Using structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate the dementias

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 2014, Pages

  Suri, Sana ^a   Topiwala, Anya ^a   Mackay, Clare E ^a   Ebmeier, Klaus P ^a   Filippini, Nicola ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Diffusion MRI; Frontotemporal dementia; Lewy body dementia; Structural MRI; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; REVIEW; STRUCTURAL NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; WHITE MATTER; ATROPHY; BRAIN; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; IMAGE PROCESSING; PATHOLOGY;

ATROPHY; BRAIN; DEMENTIA; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 84904237371     PISSN: 15284042     EISSN: 15346293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0475-3     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Alzheimer's Disease International. World Alzheimer report 2009. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2009.
2. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1993.
3. Alzheimer's Disease International. World Alzheimer report 2011. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2011.
4. Kirson NY, Hunter CA, Desai U, Cummings AKG, San Roman AM, Faries DE, Hardwick C, Birnbaum HG. Excess costs associated with misdiagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease among US medicare beneficiaries with vascular dementia or Parkinson's disease. Boston, MA: Alzheimer's Association International Conference; 2013.
5. Hansen L, Salmon D, Galasko D, Masliah E, Katzman R, DeTeresa R, et al. The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical and pathologic entity. Neurology. 1990;40:1-8. (Pubitemid 20032882)
6. Lippa CF, Smith TW, Swearer JM. Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease: a comparative clinicopathological study. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:81-8. (Pubitemid 24027610)
7. McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet. 2000;356:2031-6. (Pubitemid 32009817)
8. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD005593.
9. Mendez MF, Shapira JS, McMurtray A, Licht E. Preliminary findings: behavioral worsening on donepezil in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:84-7.
10. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack Jr CR, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:263-9.
11. Chertkow H, Black S. Imaging biomarkers and their role in dementia clinical trials. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34 Suppl 1:S77-83. (Pubitemid 46761781)
12. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA.MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:351-6. (Pubitemid 17104996)
13. Barber R, Scheltens P, GholkarA, Ballard C, McKeith I, Ince P, et al. White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and normal aging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:66-72. (Pubitemid 29278329)
14. Arnold SE, Hyman BT, Flory J, Damasio AR, Van Hoesen GW. The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cereb Cortex. 1991;1:103-16.
15. Scheltens P, Leys D, Barkhof F, Huglo D, Weinstein HC, Vermersch P, et al. Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on MRI in "probable" Alzheimer's disease and normal ageing: diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:967-72.
16. Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Jack Jr CR, Scheltens P, Thompson PM. The clinical use of structural MRI in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:67-77.
17. Burton EJ, Barber R, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Robson J, Perry RH, Jaros E, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis. Brain. 2009;132:195-203.
18. Jack Jr CR, Petersen RC, O'Brien PC, Tangalos EG. MR-based hippocampal volumetry in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1992;42:183-8.
19. Hanseeuw BJ, Van Leemput K, Kavec M, Grandin C, Seron X, Ivanoiu A. Mild cognitive impairment: differential atrophy in the hippocampal subfields. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:1658-61.
20. Mueller SG, Weiner MW. Selective effect of age, Apo e4, and Alzheimer's disease on hippocampal subfields. Hippocampus. 2009;19:558-64.
21. Morra JH, Tu Z, Apostolova LG, Green AE, Avedissian C, Madsen SK, et al. Automated 3D mapping of hippocampal atrophy and its clinical correlates in 400 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and elderly controls. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30:2766-88.
22. Ridha BH, Anderson VM, Barnes J, Boyes RG, Price SL, Rossor MN, et al. Volumetric MRI and cognitive measures in Alzheimer disease : comparison of markers of progression. J Neurol. 2008;255:567-74.
23. van de Pol LA, Hensel A, van der FlierWM, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YA, Barkhof F, et al. Hippocampal atrophy on MRI in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:439-42.
24. Whitwell JL. Voxel-based morphometry: an automated technique for assessing structural changes in the brain. J Neurosci. 2009;29:9661-4.
25. •• Tondelli M, Wilcock GK, Nichelli P, De Jager CA, Jenkinson M, Zamboni G. Structural MRI changes detectable up to ten years before clinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33:e825-36. Tondelli et al. show that structural changes are not downstream, late events in the natural history and/or progression of disease, but that they occur early in the preclinical phase up to 7-10 years before clinical diagnosis can be made.
26. van der FlierWM, van der Vlies AE, Weverling-Rijnsburger AW, de Boer NL, Admiraal-Behloul F, Bollen EL, et al.MRI measures and progression of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly attending a memory clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:1060-6. (Pubitemid 41723577)
27. Jack Jr CR, Shiung MM, Weigand SD, O'Brien PC, Gunter JL, Boeve BF, et al. Brain atrophy rates predict subsequent clinical conversion in normal elderly and amnestic MCI. Neurology. 2005;65:1227-31. (Pubitemid 41508215)
28. Jobst KA, Smith AD, Szatmari M, Esiri MM, Jaskowski A, Hindley N, et al. Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1994;343:829-30. (Pubitemid 24147514)
29. Jack Jr CR, Petersen RC, Xu YC, O'Brien PC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 1999;52:1397-403. (Pubitemid 29190530)
30. Yuan Y, Gu ZX, Wei WS. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and structural MR imaging for prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a metaanalysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:404-10.
31. Frisoni GB, Pievani M, Testa C, Sabattoli F, Bresciani L, Bonetti M, et al. The topography of grey matter involvement in early and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2007;130:720-30. (Pubitemid 46410740)
32. Jones BF, Barnes J, Uylings HB, Fox NC, Frost C, Witter MP, et al. Differential regional atrophy of the cingulate gyrus in Alzheimer disease: a volumetric MRI study. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:1701-8. (Pubitemid 44729908)
33. Vemuri P, Whitwell JL, Kantarci K, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Shiung MS, et al.AntemortemMRI based STructural Abnormality iNDex (STAND)-scores correlate with postmortem Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage. Neuroimage. 2008;42:559-67.
34. Hua X, Lee S, Yanovsky I, Leow AD, Chou YY, Ho AJ, et al. Optimizing power to track brain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment with tensor-based morphometry: an ADNI study of 515 subjects. Neuroimage. 2009;48:668-81.
35. Leow AD, Yanovsky I, Parikshak N, Hua X, Lee S, Toga AW, et al. Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: a one-year follow up study using tensor-based morphometry correlating degenerative rates, biomarkers and cognition. Neuroimage. 2009;45:645-55.
36. Lerch JP, Pruessner J, Zijdenbos AP, Collins DL, Teipel SJ, Hampel H, et al.Automated cortical thicknessmeasurements from MRI can accurately separate Alzheimer's patients from normal elderly controls. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29:23-30. (Pubitemid 350110605)
37. Lerch JP, Pruessner JC, Zijdenbos A, Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Evans AC. Focal decline of cortical thickness in Alzheimer's disease identified by computational neuroanatomy. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15:995-1001. (Pubitemid 40848068)
38. Dickerson BC, Stoub TR, Shah RC, Sperling RA, Killiany RJ, Albert MS, et al. Alzheimer-signature MRI biomarker predicts AD dementia in cognitively normal adults. Neurology. 2011;76:1395-402.
39. Du AT, Schuff N, Kramer JH, Rosen HJ, Gorno-Tempini ML, Rankin K, et al. Different regional patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2007;130:1159-66. (Pubitemid 47355598)
40. Fox NC, Cousens S, Scahill R, Harvey RJ, Rossor MN. Using serial registered brain magnetic resonance imaging to measure disease progression in Alzheimer disease: power calculations and estimates of sample size to detect treatment effects. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:339-44. (Pubitemid 30140520)
41. O'Brien JT, Paling S, Barber R, Williams ED, Ballard C, McKeith IG, et al. Progressive brain atrophy on serialMRI in dementia with Lewy bodies, AD, and vascular dementia. Neurology. 2001;56:1386-8. (Pubitemid 32455303)
42. Fox NC, Scahill RI, CrumWR, Rossor MN. Correlation between rates of brain atrophy and cognitive decline in AD. Neurology. 1999;52:1687-9. (Pubitemid 29220648)
43. Schott JM, Crutch SJ, Frost C, Warrington EK, Rossor MN, Fox NC. Neuropsychological correlates of whole brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46:1732-7.
44. Sluimer JD, van der Flier WM, Karas GB, Fox NC, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, et al. Whole-brain atrophy rate and cognitive decline: longitudinal MR study of memory clinic patients. Radiology. 2008;248:590-8.
45. Jack Jr CR, Lowe VJ, Weigand SD, Wiste HJ, Senjem ML, Knopman DS, et al. Serial PIB andMRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2009;132:1355-65.
46. Ferreira LK, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV, Busatto GF. Zanetti MV-Neurostructural predictors of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of VBM studies. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32:1733-41.
47. McKeith IG, Galasko D, Kosaka K, Perry EK, Dickson DW, Hansen LA, et al. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology. 1996;47:1113-24. (Pubitemid 26374873)
48. McKeith IG. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the Consortium on DLB International Workshop. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9:417-23. (Pubitemid 44253336)
49. Crowell TA, Luis CA, Cox DE, Mullan M. Neuropsychological comparison of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23:120-5. (Pubitemid 46105703)
50. Heyman A, Fillenbaum GG, Gearing M, Mirra SS, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Peterson B, et al. Comparison of Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease with pure Alzheimer's disease: consortium to establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease, part XIX. Neurology. 1999;52:1839-44. (Pubitemid 29260898)
51. Nervi A, Reitz C, Tang MX, Santana V, Piriz A, Reyes-Dumeyer D, et al. Comparison of clinical manifestations in Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1634-9.
52. Ferman TJ, Smith GE, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Lucas JA, Knopman DS, et al. Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;20:623-36. (Pubitemid 44410540)
53. Whitwell JL, Weigand SD, Shiung MM, Boeve BF, Ferman TJ, Smith GE, et al. Focal atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies on MRI: a distinct pattern fromAlzheimer's disease. Brain. 2007;130:708-19. (Pubitemid 46410745)
54. Ishii K, Yamaji S, Kitagaki H, Imamura T, Hirono N, Mori E. Regional cerebral blood flow difference between dementia with Lewy bodies and AD. Neurology. 1999;53:413-6. (Pubitemid 29344372)
55. Lobotesis K, Fenwick JD, Phipps A, Ryman A, Swann A, Ballard C, et al. Occipital hypoperfusion on SPECT in dementia with Lewy bodies but not AD. Neurology. 2001;56:643-9. (Pubitemid 32209999)
56. Middelkoop HA, van der Flier WM, Burton EJ, Lloyd AJ, Paling S, Barber R, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies and AD are not associated with occipital lobe atrophy on MRI. Neurology. 2001;57:2117-20. (Pubitemid 33126885)
57. Taylor JP, Firbank MJ, He J, Barnett N, Pearce S, Livingstone A, et al. Visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies: magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:491-8.
58. Beyer MK, Larsen JP, Aarsland D. Gray matter atrophy in Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2007;69:747-54. (Pubitemid 47300931)
59. Barber R, Ballard C, McKeith IG, Gholkar A, O'Brien JT. MRI volumetric study of dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison with AD and vascular dementia. Neurology. 2000;54:1304-9. (Pubitemid 30174051)
60. Barber R, McKeith IG, Ballard C, Gholkar A, O'Brien JT. A comparison of medial and lateral temporal lobe atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease:magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001;12:198-205. (Pubitemid 32217849)
61. Lee AY. Vascular dementia. Chonnam Med J. 2011;47:66-71.
62. O'Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B, Roman G, Sawada T, Pantoni L, et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:89-98. (Pubitemid 37443329)
63. Gold G, Kovari E, Herrmann FR, Canuto A, Hof PR, Michel JP, et al. Cognitive consequences of thalamic, basal ganglia, and deep white matter lacunes in brain aging and dementia. Stroke. 2005;36:1184-8. (Pubitemid 40798736)
64. Pantoni L, Pescini F, Nannucci S, Sarti C, Bianchi S, Dotti MT, et al. Comparison of clinical, familial, and MRI features of CADASIL and NOTCH3-negative patients. Neurology. 2010;74:57-63.
65. Pantoni L, Gorelick PB. Cerebral small vessel disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
66. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250-60. (Pubitemid 23060253)
67. Bastos-Leite AJ, van der FlierWM, van Straaten EC, Staekenborg SS, Scheltens P, Barkhof F. The contribution of medial temporal lobe atrophy and vascular pathology to cognitive impairment in vascular dementia. Stroke. 2007;38:3182-5. (Pubitemid 350175734)
68. Laakso MP, Partanen K, Riekkinen P, Lehtovirta M, Helkala EL, Hallikainen M, et al. Hippocampal volumes in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease with and without dementia, and in vascular dementia: an MRI study. Neurology. 1996;46:678-81. (Pubitemid 26099632)
69. Barber R, McKeith I, Ballard C, O'Brien J. Volumetric MRI study of the caudate nucleus in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:406-7.
70. Schmidt R. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and normal aging. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:164-9.
71. Cordonnier C, van der FlierWM, Sluimer JD, Leys D, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology. 2006;66:1356-60. (Pubitemid 43739644)
72. Roob G, Schmidt R, Kapeller P, Lechner A, Hartung HP, Fazekas F. MRI evidence of past cerebral microbleeds in a healthy elderly population. Neurology. 1999;52:991-4. (Pubitemid 29161609)
73. Snowden JS, Neary D, Mann DM. Frontotemporal dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:140-3. (Pubitemid 34142785)
74. Frisoni GB, Laakso MP, Beltramello A, Geroldi C, Bianchetti A, Soininen H, et al. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1999;52:91-100. (Pubitemid 29044405)
75. Rosen HJ, Gorno-Tempini ML, Goldman WP, Perry RJ, Schuff N, Weiner M, et al. Patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Neurology. 2002;58:198-208. (Pubitemid 34084208)
76. Chan D, Fox NC, Jenkins R, Scahill RI, Crum WR, Rossor MN. Rates of global and regional cerebral atrophy in AD and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2001;57:1756-63. (Pubitemid 33096679)
77. Desgranges B, Matuszewski V, Piolino P, Chetelat G, Mezenge F, Landeau B, et al. Anatomical and functional alterations in semantic dementia: a voxel-basedMRI and PETstudy.Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28:1904-13. (Pubitemid 47539693)
78. Gorno-Tempini ML, Dronkers NF, Rankin KP, Ogar JM, Phengrasamy L, Rosen HJ, et al. Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:335-46. (Pubitemid 38269585)
79. Boccardi M, Laakso MP, Bresciani L, Galluzzi S, Geroldi C, Beltramello A, et al. The MRI pattern of frontal and temporal brain atrophy in fronto-temporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:95-103. (Pubitemid 35454147)
80. Ringman JM, O'Neill J, Geschwind D, Medina L, Apostolova LG, Rodriguez Y, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in preclinical and presymptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer's diseasemutations. Brain. 2007;130:1767-76. (Pubitemid 47343801)
81. Beaulieu C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002;15:435-55. (Pubitemid 36054508)
82. O'Donovan J, Watson R, Colloby SJ, Blamire AM, O'Brien JT. Assessment of regional MR diffusion changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26:627-35.
83. de Leeuw FE, Korf E, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. White matter lesions are associated with progression of medial temporal lobe atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Stroke. 2006;37:2248-52. (Pubitemid 44337164)
84. de Leeuw FE, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Progression of cerebral white matter lesions in Alzheimer's disease: a new window for therapy? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1286-8. (Pubitemid 41208386)
85. Amlien IK, Fjell AM. Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter degeneration inAlzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuroscience. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.017.
86. Kantarci K, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Weigand SD, O'Brien PC, et al. DWI predicts future progression to Alzheimer disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2005;64:902-4. (Pubitemid 40316336)
87. Muller MJ, Greverus D, Dellani PR, Weibrich C, Wille PR, Scheurich A, et al. Functional implications of hippocampal volume and diffusivity in mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage. 2005;28:1033-42. (Pubitemid 41713637)
88. Hong YJ, Yoon B, Lim SC, Shim YS, Kim JY, Ahn KJ, et al. Microstructural changes in the hippocampus and posterior cingulate in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurol Sci. 2013;34:1215-21.
89. Bozzali M, Cherubini A. Diffusion tensor MRI to investigate dementias: a brief review.Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;25:969-77. (Pubitemid 47081370)
90. Chua TC, Wen W, Slavin MJ, Sachdev PS. Diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008;21:83-92.
91. Hess CP. Update on diffusion tensor imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2009;17:215-24.
92. Kantarci K, Jack Jr CR, Xu YC, Campeau NG, O'Brien PC, Smith GE, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: regional diffusivity of water. Radiology. 2001;219:101-7. (Pubitemid 32234060)
93. Duan JH, Wang HQ, Xu J, Lin X, Chen SQ, Kang Z, et al. White matter damage of patientswith Alzheimer's disease correlatedwith the decreased cognitive function. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28:150-6.
94. Medina D, DeToledo-Morrell L, Urresta F, Gabrieli JD, Moseley M, Fleischman D, et al. White matter changes in mild cognitive impairment and AD: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:663-72.
95. Naggara O, Oppenheim C, Rieu D, Raoux N, Rodrigo S, Dalla Barba G, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in early Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res. 2006;146:243-9. (Pubitemid 44218939)
96. Stahl R, Dietrich O, Teipel SJ, Hampel H, ReiserMF, Schoenberg SO.Whitematter damage in Alzheimer disease andmild cognitive impairment: assessment with diffusion-tensor MR imaging and parallel imaging techniques. Radiology. 2007;243:483-92. (Pubitemid 46649705)
97. Zhang Y, Schuff N, Jahng GH, Bayne W, Mori S, Schad L, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of cingulum fibers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007;68:13-9. (Pubitemid 46058544)
98. Damoiseaux JS, Smith SM, Witter MP, Sanz-Arigita EJ, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, et al. White matter tract integrity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30:1051-9.
99. Kiuchi K, Morikawa M, Taoka T, Nagashima T, Yamauchi T, Makinodan M, et al. Abnormalities of the uncinate fasciculus and posterior cingulate fasciculus in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease: a diffusion tensor tractography study. Brain Res. 2009;1287:184-91.
100. Morikawa M, Kiuchi K, Taoka T, Nagauchi K, Kichikawa K, Kishimoto T. Uncinate fasciculus-correlated cognition in Alzheimer's disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study by tractography. Psychogeriatrics. 2010;10:15-20.
101. Firbank MJ, Blamire AM, Krishnan MS, Teodorczuk A, English P, Gholkar A, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res. 2007;155:135-45. (Pubitemid 46874916)
102. Kiuchi K, Morikawa M, Taoka T, Kitamura S, Nagashima T, Makinodan M, et al. White matter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a tractography-based study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1095-100. Most patients with LBD first present with visual impairments. Kiuchi et al. studied 26 patients with AD, 26 patients with LBD and 26 healthy controls and they reported that despite similar severity of dementia, it is LBD patients and not AD patients who show marked reductions in FA relative to healthy controls in WM tracts involved in visual processing. This could be a helpful signature of the visual deficits commonly observed in LBD patients.
103. Bozzali M, Falini A, Cercignani M, Baglio F, Farina E, Alberoni M, et al. Brain tissue damage in dementia with Lewy bodies: an in vivo diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain. 2005;128:1595-604. (Pubitemid 41373678)
104. • Ota M, Sato N, Ogawa M, Murata M, Kuno S, Kida J, et al. Degeneration of dementia with Lewy bodies measured by diffusion tensor imaging. NMR Biomed. 2009;22:280-4. This study reports differences in white matter microstructural integrity of visual association fibres in LBD patients relative to healthy controls. Particularly, LBD patients show significant reductions in FA of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, which is invovled in visuospatial cognition. These structural abnormalities may underlie the visual impairments commonly observed in LBD patients.
105. •• Mahoney CJ, Ridgway GR, Malone IB, Downey LE, Beck J, Kinnunen KM, et al. Profiles of white matter tract pathology in frontotemporal dementia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014. doi:10.1002/hbm.22468. Mahoney et al. studied 25 patients with AD, 27 patients with bvFTD and 20 healthy controls and were able to distinguish between AD and FTD patients on the basis of WM microstructure. They found that bvFTD patients had significantly poorer measures of WM integrity than AD patients in the cingulum, corpus callosum and uncinate fasciculus. They also report that FA is the optimal DTI metric for distinguishing between bvFTD and AD patients.
106. Matsuo K, Mizuno T, Yamada K, Akazawa K, Kasai T, KondoM, et al. Cerebral white matter damage in frontotemporal dementia assessed by diffusion tensor tractography. Neuroradiology. 2008;50:605-11. (Pubitemid 351904584)
107. Lu PH, Lee GJ, Shapira J, Jimenez E, Mather MJ, Thompson PM, et al. Regional differences in white matter breakdown between frontotemporal dementia and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;39:261-9.
108. Zhang Y, Schuff N, Ching C, Tosun D, ZhanW, Nezamzadeh M, et al. Joint assessment of structural, perfusion, and diffusion MRI in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;2011:546871.
109. Zhang Y, Tartaglia MC, Schuff N, Chiang GC, Ching C, Rosen HJ, et al. MRI signatures of brain macrostructural atrophy and microstructural degradation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration subtypes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33:431-44.
110. Whitwell JL, Avula R, Senjem ML, Kantarci K, Weigand SD, Samikoglu A, et al. Gray and white matter water diffusion in the syndromic variants of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2010;74:1279-87.
111. Santillo AF, Martensson J, Lindberg O, Nilsson M, Manzouri A, Landqvist Waldo M, et al. Diffusion tensor tractography versus volumetric imaging in the diagnosis of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66932.
112. Borroni B, Brambati SM, Agosti C, Gipponi S, Bellelli G, Gasparotti R, et al. Evidence of white matter changes on diffusion tensor imaging in frontotemporal dementia. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:246-51.
113. Zhang Y, Schuff N, Du AT, Rosen HJ, Kramer JH, Gorno-Tempini ML, et al.White matter damage in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease measured by diffusionMRI. Brain. 2009;132:2579-92.
114. Sugihara S, Kinoshita T, Matsusue E, Fujii S, Ogawa T. Usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging of white matter in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Acta Radiol. 2004;45:658-63. (Pubitemid 44112734)
115. Jin Thong JY, Du J, Ratnarajah N, Dong Y, Soon HW, Saini M, et al. Abnormalities of cortical thickness, subcortical shapes, and white matter integrity in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:2320-32.
116. Zarei M, Damoiseaux JS, Morgese C, Beckmann CF, Smith SM, Matthews PM, et al. Regional white matter integrity differentiates between vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. Stroke. 2009;40:773-9.
117. Chen TF, Lin CC, Chen YF, Liu HM, Hua MS, Huang YC, et al. Diffusion tensor changes in patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment and various dementias. Psychiatry Res. 2009;173:15-21.
118. Auning E, Rongve A, Fladby T, Booij J, Hortobagyi T, Siepel FJ, et al. Early and presenting symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;32:202-8.
119. Kantarci K, Avula R, Senjem ML, Samikoglu AR, Zhang B, Weigand SD, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease: neurodegenerative patterns characterized by DTI. Neurology. 2010;74:1814-21.
120. Lee JE, Park HJ, Park B, Song SK, Sohn YH, Lee JD, et al. A comparative analysis of cognitive profiles and white-matter alterations using voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging between patients with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:320-6.
121. Watson R, Blamire AM, Colloby SJ, Wood JS, Barber R, He J, et al. Characterizing dementia with Lewy bodies by means of diffusion tensor imaging. Neurology. 2012;79:906-14.
122. Yamamoto R, Iseki E, Murayama N, Minegishi M, Marui W, Togo T, et al. Investigation of Lewy pathology in the visual pathway of brains of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Sci. 2006;246:95-101. (Pubitemid 43815344)
123. Catani M, Jones DK, Donato R, Ffytche DH. Occipito-temporal connections in the human brain. Brain. 2003;126:2093-107. (Pubitemid 37059449)
124. BozzaliM, Falini A, FranceschiM, CercignaniM, Zuffi M, Scotti G, et al. White matter damage in Alzheimer's disease assessed in vivo using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:742-6. (Pubitemid 34557017)
125. Reed BR, Mungas DM, Kramer JH, Ellis W, Vinters HV, Zarow C, et al. Profiles of neuropsychological impairment in autopsy-defined Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Brain. 2007;130:731-9. (Pubitemid 46410743)
126. Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I. Brain. 1965;88:237-94.
127. Geschwind N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. II. Brain. 1965;88:585-644.
128. Wu XP, Gao YJ, Yang JL, Xu M, Sun DH. Quantitative measurement to evaluate morphological changes of the corpus callosum in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Acta Radiol. 2014. doi:10.1177/ 0284185114520863.
129. Fu JL, Zhang T, Chang C, Zhang YZ, Li WB. The value of diffusion tensor imaging in the differential diagnosis of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in patients with only mild white matter alterations on T2-weighted images. Acta Radiol. 2012;53:312-7.
130. Hanyu H, Imon Y, Sakurai H, Iwamoto T, TakasakiM, Shindo H, et al. Regional differences in diffusion abnormality in cerebral white matter lesions in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6:195-203. (Pubitemid 29141901)
131. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134:2456-77.
132. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939-44. (Pubitemid 14076461)
133. Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, Passant U, Stuss D, Black S, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546-54.
134. Harris JM, Gall C, Thompson JC, Richardson AM, Neary D, du Plessis D, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2013;80:1881-7.
135. Schofield E, Kersaitis C, Shepherd CE, Kril JJ, Halliday GM. Severity of gliosis in Pick's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: tau-positive glia differentiate these disorders. Brain. 2003;126:827-40. (Pubitemid 36372983)
136. Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Mintz J. Quantifying age-related myelin breakdown with MRI: novel therapeutic targets for preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004;6:S53-9. (Pubitemid 40202543)
137. Linke J, King AV, Poupon C, Hennerici MG, Gass A, Wessa M. Impaired anatomical connectivity and related executive functions: differentiating vulnerability and diseasemarker in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:908-16.
138. Hornberger M, Geng J, Hodges JR. Convergent grey and white matter evidence of orbitofrontal cortex changes related to disinhibition in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134:2502-12.
139. Bora E, Harrison BJ, Fornito A, Cocchi L, Pujol J, Fontenelle LF, et al. White matter microstructure in patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2011;36:42-6.
140. Avants BB, Cook PA, Ungar L, Gee JC, Grossman M. Dementia induces correlated reductions in white matter integrity and cortical thickness: a multivariate neuroimaging study with sparse canonical correlation analysis. Neuroimage. 2010;50:1004-16.
141. Roman G. Diagnosis of vascular dementia and Alzheimer 's disease. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2001:9-13.
142. Filippini N, MacIntosh BJ, Hough MG, Goodwin GM, Frisoni GB, Smith SM, et al. Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:7209-14.
143. Sheline YI, Morris JC, Snyder AZ, Price JL, Yan Z, D'Angelo G, et al. APOE4 allele disrupts resting state fMRI connectivity in the absence of amyloid plaques or decreased CSF Aβ42. J Neurosci. 2010;30:17035-40.
144. Zhou J, Gennatas ED, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Seeley WW. Predicting regional neurodegeneration from the healthy brain functional connectome. Neuron. 2012;73:1216-27.