D. (1999). Kinetic properties of myosin heavy chain isoforms in single fibers from human skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 455, 267-270. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00903-5
58. Hong, S. L., and Rebec, G. V. (2012). Biological sources of inflexibility in brain and behavior with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 6:77. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00077
59. Hultsch, D. F., Strauss, E., Hunter, M. A., and Macdonald, S. W. (2008). "Intraindividual variability, cognition and aging," in The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, eds F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse 3rd Edn. (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 491-556.
60. Jantzen, K. J., Steinberg, F. L., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2009). Coordination dynamics of large-scale neural circuitry underlying rhythmic sensorimotor behavior. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21, 2420-2433. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21182
61. Jirsa, V. K., Fuchs, A., and Kelso, J. A. (1998). Connecting cortical and behavioral dynamics: bimanual coordination. Neural Comput. 10, 2019-2045. doi: 10.1162/089976698300016954
62. Jirsa, V. K., and Haken, H. (1996). Field theory of electromagnetic brain activity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 960-963. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.960
63. Kelso, J. A. (1984). Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. Am. J. Physiol. 246, R1000-R1004.
64. Kelso, J. A., Dumas, G., and Tognoli, E. (2013). Outline of a general theory of behavior and brain coordination. Neural Netw. 37, 120-131. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2012.09.003
65. Kelso, J. A., Holt, K. G., Rubin, P., and Kugler, P. N. (1981). Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: theory and data. J. Mot. Behav. 13, 226-261. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1981.10735251
66. Kelso, J. A. S. (1981). On the oscillatory basis of movement. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 18, 63.
67. Kelso, J. A. S. (1995). Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior. Cambridge: MIT Press.
68. Kelso, J. A. S. (2009). Synergies: atoms of brain and behavior. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 629, 83-91. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-77064-2_5
69. Kelso, J. A. S. (2012). Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic coordination in the brain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 367, 906-918. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0351
70. Kelso, J. A. S., Bressler, S. L., Buchanan, S., Deguzman, G. C., Ding, M., Fuchs, A., et al. (1992). A phase transition in human brain and behavior. Phys. Lett. A 169, 134-144. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(92)90583-8
71. Kelso, J. A. S., Delcolle, J., and Schöner, G. (1990). "Action-Perception as a pattern formation process," in Attention and Performance XIII, ed M. Jeannerod (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 139-169.
72. Kelso, J. A. S., Fuchs, A., and Jirsa, V. (1999). "Traversing scales of brain and behavioral organization I: concepts and experiments," in Analysis of Neurophysiological Brain Functioning, ed C. Uhl (Berlin Heidelberg: Springer), 73-89.
73. Kelso, J. A. S., Scholz, J. P., and Schöner, G. (1986). Nonequilibrium phase transitions in coordinated biological motion: critical fluctuations. Phys. Lett. A 118, 279-284. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(86)90359-2
74. Kostrubiec, V., Zanone, P. G., Fuchs, A., and Kelso, J. A. (2012). Beyond the blank slate: routes to learning new coordination patterns depend on the intrinsic dynamics of the learner-experimental evidence and theoretical model. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:222. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00222
75. Lang, P.-O., Michel, J.-P., and Zekry, D. (2009). Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology 55, 539-549. doi: 10.1159/000211949
76. Lee, T. D., Blandin, Y., and Proteau, L. (1996). Effects of task instructions and oscillation frequency on bimanual coordination. Psychol. Res. 59, 100-106. doi: 10.1007/bf01792431
77. Lexell, J. (1995). Human aging, muscle mass and fiber type composition. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50, 11-16. doi: 10.1093/gerona/50a.special_issue.11
78. Li, K. Z. H., and Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 777-783. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00073-8
79. Li, S., Lindenberger, U., and Sikström, S. (2001). Aging cognition: from neuromodulation to representation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 479-486. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01769-1
80. Li, S. C., Lindenberger, U., and Frensch, P. A. (2000). Unifying cognitive aging: from neuromodulation to representation to cognition. Neurocomputing 32-33, 879-890. doi: 10.1016/s0925-2312(00)00256-3
81. Li, S. C., and Sikström, S. (2002). Integrative neurocomputational perspectives on cognitive aging, neuromodulation and representation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 795-808. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00066-0
82. Lindenberger, U., and Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: a strong connection. Psychol. Aging 9, 339-355. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.339
83. Lindenberger, U., and Ghisletta, P. (2009). Cognitive and sensory declines in old age: gauging the evidence for a common cause. Psychol. Aging 24, 1-16. doi: 10.1037/a0014986
84. Lipsitz, L. A. (2002). Dynamics of stability: the physiologic basis of functional health and frailty. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 57, B115-B125. doi: 10.1093/gerona/57.3.b115
85. Lipsitz, L. A. (2004). Physiological complexity, aging and the path to frailty. Sci. Aging Knowledge Environ. 2004:pe16. doi: 10.1126/sageke.2004.16.pe16
86. Lipsitz, L. A., and Goldberger, A. L. (1992). Loss of complexity and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA 267, 1806-1809. doi: 10.1001/jama.1992.03480130122036
87. MacDonald, S. W. S., Cervenka, S., Farde, L., Nyberg, L., and Bäckman, L. (2009a). Extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor binding modulates intraindividual variability in episodic recognition and executive functioning. Neuropsychologia 47, 2299-2304. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.016
88. MacDonald, S. W. S., Li, S.-C., and Bäckman, L. (2009b). Neural underpinnings of within-person variability in cognitive functioning. Psychol. Aging 24, 792-808. doi: 10.1037/a0017798
89. Manini, T. M., Hong, S. L., and Clark, B. C. (2013). Aging and muscle: a neuron's perspective. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 16, 21-26. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835b5880
90. Marmelat, V., and Delignières, D. (2012). Strong anticipation: complexity matching in interpersonal coordination. Exp. Brain Res. 222, 137-148. doi: 10.1007/s00221-012-3202-9
91. Mattay, V. S., Fera, F., Tessitore, A., Hariri, A. R., Das, S., Callicott, J. H., et al. (2002). Neurophysiological correlates of age-related changes in human motor function. Neurology 58, 630-635. doi: 10.1212/wnl.58.4.630
92. Mayville, J. M., Bressler, S. L., Fuchs, A., and Kelso, J. A. (1999). Spatiotemporal reorganization of electrical activity in the human brain associated with a timing transition in rhythmic auditory-motor coordination. Exp. Brain Res. 127, 371-381. doi: 10.1007/s002210050805
93. McIntosh, A. R., Kovacevic, N., Lippe, S., Garrett, D., Grady, C., and Jirsa, V. (2010). The development of a noisy brain. Arch. Ital. Biol. 148, 323-337.
94. McIntosh, A. R., Vakorin, V., Kovacevic, N., Wang, H., Diaconescu, A., and Protzner, A. B. (2014). Spatiotemporal dependency of age-related changes in brain signal variability. Cereb. Cortex 24, 1806-1817. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht030
95. Mechsner, F. (2004). "A perceptual-cognitive approach to bimanual coordination," in Coordination Dynamics: Issues and Trends, eds V. K. Jirsa and J. A. S. Kelso (Berlin: Springer), 177-195.
96. Mechsner, F., Kerzel, D., Knoblich, G., and Prinz, W. (2001). Perceptual basis of bimanual coordination. Nature 414, 69-73. doi: 10.1038/35102060
97. Medvedev, Z. A. (1990). An attempt at a rational classification of theories of ageing. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 65, 375-398. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01428.x
98. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Ziemann, U., Hajak, G., Cohen, L., and Berman, K. F. (2002). Transitions between dynamical states of differing stability in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 99, 10948-10953. doi: 10.1073/pnas.162114799
99. Monemi, M., Eriksson, P. O., Kadi, F., Butler-Browne, G. S., and Thornell, L. E. (1999). Opposite changes in myosin heavy chain composition of human masseter and biceps brachii muscles during aging. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 20, 351-361. doi: 10.1023/A:1005421604314
100. Monno, A., Temprado, J.-J., Zanone, P.-G., and Laurent, M. (2002). The interplay of attention and bimanual coordination dynamics. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 110, 187-211. doi: 10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00033-1
101. Morrison, S., and Newell, K. M. (2012). Aging, neuromuscular decline and the change in physiological and behavioral complexity of upper-limb movement dynamics. J. Aging Res. 2012:891218. doi: 10.1155/2012/891218
102. Muchisky, M., Gershkoff-Stowe, L., Cole, E., and Thelen, E. (1996). "The epigenetic landscape revisited: a dynamic interpretation," in Advances in Infancy Research, ed C. Rovee-Collier (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), 121-159.
103. Müller, V., and Lindenberger, U. (2012). Lifespan differences in nonlinear dynamics during rest and auditory oddball performance. Dev. Sci. 15, 540-556. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01153.x
104. Newell, K. M., Liu, Y.-T., and Mayer-Kress, G. (2003). A dynamical systems interpretation of epigenetic landscapes for infant motor development. Infant Behav. Dev. 26, 449-472. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.08.003
105. Newell, K. M., Liu, Y.-T., and Mayer-Kress, G. (2005). Learning in the brain-computer interface: insights about degrees of freedom and degeneracy in a landscape model of motor learning. Cognit. Process. 6, 37-47. doi: 10.1007/s10339-004-0047-6
106. Newell, K. M., Liu, Y.-T., and Mayer-Kress, G. (2008). "Landscapes beyond the HKB model," in Coordination: Neural, Behavioral and Social Dynamics, eds A. Fuchs and V. K. Jirsa (Berlin: Springer Verlag), 27-44.
107. Newell, K., Vaillancourt, D., and Sosnoff, J. (2006). "Aging, complexity and motor performance," in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, eds J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie (London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press), 163-178.
108. Nilwik, R., Snijders, T., Leenders, M., Groen, B. B., Van Kranenburg, J., Verdijk, L. B., et al. (2013). The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp. Gerontol. 48, 492-498. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012
109. Oullier, O., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2009). "Coordination from the perspective of social coordination dynamics," in The Encyclodedia of Complexity and Systems Science, ed R. A. Meyer (Heideberg: Springer), 8198-8213.
110. Papenberg, G., Backman, L., Chicherio, C., Nagel, I. E., Heekeren, H. R., Lindenberger, U., et al. (2011). Higher intraindividual variability is associated with more forgetting and dedifferentiated memory functions in old age. Neuropsychologia 49, 1879-1888. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.013
111. Park, D. C., Polk, T. A., Park, R., Minear, M., Savage, A., and Smith, M. R. (2004). Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 101, 13091-13095. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405148101
112. Park, D. C., and Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60, 173-196. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656
113. Pellecchia, G. L., Shockley, K., and Turvey, M. T. (2005). Concurrent cognitive task modulates coordination dynamics. Cogn. Sci. 29, 531-557. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_12
114. Peng, C.-K., Costa, M., and Goldberger, A. L. (2009). Adaptative data analysis of complex fluctuations in physiologic time series. Adv. Adapt. Data Anal. 1, 61-70. doi: 10.1142/s1793536909000035
115. Pette, D., and Staron, R. S. (2000). Myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types and transitions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 50, 500-509. doi: 10.1002/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<500::aid-jemt7>3.3.co;2-z
116. Pierce, T. W., Kelly, S. P., Watson, T. D., Replogle, D., King, J. S., and Pribram, K. H. (2000). Age differences in dynamic measures of EEG. Brain Topogr. 13, 127-134. doi: 10.1023/A:1026659102713
117. Pierce, T. W., Watson, T. D., King, J. S., Kelly, S. P., and Pribram, K. H. (2003). Age differences in factor analysis of EEG. Brain Topogr. 16, 19-27. doi: 10.1023/A:1025654331788
118. Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2002). New visions of the aging mind and brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 394-400. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01957-5
119. Rey-Robert, B., Temprado, J.-J., and Berton, E. (2011). Aging and changes in complexity in the neurobehavioral system. Medicina (Kaunas) 47, 1-10.
120. Riley, M. A., Richardson, M. J., Shockley, K., and Ramenzoni, V. C. (2011). Interpersonal synergies. Front. Psychol. 2:38. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00038
121. Salesse, R., and Temprado, J. J. (2005). The effect of visuo-motor transformations on hand-foot coordination: evidence in favor of the incongruency hypothesis. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 119, 143-157. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.12.002
122. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychol. Rev. 103, 403-428. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403
123. Schaefer, S., and Schumacher, V. (2010). The interplay between cognitive and motor functioning in healthy older adults: findings from dual-task studies and suggestions for intervention. Gerontology 57, 239-246. doi: 10.1159/000322197
124. Schäfer, S., Huxhold, O., and Lindenberger, U. (2006). Healthy mind in healthy body? A review of sensorimotor-cognitive interdependencies in old age. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 3, 45-54. doi: 10.1007/s11556-006-0007-5
125. Schmidt, R. C., Beek, P. J., Treffner, P. J., and Turvey, M. T. (1991). Dynamical substructure of coordinated rhythmic movements. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 17, 635-651. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.17.3.635
126. Schmidt, R. C., Carello, C., and Turvey, M. T. (1990). Phase transitions and critical fluctuations in the visual coordination of rhythmic movements between people. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 16, 227-247. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.16.2.227
127. Scholz, J. P., and Kelso, J. A. (1990). Intentional switching between patterns of bimanual coordination depends on the intrinsic dynamics of the patterns. J. Mot. Behav. 22, 98-124. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1990.10735504
128. Schöner, G., Haken, H., and Kelso, J. A. (1986). A stochastic theory of phase transitions in human hand movement. Biol. Cybern. 53, 247-257. doi: 10.1007/bf00336995
129. Schöner, G., Zanone, P. G., and Kelso, J. A. (1992). Learning as change of coordination dynamics: theory and experiment. J. Mot. Behav. 24, 29-48. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1992.9941599
130. Seidler, R. D., Bernard, J. A., Burutolu, T. B., Fling, B. W., Gordon, M. T., Gwin, J. T., et al. (2010). Motor control and aging: links to age-related brain structural, functional and biochemical effects. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34, 721-733. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.005
131. Serrien, D. J., Ivry, R. B., and Swinnen, S. P. (2007). The missing link between action and cognition. Prog. Neurobiol. 82, 95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.02.003
132. Sleimen-Malkoun, R., Temprado, J. J., and Berton, E. (2013). Age-related changes of movement patterns in discrete Fitts' task. BMC Neurosci. 14:145. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-145
133. Sleimen-Malkoun, R., Temprado, J. J., Huys, R., Jirsa, V., and Berton, E. (2012). Is Fitts' law continuous in discrete aiming? PLoS One 7:e41190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041190
134. Sleimen-Malkoun, R., Temprado, J.-J., Thefenne, L., and Berton, E. (2011). Bimanual training in stroke: how do coupling and symmetry-breaking matter? BMC Neurol. 11:11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-11
135. Slifkin, A. B., and Newell, K. M. (1999). Noise, information transmission and force variability. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25, 837-851. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.25.3.837
136. Smith, L. B., and Thelen, E. (2003). Development as a dynamic system. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 343-348. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00156-6
137. Sosnoff, J. J., and Newell, K. M. (2011). Aging and motor variability: a test of the neural noise hypothesis. Exp. Aging Res. 37, 377-397. doi: 10.1080/0361073x.2011.590754
138. Sosnoff, J. J., Valantine, A. D., and Newell, K. M. (2006). Independence between the amount and structure of variability at low force levels. Neurosci. Lett. 392, 165-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.010
139. Stepp, N., and Turvey, M. T. (2010). On strong anticipation. Cogn. Syst. Res. 11, 148-164. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.03.003
140. Stewart, C. V., and Plenz, D. (2006). Inverted-U profile of dopamine-NMDA-mediated spontaneous avalanche recurrence in superficial layers of rat prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 26, 8148-8159. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.0723-06.2006
141. Temprado, J.-J., and Laurent, M. (2004). Attentional load associated with performing and stabilizing a between-persons coordination of rhythmic limb movements. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 115, 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.09.002
142. Temprado, J. J., and Salesse, R. (2004). Interlimb coordination: real constraints and false dichotomies. J. Mot. Behav. 36, 398-400, 402-407; discussion 408-417.
143. Temprado, J. J., Swinnen, S. P., Carson, R. G., Tourment, A., and Laurent, M. (2003). Interaction of directional, neuromuscular and egocentric constraints on the stability of preferred bimanual coordination patterns. Hum. Mov. Sci. 22, 339-363. doi: 10.1016/s0167-9457(03)00049-6
144. Temprado, J. J., Vercruysse, S., Salesse, R., and Berton, E. (2010). A dynamic systems approach to the effects of aging on bimanual coordination. Gerontology 56, 335-344. doi: 10.1159/000262445
145. Temprado, J. J., Zanone, P. G., Monno, A., and Laurent, M. (1999). Attentional load associated with performing and stabilizing preferred bimanual patterns. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25, 1579-1594. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.25.6.1579
146. Tognoli, E., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2009). Brain coordination dynamics: true and false faces of phase synchrony and metastability. Prog. Neurobiol. 87, 31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.014
147. Torre, K. (2010). The correlation structure of relative phase variability influences the occurrence of phase transition in coordination. J. Mot. Behav. 42, 99-105. doi: 10.1080/00222890903507891
148. Torre, K., and Balasubramaniam, R. (2011). Disentangling stability, variability and adaptability in human performance: focus on the interplay between local variance and serial correlation. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 37, 539-550. doi: 10.1037/a0020556
149. Torre, K., Delignieres, D., and Lemoine, L. (2007). 1/f (beta) fluctuations in bimanual coordination: an additional challenge for modeling. Exp. Brain Res. 183, 225-234. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1035-8
150. Tresch, M. C., and Jarc, A. (2009). The case for and against muscle synergies. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 601-607. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.002
151. Vaillancourt, D. E., and Newell, K. M. (2002). Changing complexity in human behavior and physiology through aging and disease. Neurobiol. Aging 23, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00247-0
152. Waddington, C. H. (1942). The epigenotype. Endeavour 1, 18-20.
153. Waddington, C. H. (1957). The Strategy of the Genes; a Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology. London: Allen and Unwin.
154. Wallenstein, G. V., Kelso, J. A. S., and Bressler, S. L. (1995). Phase transitions in spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity and behavior. Phys. D 84, 626-634. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(95)00056-a
155. Ward, N. S. (2006). Compensatory mechanisms in the aging motor system. Ageing Res. Rev. 5, 239-254. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.04.003
156. Ward, N. S., and Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2003). Age-related changes in the neural correlates of motor performance. Brain 126, 873-888. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg071
157. West, B. J. (2006). Where Medicine Went Wrong: Rediscovering the Path to Complexity, Studies of Nonlinear Phenomena in Life Science (Vol. 11). Teaneck, NJ: World Scientific.
158. West, B. J., and Grigolini, P. (2010). The living matter way to exchange information. Med. Hypotheses 75, 475-478. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.028
159. Wing, A. M., and Kristofferson, A. B. (1973). Response delays in the timing of discrete motor responses. Percept. Psychophys. 14, 5-12. doi: 10.3758/bf03198607
160. Yamanishi, J., Kawato, M., and Suzuki, R. (1980). Two coupled oscillators as a model for the coordinated finger tapping by both hands. Biol. Cybern. 37, 219-225. doi: 10.1007/bf00337040
161. Yang, A. C., Huang, C. C., Yeh, H. L., Liu, M. E., Hong, C. J., Tu, P. C., et al. (2013). Complexity of spontaneous BOLD activity in default mode network is correlated with cognitive function in normal male elderly: a multiscale entropy analysis. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 428-438. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.004
162. Yates, F. E. (2008). Homeokinetics/Homeodynamics: a physical Heuristic for life and complexity. Ecol. Psychol. 20, 148-179. doi: 10.1080/10407410801977546
163. Zanone, P. G., and Kelso, J. A. (1992). Evolution of behavioral attractors with learning: nonequilibrium phase transitions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 18, 403-421. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.18.2.403
164. Zanone, P. G., and Kelso, J. A. S. (1997). Cooordination dynamics of learning and transfer: collective and component levels. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 23, 1454-1480. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.23.5.1454