Trace Elements in River Waters

Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition

Volumn 7, Issue , 2013, Pages 195-235

  Gaillardet, J ^a   Viers, J ^b   Dupre B ^b  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b Environmental Research Observatory (ORE) HYBAM Centre IRD d'Ile de France   (France)

Author keywords

Aquatic systems; Aqueous speciation; Colloids; River water; Trace elements

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL SPECIATION; COLLOIDS; GROUNDWATER; GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY; RIVERS; SOLS; WEATHERING;

AQUATIC SYSTEM; AQUEOUS SPECIATION; ELEMENT LEVEL; MAJOR ELEMENTS; PERIODIC TABLE; RIVER WATER; SOURCE ROCKS; TRANSPORT SYSTEMS;

TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 84903811787     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00507-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (187)

1. Alasonati E., Slaveykova V.I., Gallard H., Croué J.P., Benedetti M. Characterization of the colloidal organic matter from the amazonian basin by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. Water Research 2010, 44:223-231.
2. Allègre C.J. Isotope Geology 2008, Cambridge University Press, New York, 512 pp.
3. Allison JD Brown DS and Novo-Gradac KJ (1991) MINTEQA2: A Geochemical Assessment Data Base and Test Cases for Environmental Systems, vers. 3.0 user's manual. Report EPA/600/3-91/-21. Athens, GA, US EPA.
4. Ammann A.A. Speciation of heavy metals in environmental water by ion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2002, 372:448-452.
5. Akinfiev N.N. "Balance": IBM computer code for calculating mineral aqueous solution-gas equilibria. Geochemistry 1976, 6:882-890. (in Russian).
6. Artaxo P., Maenhaut W., Storms H., Van Grieken R. Aerosol characteristics and sources for the Amazon basin during the wet season. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:16971-16985.
7. Baes C.F., Mesmer R.E. The Hydrolysis of Cations 1976, Wiley, New York, 489pp.
8. Bagard M.L., Chabaux F., Pokrovsky O.S., et al. Seasonnal variability of element fluxes in two central Siberian Rivers draining high latitude permafrost dominated areas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:3335-3357.
9. Bau M. Scavenging of dissolved yttrium and rare earths by precipitating iron hydroxide: experimental evidence for Ce oxidation, Y-Ho fractionation and lanthanide tetrad effect. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:67-77.
10. Bau M., Dulski P. Anthropogenic origin of positive gadolinium anomalies in river waters. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1996, 143:345-355.
11. Benoit G. Evidence of the particle concentration effect for lead and other metals in fresh waters based on ultrafiltration technique analyses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59(13):2677-2687.
12. Benoit G., Rozan T.F. The influence of size distribution on the particle concentration effect and trace metal partitioning in rivers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1998, 63(1):113-127.
13. Berg T., Royset O., Steinnes E. Trace element in atmospheric precipitation at Norvegian background stations (1989-1990) measured by ICP-MS. Atmospheric Environment 1994, 28:3519-3536.
14. Berner E.K., Berner R.A. Global environment: water, air, and geochemical cycles 2012, Prentice-Hall, Engle- wood Cliffs, NJ, 460. (second edition).
15. Brick C.M., Moore J.N. Diel variation of trace metals in the upper Clark Fork river, Montana. Environmental Science and Technology 1996, 30:1953-1960.
16. Brown E.T., Measures C.I., Edmond J.M., Bourlès D.L., Raibeck G.M., Yiou F. Continental inputs of beryllium to the oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 114:101-111.
17. Brown E., Edmond J.M., Raibeck G.M., Bourlès D.L., Yiou F., Measures C.I. Beryllium isotope geochemistry in tropical river basins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:1607-1624.
18. Bruno J., Duro L., Grivé M. The applicability and limitations of thermodynamic geochemical models to stimulate trace element behavior in natural waters: lessons from natural analogue studies. Chemical Geology 2002, 190:371-393.
19. Buffle J., Van Leeuwen H.P. Environmental particles: 1. Environmental Analytical and Physical Chemistry Series 1992, Lewis Publishers, London, 554p.
20. Burba P., Shkinev V., Spivakov B.Y. On-line fractionation and characterisation of aquatic humic substances by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1995, 351:74-82.
21. Byrne R.H., Kim K.H. Rare earth element scavenging in seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:2645-2656.
22. Cameron E.M., Hall G.E.M., Veizer J., Roy Krouse H. Isotopic and elemental hydrogeochemistry of a major river system: Fraser river, British Columbia, Canada. Chemical Geology 1995, 122:149-169.
23. Cantrell K.J., Byrne R.H. Rare earth element complexation by carbonate and oxalate ions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:597-605.
24. 137Cs in a small watershed. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1982, 46:1333-1343.
25. Chabaux F., Riotte J., Clauer N., France-Lanord Ch. Isotopic tracing of the dissolved U fluxes in Himalayan rivers: implications for the U oceanic budget. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65:3201-3217.
26. Chabaux F, Riotte J, and Dequincey O (2003) U-Th-Ra fractionation during weathering and river transport. In: Bourdon B, Turner S, Henderson G, and Lundstrom CC (eds.) U-series Geochemistry and Applications, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society.
27. Chen J.B., Gaillardet J., Louvat P. Zinc isotopes in the Seine River Waters, France: A probe of anthropogenic contamination. Environmetal Science and Technology 2008, 42:6494-6501.
28. Colodner D., Sachs J., Ravizza G., Turekian K., Edmond J., Boyle E. The geochemical cycle of rhenium: a reconnaissance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 117:205-221.
29. Cossa D., Tremblay G.H., Gobeil C. Seasonality in iron and manganese concentrations in the St. Lawrence river. Science of the Total Environment 1990, 97/98:185-190.
30. Dahlqvist R., Benedetti M., Andersson K., et al. Association of calcium with colloidal particles and speciation of calcium in the Kalix and Amazon rivers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68:4059-4075.
31. Dai M., Martin J.-M. First data on trace metal level and behaviour in two major Arctic river-estuarine systems (Ob and Yenisey) and in the adjacent Kara Sea, Russia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1995, 131:127-141.
32. 2 in the atmosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 66(1):29-43.
33. Davranche M., Pourret O., Gruau G., Dia A. Impact of humate complexation on the adsorption of REE onto Fe oxyhydroxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2004, 277:271-279.
34. Deberdt S., Viers J., Dupre B. New insights about the rare earth elements (REE) mobility in river waters. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 2002, 173(2):147-160.
35. De Caritat P., Reimann C., Ayras M., Niskavaara H., Chekushin V.A., Pavlov V.A. Stream water geochemistry from selected catchments on the Kola peninsula (NW Russia) and the neighbouring areas of Finland and Norway: 1. Element levels and sources. Aquatic Geochemistry 1996, 2:149-168.
36. Dia A., Gruau G., Olivié-Lauquet G., Riou C., Molénat J., Curmi P. The distribution of rare earth elements in shallow groundwaters: Assessing the role of source-rock composition, redox conditions and colloidal particles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2000, 64(24):4131-4151.
37. Douglas G.B., Gray C.M., Hart B.T., Beckett R. A strontium isotopic investigation of the origin of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Murray-Darling river system, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:3799-3815.
38. Drever J.I. Geochemistry of Natural Waters 1997, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 3rd edn.
39. Dupré B., Gaillardet J., Allègre C.J. Major and trace elements of river-borne material: the Congo Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:1301-1321.
40. Dupré B., Viers J., Dandurand J.L., et al. Major and trace elements associated with colloids in organic-rich river waters: Ultrafiltration of natural and spiked solutions. Chemical Geology 1999, 160:63-80.
41. Dzomback D.A., Morel F.M.M. Surface Complexation Modelling 1990, Wiley, New York.
42. Eary LE and Jenne EA (1992) Version 4.00 ofthe MINTEQ Code. Report PNL-8190/UC-204. Richland, WA, Pacific Northwest Laboratory.
43. Edmond J.M., Spivack A., Grant B.C., et al. Chemical dynamics of the Changjiang estuary. Continental Shelf Research 1985, 4(1/2):17-36.
44. Edmond J.M., Palmer M.R., Measures C.I., Grant B., Stallard R.F. The fluvial geochemistry and denudation rate of the Guyana shield in Venezuela, Columbia and Brazil. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:3301-3325.
45. Edmond J.M., Palmer M.R., Measures C.I., Brown E.T., Huh Y. Fluvial geochemistry of the eastern slope of the northeastern Andes and its foredeep in the drainage of the Orinoco in Colombia and Venezuela. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:2949-2975.
46. Elbaz-Poulichet F., Seyler P., Maurice-Bourgoin L., Guyot J.L., Dupuy C. Trace element geochemistry in the upper Amazon drainage basin (Bolivia). Chemical Geology 1999, 157:319-334.
47. Elderfield H., Upstill-Goddard R., Sholkovitz E.R. The rare earth element in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:971-991.
48. Emerson S.R., Huested S.S. Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater. Marine Chemistry 1991, 34:177-196.
49. Erel Y., Morgan J.J. The effect of surface reactions on the relative abundances of trace metals in deep sea waste. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1991, 55:1807-1813.
50. Erel Y., Stolper E.M. Modelling of rare-earth element partitioning between particles and solution in aquatic environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 57:513-518.
51. Erel Y., Morgan J.J., Patterson C.C. Natural levels of lead and cadmium in remote mountain stream. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 55:707-719.
52. Eyrolle F., Fevrier D., Benaim J.U.-Y. Etude par D. P. A. S. V. de l'aptitude de la matière organique colloi'dale a fixer et a transporter les métaux: exemples de bassins versants en zone tropicale. Environmental Technologies 1993, 14:701-717.
53. Eyrolle F., Benedetti M.F., Benaim J.-Y., Fevrier D. The distributions of colloidal and dissolved organic carbon, major elements and trace elements in small tropical catchments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:3643-3656.
54. Fortner S.K., Mark B.G., McKenzie J.M., et al. Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in the foreland of receding tropical glaciers. Applied Geochemistry 2011, 26:1792-1801.
55. Foster I.D.L., Charlesworth S.M. Heavy metals in the hydrological cycle: trends and explanation. Hydrological Processes 1996, 10:227-261.
56. Fox L.E. The solubility of colloidal ferric hydroxide and its relevance to iron concentrations in river water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:771-777.
57. Frei M., Bielert U., Heinrichs H. Effects of pH, alkalinity and bedrock chemistry on metal concentrations of springs in an acidified catchment (Ecker dam, Harz Mountains, FRG). Chemical Geology 1998, 170:221-242.
58. Freydier R., Dupré B., Lacaux J.P. Precipitation chemistry in intertropical Africa. Atmospheric Environment 1998, 32:749-765.
59. Froelich P.N., Hambrick G.A., Andreae M.O., Mortlock R.A., Edmond J.M. The geochemistry of inorganic germanium in natural waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90(C1):1133-1141.
60. Gaillardet J., Dupré B., Allègre C.J., Négrel P. Chemical and physical denudation in the Amazon river basin. Chemical Geology 1997, 142:141-173.
61. Gaillardet J., Dupré B., Louvat P., Allègre C.J. Global silicate weathering of silicates estimated from large river geochemistry. Chemical Geology (Special Issue Carbon Cycle 7) 1999, 159:3-30.
62. Gaillardet J., Dupré B., Allegre C.J. Geochemistry of large river suspended sediments: Silicate weathering or crustal recycling?. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63(23/24):4037-4051.
63. Gaillardet J, Millot R, and Dupré B (2003) Trace elements in the Mackenzie river basin (in preparation).
64. Goldstein S.J., Jacobsen S.B. Rare earth elements in river waters. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1988, 89:35-47.
65. Gu B., Schmitt J., Chen Z., Liang L., McCarthy J.F. Adsorption and desorption of different organic matter fractions on iron oxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:219-229.
66. Henderson P., et al. General geochemical properties and abundances of the rare earth elements. Developments in Geochemistry: 2. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry 1984, 1-32. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
67. Herrera Ramos A.C., McBride M.B. Goethite dispersibility in solutions of variable ionic strength and soluble organic matter content. Clay Clays Minerals 1996, 44:286-296.
68. Hoffmann S.R., Shafer M.M., Babiarz C.L., Armstrong D.E. A critical evaluation of tangential-flow ultrafiltration for trace metals studies in freshwater systems: 1. Organic carbon. Environmental Science and Technology 2000, 34:3420-3427.
69. Horowitz A.J., Lum K.R., Garbarino J.R., Gwendy E.M.H., Lemieux C., Demas C.R. The effect of membrane filtration on dissolved trace element concentrations. Water Air Soil Pollution 1996, 90:281-294.
70. Huang W.W., Martin J.M., Seyler Zhang J., Zhong X.M. Distribution and behavior of arsenic in the Huanghe (Yellow river) estuary and Bohai Sea. Marine Chemistry 1988, 25:75-91.
71. Huh Y., Chan L.H., Zhang L., Edmond J.M. Lithium and its isotopes in major world rivers: Implications for weathering and the oceanic budget. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1998, 62:2039-2051.
72. Hummel W, Glaus M, Van Loon LR (1995) Binding of radionuclides by humic substances: the "Conservative Roof" approach. In: Proceedings of an NEA Workshop, September 14-16, 1994, Bad Zurzach, Switzerland. OECD documents, ISBN no. 92-94, 251-262.
73. Ingri J., Widerlund A. Uptake of alkali and alkalineearth elements on suspended iron and manganese in the Kalix River, northern Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1994, 58:5433-5442.
74. Ingri J., Widerlund A., Land M., Gustafsson Ö., Andersson P., Öhlander B. Temporal variations in the fractionation of the rare earth elements in a boreal river: The role of colloidal particles. Chemical Geology 2000, 166:23-45.
75. Johannesson K., Stetzenbach K., Hodge V.F., Lyons W.B. Rare earth element complexation behavior in circumneutral pH groundwaters: assessing the role of carbonate and phosphate ions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1996, 139:305-319.
76. Johannesson K.H., Lyons W.B., Graham E.Y., Welch C.A. Oxyanion concentrations in eastern Sierra Nevada rivers: 3. Boron, Molybdenum, Vanadium, and Tungsten. Aquatic Geochemistry 2000, 6:19-46.
77. Kaasalainen H., Stefansson A. The chemistry of trace elements in surface geothermal waters and stream, Iceland. Chemical Geology 2012, 330-331:60-85.
78. Kharaka Y.K., Gunter W.D., Aggarwal P.K., Perkins E.H., Debraal J.D. SOLMINEQ: 88. A computer program for geochemical modelling of water rock interactions. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation 88-4227 1988, US Geological Survey, Meno Park, CA.
79. Keasler K.M., Loveland W.D. Rare earth elemental concentrations in some Pacific Northwest rivers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1982, 61:68-72.
80. Koshinen W.C., Harper S.S. The retention process: mechanisms. Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts, and Modelling 1990, 51-77. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, Book Series 2. H.H. Cheng (Ed.).
81. Lakshman S., Mills R., Patterson H., Cronan C. Apparent differences in binding site distributions and aluminum(III) complexation for three molecular weight fractions of a coniferous soil fulvic acid. Analytica Chimica Acta 1993, 282:101-108.
82. Langmuir D. Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry 1997, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 600p.
83. Langmuir D., Herman J.S. The mobility of thorium in natural waters at low temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1980, 44:1753-1766.
84. Laxen D.P.H. Trace metals adsorption/co-precipitation on hydrous ferric oxide under realistic conditions. Water Research 1985, 19:1229-1236.
85. Laxen D.P.H., Davison X., Wook C. Manganese chemistry in rivers and streams. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1984, 48:2107-2111.
86. Lead J.R., Davison W., Hamilton-Taylor J., Buffle J. Characterizing colloidal material in natural waters. Aquatic Geochemistry 1997, 3:213-232.
87. Lee J.H., Byrne R.H. Complexation of trivalent rare earth elements by carbonate ions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993, 57:295-302.
88. Leleyter L., Probst J.L., Depetris P., et al. Distribution des terres rares dans les sediments fluviaux: fractionnement entre les phases labiles et résiduelles. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 1999, 329:45-52.
89. Lemarchand D., Gaillardet J., Lewin E., Allègre C.J. Boron isotopes river fluxes: Limitation for seawater pH reconstruction over the last 100 Myr. Nature 2000, 408:951.
90. Levasseur S (1999) Contribution à l'étude du cycle externe de l'osmium. PhD Thesis, University of Paris 7.
91. Levasseur S., Birck J.L., Allègre C.J. The osmium riverine flux and the oceanic mass balance of osmium. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 174:7-23.
92. Li Y. A compendium of geochemistry. From Solar Nebula to the Human Brain 2000, Princeton University Press, Princeton, Oxford.
93. Liu X., Byrne R.H. Rare earth and yttrium phosphate solubilities in aqueous solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:1625-1633.
94. Luck J.M., Ben Othman D. Geochemistry and water dynamics: II. Trace metals ad Pb-Sr isotopes as tracers of water movements and erosion processes. Chemical Geology 1998, 150:263-282.
95. Marsac R., Davranche M., Gruau G., Dia A. Metal loading effect on rare earth element binding to humic acid: Experimental and modelling evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:1749-1761.
96. Martin J.M., Meybeck M. Elemental mass balance of materiel carried by world major rivers. Marine Chemistry 1979, 7(2):173-206.
97. Martin J.M., Hogdahl O., Philippot J.C. Rare earth element supply to the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 1976, 81(18):3119-3124.
98. Martin J.M., Guan D.N., Elbaz-Poulichet F., Thomas A.J., Gordeev V.V. Preliminary assessment of the distributions of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) in a pristine aquatic environment: The Lean River estuary (Russia). Marine Chemistry 1993, 43:185-199.
99. Martel A.E., Hancock R.D. Metal complexes in Aqueous solutions 1996, Plenum, New York, 253pp.
100. Martell A.E., Smith R.M. Critical stability constants. Other Organic Ligands 1977, Volume 3. Plenum, New York.
101. McCleskey R.B., Nordstrom D.K., Susong D.D., Ball J.W., Taylor H.E. Source and fate of inorganic solutes in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, USA. II: Trace element chemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2010, 196:139-155.
102. McKnight D.M., Bencala K.E. Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County, Colorado: A hydrologic perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1989, 53:2225-2234.
103. McKnight D.M., Bencala K.E. The chemistry of iron, aluminium, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountains streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes. Water Resources Research 1990, 26(12):3087-3100.
104. McKnight D.M., Kimball B.A., Bencala K.E. Iron photoreduction and oxydation in an acidic mountain stream. Science 1989, 240:637-640.
105. Michard G. Equilibres chimiques dans les eaux naturelles 1989, Edition Publisud, Paris.
106. Millero F.J. Stability constants for the formation of rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic strength. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:3123-3132.
107. Morel F.M.M., Gschwend P.M. The role of colloids in the partitioning of solutes in natural waters. Aquatic Surface Chemistry 1987, 405-422. Wiley, New York. W. Stumm (Ed.).
108. Morel F.M.M., Hering J.G. Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry 1993, Wiley, New York.
109. Mouvet C., Bourg A.C.M. Speciation (including adsorbed species) of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in the Meuse River: Observed results compared to values calculated with a chemical equilibrium computer program. Water Research 1983, 6:641-649.
110. Murnane R.J., Stallard R.J. Germanium and silicon in rivers of the Orinoco drainage basin. Nature 1990, 344:749-752.
111. Négrel P., Allègre C.J., Dupré B., Lewin E. Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios in river water: The Congo Basin case. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 120:59-76.
112. Nriagu J.O. Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere. Nature 1979, 279:409-411.
113. Nriagu J.O., Pacyna J.M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals. Nature 1988, 333:134-139.
114. Olivié-Lauquet G., Allard T., Benedetti M., Muller J.P. Chemical distribution of trivalent iron in riverine material from a tropical ecosystem: A quantitative EPR study. Water Research 1999, 33:2276-2734.
115. Olivié-Lauquet G., Allard T., Bertaux J., Muller J.P. Crystal chemistry of suspended matter in a tropical hydrosystem, Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa). Chemical Geology 2000, 170:113-131.
116. Palmer M.R., Edmond J.M. Uranium in river water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993, 57:4947-4955.
117. Parkhurst DL (1995) Users Guide to PHREEQC: A Computer Program for Speciation, Reaction-path, Advective-transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report, 95-4227.
118. Parkhurst DL, Thorstenson DC, and Plummer NL (1990) PHREEQE: A Computer Program for Geochemical Calculations. Rev. US Geological Survey Water Resources Inv. Report, 80-96.
119. Pédrot M., Dia A., Davranche M. Double pH control on humic substance-borne trace element distribution in soil waters as inferred from ultrafiltration. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2009, 339:390-403.
120. Perdue E.M., Beck K.C., Reuter J.H. Organic complexes of iron and aluminum in natural waters. Nature 1976, 260:418-420.
121. Perdue E.M., Reuter J.H., Parrish R.S. A statistical model of proton binding by humus. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1984, 48:1257-1263.
122. Pereiro R., Carro Díaz A. Speciation of mercury, tin, and lead compounds by gas chromatography with microwave-induced plasma and atomic-emission detection (GC-MIP-AED). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2002, 372:74-90.
123. Perret D., Newman M.E., Negre J.C., Chen Y., Buffle J. Submicron particles in the Rhine river: I. Physicochemical characterization. Water Research 1994, 28:91-106.
124. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Hannigan Effects of black shale weathering on the mobility of rhenium and platinum group elements. Geology 2000, 28:475-478.
125. Picouet C Dupré B Orange D and Valladon M (2001) Major and trace element geochemistry of the upper Niger (Mali): Physical and chemical weathering rates and CO2 consumption. Chemical Geology 93-124.
126. Pierson-Wickman A.C., Reisberg L., France-Lanord C. The Os isotopic composition of Himalayan river bedloads and bedrocks: Importance of black shales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 176:201-216.
127. Plummer LE, Jones BF, and Truesdell AH (1984) WATEQF-A FORTRAN IV Version of WATEQ: A Computer Program for Calculating Chemical Equilibria of Natural Waters. Rev. US Geological Survey Water Resources Inv. Report 76-13. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
128. Pokrovski O.S., Schott J. Iron colloids/organic matter associated transport of major and trace elements in small boreal rivers and their estuaries (NW Russia). Chemical Geology 2002, 190:141-181.
129. Pokrovsky O.S., Viers J., Shirokova L.S., Shevchenko V.P., Filipov A.S., Dupré B. Dissolved, suspended and colloidal fluxes of organic carbon, major and trace elements in the Severnaya Dvina River and its tributary. Chemical Geology 2010, 273:136-149.
130. Ponter C., Ingri J., Boström K. Geochemistry of manganese in the Kalic river, northern Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:1485-1494.
131. Pourret O., Davranche M., Gruau G., Dia A. Organic complexation of rare earth elements in natural waters: Evaluating model calculations from ultrafiltration data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71:2718-2735.
132. Pourret O., Dia A., Gruau G., Davranche M., Bouhnik-Le Coz M. Assessment of vanadium distribution in shallow groundwaters. Chemical Geology 2012, 294-295:89-102.
133. Pourret O., Gruau G., Dia A., Davranche M., Molénat J. Colloidal control on the distribution of rare earth elements in shallow groundwaters. Aquatic Geochemistry 2010, 16:31-59.
134. Porcelli D., Andersson P.S., Wasserburg G.J., Ingri J., Baskaran M. The importance of colloids and mires for the transport of uranium isotopes through the Kalix River watershed and Baltic Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:4095-4113.
135. Quémerais B., Lum K.R. Distribution and temporal variation of Cd in the St. Lawrence river basin. Aquatic Sciences 1997, 59:243-259.
136. Roy S (1996) Utilisation des isotopes du plomb et du strontium comme traceurs des apports atnthropiques et naturels dans les précipitations et rivières du bassin de Paris. PhD Thesis, Université Paris 7.
137. Sarin M.M., Krishnaswami S., Somayajulu B.L.K., Moore W.S. Chemistry of U, Th, and Ra isotopes in the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system: weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:1387-1396.
138. Schäfer J., Blanc G. Relationship between ore deposits in river catchments and geochemistry of suspended particulate matter from six rivers in southwest France. Science of the Total Environment 2002, 298(1-3):103-118.
139. Schecher WD and McAvoy DC (1991) MINEQL +: A Chemical Equilibrium Program for Personal Computers, user's manual ver. 2.1. Edgewater, MD, Environmental Research Software.
140. Schindler P.W., Stumm W. The surface chemistry of oxides, hydroxides and oxide minerals. Aquatic Surface Chemistry 1987, 83-110. Wiley, New York. W. Stumm (Ed.).
141. Sen I.S., Peuker-Ehrenbrink B. Anthropogenic disturbance of element cycles at the Earth's surface. Environmental Science and Technology 2012, 46:8601-8609.
142. Seyler P., Boaventura G. Trace metals in the mainstem river. The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin and its Role in a Changing World 2001, 307-327. Oxford University Press, Oxford. M. McClain, R.L. Victoria, J.E. Richey (Eds.).
143. Seyler P and Boaventura G (2002) Distribution and partition of trace elements in the Amazon basin. In: Hydrological Processes, Special Issue of International symposium on Hydrological and Geochemical Processes in Large Scale River Basins, Nov. 15-19, 1999, Manaus, Brésil.
144. Shafer M.M., Overdier J.T., Hurley J.P., Armstrong J., Webb D. The influence of dissolved organic carbon, suspended particulates, and hydrology on the concentration, partitioning and variability of trace metals in two contrasting Wisconsin watersheds (USA). Chemical Geology 1997, 136:71-97.
145. Sharma M., Wasserburg G.J., Hofmann A.W., Chakrapani G.J. Himalayan uplift and osmium isotopes in oceans and rivers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:4005-4012.
146. Shiller A.M. Dissolved trace elements in the Mississippi River: Seasonal, interannual, and decadal variability. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 51(20):4321-4330.
147. Shiller A.M. Seasonality of dissolved rare earth elements in the lower Mississippi River. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2002, 3(11):1068.
148. Shiller A.M., Boyle E. Dissolved zinc in rivers. Nature 1985, 317:49-52.
149. Shiller A.M., Boyle E. Variability of dissolved trace metals in the Mississippi River. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:3273-3277.
150. Shiller A.M., Boyle E. Trace elements in the Mississippi River delta outflow region: behavior at high discharge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 55:3241-3251.
151. Shiller A.M., Mao L. Dissolved vanadium in rivers: effects of silicate weathering. Chemical Geology 2000, 165:13-22.
152. Shiller A.M., Frilot D.M. The geochemistry of gallium relative to aluminium in Californian streams. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 60:1323-1328.
153. Sholkovitz E.R. The flocculation of dissolved Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cd during estuarine mixing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1978, 41:77-86.
154. Sholkovitz E.R. Chemical evolution of REE: fractionation between colloidal and solution phases of filtered river water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 114:77-84.
155. Sholkovitz E.R. The aquatic chemistry of rare earth elements in rivers and estuaries. Aquatic Chemistry 1995, 1:1-34.
156. Sholkovitz E.R., Copland D. The coagulation, solubility and adsorption properties of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, and humic acids in a river water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1980, 45:181-189.
157. Sholkovitz E.R., Boyle E.R., Price N.B. Removal of dissolved humic acid and iron during estuarine mixing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1978, 40:130-136.
158. Sigg L., Behra P., Stumm W. Chimie des Milieux Aquatiques 2000, Dunod, Parris. 3rd edn.
159. Smedley P.L., Kinniburg D.G. A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry 2002, 17:517-568.
160. Spivack A.J., Palmer M.R., Edmond J.M. The sedimentary cycle of the boron isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:1939-1949.
161. Steinmann M., Stille P. Controls on transport and fractionation of the rare earth elements in stream water of a mixed basaltic-granitic catchment (Massif Central, France). Chemical Geology 2008, 254:1-18.
162. Stevenson F.J. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions 1994, Wiley, New York. 2nd edn.
163. Stumm W. Aquatic colloids as chemical reactants: surface structure and reactivity. Colloids and Surfaces 1993, A73:1-18.
164. Taran Y., Rouwet D., Inguaggiato S., Aiuppa A. Major and trace element geochemistry of neutral and acidic thermal springs at El Chichon volcano, Mexico. Implication for monitoring volcanic acidity. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2008, 178:224-236.
165. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution 1985, Blackwell, Oxford, 312p.
166. Tessier A., Campbell P.G.C., Bisson M. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry 1979, 51:844-851.
167. Thurman E.M. Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters 1985, Nijhoff and Junk publishers, Dordrecht.
168. Tipping E. The adsorption of humic substances by iron oxides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1981, 45:191-199.
169. Tricca A., Stille P., Steinmann M., Kiefel B., Samuel J., Eikenberg J. Rare earth elements and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of dissolved and suspended loads from small river systems in the Vosges mountains (France), the river Rhien and groundwater. Chemical Geology 1999, 160:139-158.
170. Turner D.R., Whitfield M., Dickson A.G. The equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in fresh- water and seawater at 25°C and 1atm pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1981, 45:855-881.
171. Vasyukova E., Pokrovsky O.S., Viers J., Dupré B. New operational method for testing colloid complexation with metals in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry 2012, 27:1226-1237.
172. Vasyukova E.V., Pokrovsky O.S., Viers J., et al. Trace elements in organic- and iron- rich surficial fluids of the boreal zone: Assessing colloidal forms via dialysis and ultrafiltration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:449-468.
173. Viers J and Wasserburg GJ (2002) Behavior of Sm and Nd in a lateritic soil profile. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (inpress).
174. Viers J., Dupré B., Polvé M., Schott J., Dandurand J.L., Braun J.J. Chemical weathering in the drainage basin of a tropical watershed (Nsimi-Zoetele site, Cameroon) comparison between organic-poor and organic-rich waters. Chemical Geology 1997, 140:181-206.
175. Viers J., Dupré B., Deberdt S., et al. Major and traces elements abundances, and strontium isotopes in the Nyong basin rivers (Cameroon) constraints on chemical weathering processes and elements transport mechanisms in humid tropical environments. Chemical Geology 2000, 169:211-241.
176. Vigier N., Bourdon B., Turner S., Allègre C.J. Erosion timescales derived from U-decay series measurements in rivers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 193:549-563.
177. Willenbring J.K., von Blanckenburg F. Meteoric cosmogenic Beryllium-10 adsorbed to river sediment and soil: Applications for Earth-surface dynamics. Earth-Science Reviews 2010, 98:105-122.
178. Wollery TJ (1992) EQ3/6, A software package for geochemical modelling of aqueous systems: package overview and installation guide (ver. 7.0). UCRL-MA-110662: Part I. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab.
179. Wood S.A. The aqueous geochemistry of the rare earth elements and yttrium. Chemical Geology 1990, 82:159-186.
180. Wen L.S., Santschi P.H., Tang D. Interactions between radioactively labelled colloids and natural particles: evidence for colloidal pumping. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:2867-2878.
181. Yee H.S., Measures C.I., Edmond J.M. Selenium in the tributaries of the Orinoco in Venezuela. Nature 1987, 326:686-689.
182. Yeghicheyan D., Carignan J., Valladon M., et al. A compilation of silicon and thirty one trace elements measured in the natural river water reference SLRS-4 (NRC-CNRS). Geostandards Newsletter 2001, 35(2-3):465-474.
183. You C.F., Lee T., Li Y.H. The partition of Be between soil and water. Chemical Geology 1989, 77:105-118.
184. Zhang J. Geochemistry of trace metals from Chinese river/estuary systems: An overview. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1994, 41:631-658.
185. Zhang J., Huang W.W. Dissolved trace metals in the Huanghe, the most turbid river large river in the world. Water Research 1992, 27(1):1-8.
186. Zhang J., Huang W.W., Wang J.H. Trace element chemistry of the Huanghe (Yellow river), China: Examination of the data from in situ measurements and laboratory approach. Chemical Geology 1993, 114:83-94.
187. Zhang C., Wang L., Zhang S., Li X. Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the mainstream of the Yangtze river, China. Applied Geochemistry 1998, 13:451-462.