Setting a framework for valuing the multifunctional landscape and its multiple perceptions

The Economic Value of Landscapes

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 23-52

  Antrop, Marc ^c   Sevenant, Marjanne ^a   Tagliafierro, Carolina ^c   Van Eetvelde, Veerle ^b,c   Witlox, Frank ^d,e,f  

^a WORLD BANK GROUP   (United States)

^b International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE)   (Belgium)

^c UNISCAPE ^*

^d GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^e ITMMA (Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp)   (Belgium)

^f LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904008739     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203076378     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Adamowicz, A., Louviere, J. and Williams, M. (1994) 'Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26: 271-292.
2. Adamowicz, W., Boxall, P., Williams, M. and Louviere, J. (1998) 'Stated preferences approaches for measuring passive use values: Choice Experiments and Contingent Valuation', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80: 64-75.
3. Antrop, M. (1998) 'Landscape change: Plan or chaos?' Landscape and Urban Planning, 41: 155-161.
4. Antrop, M. (2000) 'Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe', Landscape Ecology, 15: 257-270.
5. Antrop, M. (2003) 'Continuity and change in landscapes'. In: Ü. Mander and M. Antrop (eds), Multifunctional Landscapes. Volume III. Continuity and Change. pp. 1-14, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
6. Antrop, M. (2004) 'Assessing multi-scale values and multifunctionality in landscapes'. In: J. Brandt and H. Vejre (eds), Multifunctional Landscapes. Theory, Values and History. pp. 165-180, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
7. Antrop, M. (2005a) 'From holistic landscape synthesis to transdisciplinary landscape management'. In: B. Tress, G. Tress, G. Fry and P. Opdam (eds), From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. pp. 27-50, Dordrecht: Springer.
8. Antrop, M. (2005b) 'Why landscapes of the past are important for the future', Landscape and Urban Planning, 70: 21-34.
9. Antrop, M. (2007) Perspectieven op het Landschap. Achtergronden om Landschappen te Lezen en te Begrijpen. Gent: Academia Press (in Dutch).
10. Antrop, M. (2008) 'Landscapes at risk: about change in the European landscapes'. In: P. Dostal (ed.), Evolution of Geographical Systems and Risk Processes in the Global Context. pp. 57-79, Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Science.
11. Antrop, M., Ongenae, T., Sevenant, M. and Van Eetvelde, V. (2007) 'Cultural landscape paths in a polarised Belgium'. In: B. Pedroli, A. van Doorn, G. De Blust, M.K. Paracchini, D. Wascher and F. Bunce (eds), Europe's Living Landscapes. Essays Exploring our Identity in the Countryside. pp. 145-157, Wageningen: Landscape Europe, Wageningen/Zeist: KNNV Publishing.
12. Antrop, M. and Van Eetvelde, V. (2000) 'Holistic aspects of suburban landscapes: visual image interpretation and landscape metrics', Landscape and Urban Planning, 50: 43-58.
13. Antrop, M. and Van Eetvelde, V. (2008) 'Mechanisms in recent landscape transformation'. In: Ü. Mander, J.F. Martin-Duque and C.A. Brebbia (eds), Geo-Environment and Landscape Evolution 2008. pp. 183-192, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
14. Bastian, C.T., McLeod, D.M., Germino, M.J., Reiners, W.A. and Blasko, B.J. (2002) 'Environmental amenities and agricultural land values: a hedonic model using geographic information systems data', Ecological Economics, 40: 337-349.
15. Bateman, I.J., Jones, A.P., Lovett, A.A., Lake, I.R. and Day, B.H. (2002) 'Applying Geographical Information System (GIS) to environmental and resource economics', Environmental and Resource Economics, 22: 219-269.
16. Bedate, A.M., Herrero, L.C. and Sanz, J.A. (2012) 'Ex ante and ex post valuations of a cultural good. Are preferences or expectations changing?' Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 55 (1): 127-140.
17. Bell, S. (2004) Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape. London: Spon Press.
18. Berg, A.E. van den, Vlek, C.A.J. and Coeterier, J.F. (1998) 'Group differences in the aesthetic evaluation of nature development plans: a multilevel approach', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 141-157.
19. Berlyne, D.E. (1960) Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. Brander, L.M. and Koetse, M.J. (2007) The Value of Urban Open Space: Meta-Analyses of Contingent Valuation and Hedonic Pricing Results. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit, Institute of Environmental Studies (IVM), Working Paper I.07/03. http://www.ivm.vu.nl/en/Images/FC28CE82920A02A711A184A85CD2E66B_tcm53-85 983.pdf.
21. Brandt, J., Bunce, R.G.H., Howard, D.C. and Petit, S. (2002) 'General principles of monitoring land cover change based on two case studies in Britain and Denmark', Landscape and Urban Planning, 62: 37-51.
22. Brandt, J. and Vejre, H. (eds) (2004) Multifunctional Landscapes. Theory, Values and History. Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
23. Brown, T.C., Bergstrom, J.C. and Loomis, J.B. (2007) 'Defining, valuing and providing ecosystem goods and services', Journal of Natural Resources, 47: 329-376.
24. Burgi, M., Hersperger, A.M. and Schneeberger, N. (2004) 'Driving forces of landscape change - current and new directions', Landscape Ecology, 19: 357-369.
25. Campbell, D. (2007) 'Willingness to pay for rural landscape improvements: Combining mixed logit and random-effects models', Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58(3): 467-483.
26. Carlsson, F. and Martinsson, P. (2001) 'Do hypothetical and actual marginal Willingness to Pay differ in Choice Experiments?', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 41: 179-192.
27. Clark, J., Darlington, J. and Fairclough, G. (2004) Using Historic Landscape Characterisation. English Heritage and Lancashire County Council.
28. Cosgrove, D. (1984) Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. London: Croom Helm.
29. Cosgrove, D. (2003) 'Landscape: ecology and semiosis'. In: H. Palang and G. Fry (eds), Landscape Interfaces. Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes. pp. 15-20, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
30. Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds) (1988) The Iconography of Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R.S., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. and van den Belt, M. (1997) 'The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital', Nature, 387: 253-260.
32. Council of Europe (2000) European Landscape Convention and Explanatory Report. Florence: Council of Europe, Document by the Secretary General established by the General Directorate of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth, and Environment.
33. Council of Europe (2008) European Landscape Convention. Guidelines for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention. Florence: Council of Europe, Document by the Secretary General established by the General Directorate of Education, Culture, Sport and Youth, and Environment.
34. Daily, G.C. (1997) Nature's Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington D.C., USA: Island Press.
35. Daily, G.C., Soderquist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P.R., Folke, C., Jannson, A., Jansson, B.O., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J., Maler, K.-G., David, S., Starrett, D., Tilman, D. and Walker, B. (2000) 'The value of nature and the nature of value', Science, 289: 395-396.
36. Daniel, T.C. (2001) 'Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century', Landscape and Urban Planning, 54: 267-281.
37. Daniels, S. (1993) Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
38. Daniels, S. (1999) Humphry Repton. Landscape Gardening and the Geography of Georgian England. England: Yale University Press.
39. Dearden, P. (1985) 'Focus: landscape aesthetics', The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 29: 263.
40. Dramstad, W. and Sogge, C. (2003) 'Agricultural impacts on landscapes: Developing indicators for policy analysis', Proceedings from the NIJOS/OECD Expert Meeting on Agricultural Landscape Indicators, Oslo: NIJOS Report 7.
41. Dramstad, W.E., Fry, G., Fjellstad, W.J., Skar, B., Helliksen, W., Sollund, M.L.B., Tveit, M.S., Geelmuyden, A.K. and Framstad, E. (2001) 'Integrating landscape-based values - Norwegian monitoring of agricultural landscapes', Landscape and Urban Planning, 57: 257-268.
42. Earnhart, D. (2001) 'Combining revealed and stated preference methods to value environmental amenities at residential locations', Land Economics, 77(1): 12-29.
43. Eastman, J.R., Kyem, P.A.K., Toledano, J. and Jin, W. (1993) GIS and Decision Making. Unitar Explorations in GIS Technology. Geneva: Unitar.
44. Fairclough, G. and Macinnes, L. (2003) Landscape Character Assessment. Guidance for England and Scotland. Topic Paper 5 - Understanding Historic Landscape Character. The Countryside Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage. http://www.ccnetwork.org.uk/lca_topic_5.html.
45. Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. (1986) Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley.
46. Fry, G., Tveit, M.S., Ode, A. and Velarde, M.D. (2009) 'The ecology of visual landscapes: Exploring the conceptual common ground of visual and ecological landscape indicators', Ecological Indicators, 9: 933-947.
47. Geoghegan, J., Wainger, L. and Bockstael, N. (1997) 'Spatial landscape indices inahedonic framework: an ecological economics analysis using GIS', Ecological Economics, 23: 251-264.
48. González, M. and León, C.J. (2003) 'Consumption process and multiple valuation of landscape attributes', Ecological Economics, 45: 159-169.
49. Grabaum, R. and Meyer, B.C. (1998) 'Multicriteria optimisation of landscapes using GIS- based functional assessments', Landscape and Urban Planning, 43: 21-34.
50. Groot, R.S. de, Wilson, M. and Boumans, R. (2002) 'A typology for the description, classification and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services', Ecological Economics, 41: 393-408.
51. Hagerhall, C.M. (2000) 'Clustering predictors of landscape preference in the traditional Swedish cultural landscape: prospect-refuge, mystery, age and management', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20: 83-90.
52. Hagerhall, C.M. (2001) 'Consensus in landscape preference judgements', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21: 83-92.
53. Hägerstrand, T. (1995) A Look at the Political Geography of Environmental Management. Dublin: University College Dublin, Department of Geography, LLASS Working Paper No. 17.
54. Haines-Young, R. (2000) 'Sustainable development and sustainable landscapes: defining a new paradigm for landscape ecology', Fennia, 178: 7-14.
55. Haines-Young, R. and Potschin, M. (2004) 'Valuing and assessing of multifunctional landscapes: an approach based upon the Natural Capital Concept'. In: J. Brandt and H. Vejre (eds), Multifunctional Landscapes. Theory, Values and History. pp. 181-192, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
56. Hanemann, W.M. (1984) 'Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66: 332-341.
57. Hanemann, W.M. (1994) 'Valuing the environment through Contingent Valuation', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8: 19-43.
58. Hanley, N., Shogren, J.F. and White, B. (1997) Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Oxford: University Press.
59. Hasund, K.P. (1998) 'Valuable landscapes and reliable estimates'. In: S. Dabbert, A. Dubgaard, L. Slangen and M. Whitby (eds), The Economics of Landscape and Wildlife Consevation. pp. 65-83, Wallingford: CAB International.
60. Hensher, D.A., Rose, J.M. and Greene, W.H. (2005) Applied Choice Analysis. A Primer. Cambridge: University Press.
61. Herzog, T.R. and Kropscott, L.S. (2004) 'Legibility, mystery, and visual access as predictors of preference and perceived danger in forest settings without pathways', Environment and Behavior, 36: 659-677.
62. Hilal, M., Brossard, T., Cavailhes, J., Joly, D., Tourneux, F.P. and Wavresky, P. (2009) 'Landscape metrics for determining landscape prices', Proceedings from the 3rd Workshop on Landscape Economics of European Consortium on Landscape Economics (CEEP), May 29-30, France, Paris (Versailles).
63. Howley, P. (2011) 'Landscape aesthetics: assessing the general public's preferences towards rural landscapes', Ecological Economics, 72: 161-169.
64. Hoyos, D. (2010) 'The state of the art of environmental valuation with discrete choice experiments', Ecological Economics, 69: 1595-1603.
65. Irwin, G.E. (2002) 'The effects of open space on residential property values', Land Economics, 78: 465-480.
66. Jacobs, M. (2006) The Production ofMindscapes: A Comprehensive Theory of Landscape Experience. Wageningen University: PhD thesis.
67. Jessel, B. (2006) 'Elements characteristics and character - Information functions of landscapes in terms of indicators', Ecological Indicators, 6: 153-167.
68. Johnson, C.Y., Bowker, J.M. and Ken Cordell, H. (2004) 'Ethnic variation in environmental belief and behavior: an examination of the New Ecological Paradigm in a social psychological context', Environment and Behavior, 36: 157-186.
69. Johnston, R.J. (1986) On Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell.
70. Kaplan, S. (1988) 'Where cognition and affect meet: a theoretical analysis of preference'. In: J.L. Nasar (ed.), Environmental Aesthetics. Theory, Research and Applications. pp. 56-63, Cambridge: University Press.
71. Kaplan, A., Taşkin, T. and Önenç, A. (2006) 'Assessing the visual quality of rural and urban-fringed landscapes surrounding livestock farms', Biosystems Engineering, 95: 437-448.
72. Kaplan, R. and Kaplan, S. (1995) The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Michigan: Ulrich's Bookstore.
73. Kaplan, R. and Talbot, J.F. (1988) 'Ethnicity and preference for natural settings: A review and recent findings', Landscape and Urban Planning, 15: 107-117.
74. Käyhkö, N. and Skånes, H. (2006) 'Change trajectories and key biotopes - Assessing landscape dynamics and sustainability', Landscape and Urban Planning, 75: 300-321.
75. Kong, F., Yin, H. and Nagakoshi, N. (2007) 'Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: a case study in Jinan City, China', Landscape and Urban Planning, 79: 240-252.
76. Krutilla, J.V. (1967) 'Conservation reconsidered', American Economic Review, 57: 777-786.
77. Li, H. and Wu, J. (2007) 'Landscape pattern analysis: key issues and challenges'. In: J. Wu andR. Hobbs (eds), Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. pp. 39-61, Cambridge: University Press.
78. Lockwood, M. (1997) 'Integrated value theory for natural areas', Ecological Economics, 20: 83-93.
79. Louviere, J.J., Hensher, D.A. and Swait, J.D. (2000) Stated Choice Methods. Analysis and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. Lörzing, H. (2001) The Nature of Landscape. A Personal Quest. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
81. McFadden, D. (1974) 'Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior'. In: P. Zarembka (ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics. pp. 105-142, New York: Academic Press.
82. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., Neel, M.C. and Ene, E. (2002) FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/reseach/fragstats/fragstats.html.
83. Michael, H.J., Boyle, K.J. and Bouchard, R. (2000) 'Does the measurement of environmental quality affect implicit prices estimated from hedonic models?' Land Economics, 76: 283-298.
84. Moran, D. (2006) Economic Valuation and Landscape Character Assessment. Report for the Scottish Government.
85. Muir, R. (1999) Approaches to Landscape. Hampshire: Macmillan Press.
86. Muir, R. (2003) 'On change in the landscape', Landscape Research, 28: 383-403.
87. Naveh, Z. (2005) 'Toward a transdisciplinary landscape science'. In: J. Wiens and M. Moss (eds), Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology. pp. 346-354, Cambridge: University Press.
88. Naveh, Z. and Lieberman, A. (1993) Landscape Ecology. Theory and Application. New York: Springer-Verlag.
89. Ode, Ǻ., Fry, G., Tveit, M., Messager, P. and Miller, D. (2009) 'Indicators of perceived naturalness as drivers of landscape preferences', Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 375-383.
90. Ode, A., Tveit, M.S. and Fry, G. (2008) 'Capturing landscape visual character using indicators: touching base with landscape aesthetic theory', Landscape Research, 33: 89-117.
91. Palang, H., Alumae, H. and Mander, U. (2000) 'Holistic aspects in landscape development: a scenario approach', Landscape and Urban Planning, 50: 85-94.
92. Palmer, J.F. (2004) 'Using spatial metrics to predict scenic perception in a changing landscape: Dennis, Massachusetts', Landscape and Urban Planning, 69: 201-218.
93. Parris, K. (2004) 'Measuring changes in agricultural landscapes as a tool for policy makers'. In: J. Brandt and H. Vejre (eds), Multifunctional Landscapes. Theory, Values and History. pp. 193-218, Southampton, Boston: WIT Press.
94. Pearce, D.W. and Turner, R.K. (1990) Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
95. Portney, P.R. (1994) 'The Contingent Valuation debate: why economists should care', The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8: 3-17.
96. Potschin, M.B. and Haines-Young, R.H. (2003) 'Improving the quality of environmental assessments using the concept of natural capital: a case study from southern Germany', Landscape and Urban Planning, 63: 93-180.
97. Price, C. (1978) Landscape Economics. London: MacMillan.
98. Price, C. (1994) 'Editorial', Landscape Research, 19: 1-2.
99. Purcell, A.T., Peron, E. and Berto, R. (2001) 'Why do preferences differ between scene types', Environment and Behavior, 33: 93-106.
100. Puschmann, O. and Dramstad, W.E. (2002) 'Documenting landscape change trough fixed angle photography', NIJOS/OECD Workshop on Agricultural Landscape Indicators, Norway, Oslo.
101. Randall, A. (1994) 'Contingent valuation: an introduction', Landscape Research, 19: 12-14.
102. Saaty, T.L. (1977) 'A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures', Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15: 243-281.
103. Samuelson, P. (1948) 'Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference', Economica, 15: 243-253.
104. Sándor, Z. and Wedel, M. (2002) 'Profile construction in experimental choice designs for mixed logit models', Marketing Science, 21: 455-475.
105. Santos, J.M. (1998) The Economic Valuation of Landscape Change: Theory and Policies for Land Use and Conservation. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
106. Santos, J.M. (1999) 'Valuing alternative bundles of landscape attributes: cost-benefit analysis for the selection of optimal landscapes'. In: K.G. Willis, K. Button and P. Nijkamp (eds), Environmental Valuation, Vol. II. pp. 361-385, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
107. Schama, S. (1995) Landscape and Memory. New York: A.Knopf.
108. Scott, K. and Benson, F. (2002) Public and Professional Attitudes to Landscape: Scoping Study. University of Newcastle: Landscape Research Group, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape.
109. Selman, P. (2006) Planning at the Landscape Scale. Oxon: Routledge.
110. Sevenant, M. (2009) 'Holism? Perception and preference in/of (remarkable) landscapes. Two case studies'. In: V. Van Eetvelde, M. Sevenant and L. Van De Velde (eds), Re-Marc-able Landscapes. Marc-ante Landschappen. Liber Amicorum Marc Antrop. pp. 94-109, Ghent: Academia Press.
111. Sevenant, M. (2010) Variation in Landscape Perception and Preference. Experiences from Case Studies in Rural and Urban Landscapes Observed by Different Groups of Respondents. Ghent University: Department of Geography, Doctoral Dissertation.
112. Sevenant, M. and Antrop, M. (2009) 'Cognitive attributes and aesthetic preferences in assessment and differentiation of landscapes', Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 2889-2899.
113. Sevenant, M. and Antrop, M. (2010) 'The use of latent classes to identify individual differences in the importance of landscape dimensions for aesthetic preference', Land Use Policy, 27: 827-842.
114. Soini, K. (2001) 'Exploring human dimensions of multifunctional landscapes through mapping and map-making', Landscape and Urban Planning, 57: 225-239.
115. Strumse, E. (1994) 'Environmental attributes and the prediction of visual preferences for agrarian landscapes in Western Norway', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14: 293-303.
116. Swanwick, C. (2002) Landscape Character Assessment. Guidance for England and Scotland. The Countryside Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage. http://www.ccnetwork.org.uk/lca_topic.html.
117. Swanwick, C. (2004) 'The assessment of countryside and landscape character in England: an overview'. In: K. Bishop and A. Philipps (eds), Countryside Planning. New Approaches to Management and Conservation. pp. 109-124, London: Earthscan.
118. Tagliafierro, C. An Integrated Approach To Landscape Economic Valuation. Queen's University of Belfast: PhD thesis (forthcoming).
119. Tagliafierro, C., Longo, A., Van Eetvelde, V., Antrop, M. and Hutchinson, W.G. Landscape economic valuation by integrating landscape ecology into landscape economics, Environmental Science and Policy (forthcoming).
120. Tress, B., Tress, G. and Fry, G. (2004) 'Defining concepts and the process of knowledge production in integrative research'. In: B. Tress, G. Tress, G. Fry and P. Opdam (eds), From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. pp. 13-26, Dordrecht: Springer.
121. Tress, B., Tress, G., van der Valk, A. and Fry, G. (eds) (2003) Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Landscape Studies: Potential and Limitations. Wageningen: Delta.
122. Tress, G., Tress, B. and Fry, G. (2007) 'Analysis of the barriers to integration in landscape research projects', Land Use Policy, 24: 374-385.
123. Tuan, Y.-F. (1975) 'Images and mental maps', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 65: 205-213.
124. Turner, S. (2006) 'Historic Landscape Characterisation: a landscape archaeology for research, management and planning', Landscape Research, 31: 385-398.
125. Tveit, M., Ode, A. and Fry, G. (2006) 'Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character', Landscape Research, 31: 229-255.
126. Tveit, M.S. (2009) 'Indicators of visual scale as predictors of landscape preference; a comparison between groups', Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 2882-2888.
127. Ulrich, R.S. (1983) 'Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment'. In: I. Altman and J.F. Wohlwill (eds), Human Behavior and Environment. pp. 85-125, New York: Plenum Press.
128. Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Riho, M. and Mander, Ü. (2009) 'Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research', Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 3(1), see http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2009-1 (accessed 17 March 2012).
129. Van Eetvelde, V. and Antrop, M. (2009) 'A stepwise multi-scaled landscape typology and characterisation for trans-regional integration, applied on the federal state of Belgium', Landscape and Urban Planning, 91: 160-170.
130. Zajonc, R.B. and Markus, H. (1982) 'Affective and cognitive factors in preference', Journal of Consumer Research, 9: 123-131.
131. Zonneveld, I.S. (1995) Land Ecology. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing bv.