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Danna-Dos-Santos A., Shapkova E.Y., Shapkova A.L., Degani A.M., and Latash M.L. Postural control during upper body locomotor-like movements: similar synergies based on dissimilar muscle modes. Exp Brain Res 193 (2009) 565-579
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Simplified and effective motor control based on muscle synergies to exploit musculoskeletal dynamics
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The authors propose a specific principle underlying the specification of muscle synergies: that they should be chosen as those which most effectively control the natural dynamics of the limb. They used techniques from nonlinear model order reduction to identify a set of muscle synergies for the frog hindlimb. They then showed that control of the limb using these synergies was very similar to that when using individual muscles, demonstrating that muscle synergies allow for effective and efficient control.
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Berniker M., Jarc A., Bizzi E., and Tresch M.C. Simplified and effective motor control based on muscle synergies to exploit musculoskeletal dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 (2009) 7601-7606. The authors propose a specific principle underlying the specification of muscle synergies: that they should be chosen as those which most effectively control the natural dynamics of the limb. They used techniques from nonlinear model order reduction to identify a set of muscle synergies for the frog hindlimb. They then showed that control of the limb using these synergies was very similar to that when using individual muscles, demonstrating that muscle synergies allow for effective and efficient control.
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Modular control of human walking: a simulation study
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A nice demonstration of the sufficiency of muscle synergies to allow effective control. The authors first identified muscle synergies in humans during locomotion. They then used these synergies and the timing of their activations, with small adjustments, to drive a complex musculoskeletal simulation of the human leg during locomotion. Surprisingly, they found that this synergy based control allowed for effective locomotion with only minor adjustments.
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Neptune R.R., Clark D.J., and Kautz S.A. Modular control of human walking: a simulation study. J Biomech 42 (2009) 1282-1287. A nice demonstration of the sufficiency of muscle synergies to allow effective control. The authors first identified muscle synergies in humans during locomotion. They then used these synergies and the timing of their activations, with small adjustments, to drive a complex musculoskeletal simulation of the human leg during locomotion. Surprisingly, they found that this synergy based control allowed for effective locomotion with only minor adjustments.
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J Biomech
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Neptune, R.R.1
Clark, D.J.2
Kautz, S.A.3
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A simple experimentally-based model using proprioceptive regulation of motor primitives captures adjusted trajectory formation in spinal frogs
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http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/01054.2007v1. The authors perform a simulation analysis based on a musculoskeletal model to demonstrate that muscle synergies can be successfully used to produce experimentally observed wiping behaviors in the frog. They find a set of muscles which reproduce each of the force fields observed experimentally during wiping, then use these muscle sets to produce wiping behaviors. They demonstrate that sequencing these synergies appropriately results in wiping trajectories which are very similar to those observed experimentally. Further, they suggest a relatively simple regulation of synergy activation based on afferent feedback to reproduce the effects of limb starting position on limb trajectories.
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J Neurophysiol
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Kargo, W.J.1
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Locomotor strategy for pedaling: muscle groups and biomechanical functions
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Ganguly K., and Carmena J.M. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLoS Biol 7 (2009) e1000153
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Muscle synergies as a predictive framework for the EMG patterns of new hand postures
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Ajiboye A.B., and Weir R.F. Muscle synergies as a predictive framework for the EMG patterns of new hand postures. J Neural Eng 6 (2009) 036004
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McKay J.L., and Ting L.H. Functional muscle synergies constrain force production during postural tasks. J Biomech 41 (2008) 299-306
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The authors review how the interactions of the controller, body, and environment must be examined to fully understand behavior. They argue that the control problem is distributed across all aspects of the system. They argue that the field of robotics can be improved by replicating such principles derived from nature.
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Pfeifer R., Lungarella M., and Iida F. Self-organization, embodiment, and biologically inspired robotics. Science 318 (2007) 1088-1093. The authors review how the interactions of the controller, body, and environment must be examined to fully understand behavior. They argue that the control problem is distributed across all aspects of the system. They argue that the field of robotics can be improved by replicating such principles derived from nature.
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