The association between plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) levels, PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism, and myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomization meta-analysis

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 52, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 937-950

  Nikolopoulos, Georgios K ^b   Bagos, Pantelis G ^c   Tsangaris, Iraklis ^d   Tsiara, Chrissa G ^b   Kopterides, Petros ^d   Vaiopoulos, Aristides ^d   Kapsimali, Violetta ^d   Bonovas, Stefanos ^d   Tsantes, Argirios E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

4G 5G polymorphism; Mendelian randomization; Meta analysis; Myocardial infarction; Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI 1)

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; SERPINE1 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ALLELE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENOTYPE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; BLOOD; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; META ANALYSIS;

ALLELES; HUMANS; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 84903695006     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: 14374331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-1124     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Dalager-Pedersen S, Ravn HB, Falk E. Atherosclerosis and acute coronary events. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:37T-40T.
2. Sprengers ED, Kluft C. Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 1987;69:381-7.
3. Vaughan DE. PAI-1 and atherothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1879-83.
4. Schneider DJ, Hayes M, Wadsworth M, Taatjes H, Rincón M, Taatjes DJ, et al. Attenuation of neointimal vascular smooth muscle cellularity in atheroma by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). J Histochem Cytochem 2004;52:1091-9.
5. Sobel BE. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vasculopathy. A reconcilable paradox. Circulation 1999;99:2496-8.
6. Ye Z, Liu EH, Higgins JP, Keavney BD, Lowe GD, Collins R, et al. Seven haemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease: meta-analysis of 66, 155 cases and 91, 307 controls. Lancet 2006;367:651-8.
7. Landin K, Tengborn L, Smith U. Elevated fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in hypertension are related to metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 1990;227:273-8.
8. Juhan-Vague I, Roul C, Alessi MC, Ardissone JP, Heim M, Vague P. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in non insulin dependent diabetic patients - relationship with plasma insulin. Thromb Haemost 1989;61:370-3.
9. Song J, Yoon YM, Jung HJ, Hong SH, Park H, Kim JQ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and coagulation factor VII Arg353- > Gln polymorphism in Korean patients with coronary artery disease. J Korean Med Sci 2000;15:146-52.
10. Scarabin PY, Aillaud M, Amouyel P, Evans A, Luc G, Ferrières J, et al. Associations of fibrinogen, factor VII and PAI-1 with baseline findings among 10, 500 male participants in a prospective study of myocardial infarction - The PRIME Study. Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction. Thromb Haemost 1998;80:749-56.
11. Dawson SJ, Wiman B, Hamsten A, Green F, Humphries S, Henney AM. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene respond differently to interleukin-1 in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem 1993;268:10739-45.
12. Eriksson P, Kallin B, van't Hooft FM, Bavenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:1851-5.
13. Boekholdt SM, Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Levi M, Buller HR, Peters RJ. Genetic variation in coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins and their relation with acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review. Circulation 2001;104:3063-8.
14. Bentley P, Peck G, Smeeth L, Whittaker J, Sharma P. Causal relationship of susceptibility genes to ischemic stroke: comparison to ischemic heart disease and biochemical determinants. PLoS One 2010;5:e9136.
15. Juhan-Vague I, Morange PE, Aubert H, Henry M, Aillaud MF, Alessi MC, et al; HIFMECH Study Group. Plasma thrombinactivatable fibrinolysis inhibitor antigen concentration and genotype in relation to myocardial infarction in the North and South of Europe. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22: 867-73.
16. Henry M, Chomiki N, Scarabin PY, Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Arveiler D, et al. Five frequent polymorphisms of the PAI-1 gene: lack of association between genotypes, PAI activity, and triglyceride levels in a healthy population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:851-8.
17. Lopes C, Dina C, Durand E, Froguel P. PAI-1 polymorphisms modulate phenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome in obese and diabetic Caucasian population. Diabetologia 2003;46:1284-90.
18. Panahloo A, Mohamed-Ali V, Lane A, Green F, Humphries SE, Yudkin JS. Determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity in treated NIDDM and its relation to a polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene. Diabetes 1995;44:37-42.
19. Hoffstedt J, Andersson IL, Persson L, Isaksson B, Arner P. The common -675 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is strongly associated with obesity. Diabetologia 2002;45:584-7.
20. McCormack LJ, Nagi DK, Stickland MH, Mansfield MW, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, et al. Promoter (4G/5G) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genotype in Pima Indians: relationship to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and features of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetologia 1996;39:1512-8.
21. Viitanen L, Pihlajamaki J, Halonen P, Lehtonen M, Kareinen A, Lehto S, et al. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter gene polymorphisms with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in patients with premature coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:57-64.
22. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. J Am Med Assoc 2000;283:2008-12.
23. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 2010;8:336-41.
24. Pan Z, Trikalinos TA, Kavvoura FK, Lau J, Ioannidis JP. Local literature bias in genetic epidemiology: An empirical evaluation of the Chinese literature. PLoS Med 2005;2:e334.
25. Conn VS, Valentine JC, Cooper HM, Rantz MJ. Grey literature in meta-analyses. Nurs Res 2003;52:256-61.
26. Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:1-22.
27. Sheehan NA, Didelez V, Burton PR, Tobin MD. Mendelian randomisation and causal inference in observational epidemiology. PLoS Med 2008;5:e177.
28. Palmer TM, Thompson JR, Tobin MD. Meta-analysis of mendelian randomization studies incorporating all three genotypes. Stat Med 2008;27:6570-82.
29. Bagos PG. A unification of multivariate methods for meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2008;7:Article31.
30. Minelli C, Thompson JR, Abrams KR, Thakkinstian A, Attia J. The choice of a genetic model in the meta-analysis of molecular association studies. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:1319-28.
31. Minelli C, Thompson JR, Tobin MD, Abrams KR. An integrated approach to the meta-analysis of genetic association studies using mendelian randomization. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:445-52.
32. Thompson JR, Minelli C, Abrams KR, Tobin MD, Riley RD. Meta-analysis of genetic studies using mendelian randomization - A multivariate approach. Stat Med 2005;24:2241-54.
33. Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology 2009;20:488-95.
34. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50: 1088-101.
35. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J 1997;315:629-34.
36. Thompson SG, Sharp SJ. Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: A comparison of methods. Stat Med 1999;18:2693-708.
37. Lau J, Schmid CH, Chalmers TC. Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:45-60.
38. Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992;327:248-54.
39. Bagos PG, Nikolopoulos GK. Generalized least squares for assessing trends in cumulative meta-analysis with applications in genetic epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1037-44.
40. Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Habashi J, Carlquist JF, Bair TL, Elmer SP, et al. Lack of association of a common polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1778-83.
41. Crainich P, Jenny NS, Tang Z, Arnold AM, Kuller LH, Manolio T, et al. Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1799-804.
42. Gardemann A, Lohre J, Katz N, Tillmanns H, Hehrlein FW, Haberbosch W. The 4G4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G gene polymorphism is associated with coronary atherosclerosis in patients at high risk for this disease. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1121-6.
43. Hindorff LA, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Longstreth WT Jr, Reiner AP. The association of PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism with myocardial infarction and stroke in young women. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002;9:131-7.
44. Mikkelsson J, Perola M, Wartiovaara U, Peltonen L, Palotie A, Penttilä A, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism, coronary thrombosis, and myocardial infarction in middle-aged Finnish men who died suddenly. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:78-82.
45. Sugano T, Tsuji H, Masuda H, Nakagawa K, Nishimura H, Kasahara T, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter 4G/5G genotype is not a risk factor for myocardial infarction in a Japanese population. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998;9:201-4.
46. Pegoraro RJ, Ranjith N. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and platelet glycoprotein IIIa (PGIIIa) polymorphisms in young Asian Indians with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2005;16:266-70.
47. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Miletich JP. Arterial and venous thrombosis is not associated with the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor gene in a large cohort of US men. Circulation 1997;95:59-62.
48. Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Merlini PA, Duca F, Fetiveau R, Tagliabue L, et al. Prothrombotic genetic risk factors in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Blood 1999;94:46-51.
49. Canavy I, Henry M, Morange PE, Tiret L, Poirier O, Ebagosti A, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the south of France. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:212-6.
50. Pastinen T, Perola M, Niini P, Terwilliger J, Salomaa V, Vartiainen E, et al. Array-based multiplex analysis of candidate genes reveals two independent and additive genetic risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Finnish population. Hum Mol Genet 1998;7:1453-62.
51. Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Italian Study Group. No evidence of association between prothrombotic gene polymorphisms and the development of acute myocardial infarction at a young age. Circulation 2003;107:1117-22.
52. Yamada Y, Izawa H, Ichihara S, Takatsu F, Ishihara H, Hirayama H, et al. Prediction of the risk of myocardial infarction from polymorphisms in candidate genes. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1916-23.
53. Petrovic D, Globocnik-Petrovic M, Peterlin B. 4G4G genotype of PAI-1 gene promoter polymorphism is not associated with myocardial infarction in Caucasians with type-2 diabetes. Cardiology 2003;100:157-8.
54. Onalan O, Balta G, Oto A, Kabakci G, Tokgozoglu L, Aytemir K, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G4G genotype is associated with myocardial infarction but not with stable coronary artery disease. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008;26: 211-7.
55. Martinelli N, Trabetti E, Pinotti M, Olivieri O, Sandri M, Friso S, et al. Combined effect of hemostatic gene polymorphisms and the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with advanced coronary atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2008;3:e1523.
56. Tassies D, Roque M, Monteagudo J, Martorell T, Sionis A, Arzamendi D, et al. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor genetic polymorphisms as markers of the type of acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Res 2009;124:614-8.
57. Isordia-Salas I, Leanos-Miranda A, Sainz IM, Reyes-Maldonado E, Borrayo-Sanchez G. Association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in young patients. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009;62:365-72.
58. Iwai N, Shimoike H, Nakamura Y, Tamaki S, Kinoshita M. The 4G/5G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor gene is associated with the time course of progression to acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerosis 1998;136:109-14.
59. Kohler HP, Stickland MH, Ossei-Gerning N, Carter A, Mikkola H, Grant PJ. Association of a common polymorphism in the factor XIII gene with myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:8-13.
60. Ossei-Gerning N, Mansfield MW, Stickland MH, Wilson IJ, Grant PJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter 4G/5G genotype and plasma levels in relation to a history of myocardial infarction in patients characterized by coronary angiography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:33-7.
61. Sampaio MF, Hirata MH, Hirata RD, Santos FC, Picciotti R, Luchessi AD, et al. AMI is associated with polymorphisms in the NOS3 and FGB but not in PAI-1 genes in young adults. Clin Chim Acta 2007;377:154-62.
62. Rallidis LS, Gialeraki A, Merkouri E, Liakos G, Dagres N, Sionis D, et al. Reduced carriership of 4G allele of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism in very young survivors of myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2010;29:497-502.
63. Morange PE, Saut N, Alessi MC, Yudkin JS, Margaglione M, Di Minno G, et al. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 (SERPINE1) SNPs with myocardial infarction, plasma PAI-1, and metabolic parameters: The HIFMECH study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:2250-7.
64. Abboud N, Ghazouani L, Saidi S, Ben-Hadj-Khalifa S, Addad F, Almawi WY, et al. Association of PAI-1 4G/5G and -844G/A gene polymorphisms and changes in PAI-1/tissue plasminogen activator levels in myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010;14:23-7.
65. Doggen C, Bertina R, Cats V, Reitsma P, Rosendaal F. The 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is not associated with myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:115-20.
66. Koch W, Schrempf M, Erl A, Mueller JC, Hoppmann P, Schömig A, et al. 4G/5G polymorphism and haplotypes of SERPINE1 in atherosclerotic diseases of coronary arteries. Thromb Haemost 2010;103:1170-80.
67. Tobin MD, Braund PS, Burton PR, Thompson JR, Steeds R, Channer K, et al. Genotypes and haplotypes predisposing to myocardial infarction: A multilocus case-control study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:459-67.
68. Ahmed W, Malik M, Saeed I, Khan AA, Sadeque A, Kaleem U, et al. Role of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor polymorphism in myocardial infarction. Mol Biol Rep 2011;38:2541-8.
69. Onrat ST, Akci O, Söylemez Z, Onrat E, Avsar A. Prevalence of myocardial infarction polymorphisms in Afyonkarahisar, Western Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2012;39:9257-64.
70. Musino L, Rossi R, Partenza A, Mureddu G, Zinellu A, Pilo P, et al. Hemostatic gene polymorphisms in young Sardinian with non-fatal acute myocardial infarction. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2010;2:559-65.
71. Cao X-L, Zhou C-Y, Yin L, Wang S-C, Jia X-L, Huang H, et al. Reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) levels, PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction. J Geriatr Cardiol 2010;7:147-51.
72. Leander K, Wiman B, Hallqvist J, Sten-Linder M, de Faire, U, Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. PAI-1 level and the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism in relation to risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). Thromb Haemost 2003;89:1064-71.
73. Fu L, Jin H, Song K, Zhang C, Shen J, Huang Y. Relationship between gene polymorphism of the PAI-1 promoter and myocardial infarction. Chin Med J (Engl) 2001;114:266-9.
74. Junker R, Heinrich J, Schulte H, Tataru M, Köhler E, Schönfeld R, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G-polymorphism and factor V Q506 mutation are not associated with myocardial infarction in young men. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998;9: 597-602.
75. Ye S, Green FR, Scarabin PY, Nicaud V, Bara L, Dawson SJ, et al. The 4G/5G genetic polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is associated with differences in plasma PAI-1 activity but not with risk of myocardial infarction in the ECTIM study. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:837-41.
76. Zhan M, Zhou Y, Han Z. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism in patients with myocardial or cerebrovascular infarction in Tianjin, China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2003;116:1707-10.
77. Sola E, Vaya A, Espana F, Castelló R, Ramón LA, Hernández- Mijares A, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels in severe and morbid obesity. Effect of weight loss and influence of 4G/5G polymorphism. Thromb Res 2008;122:320-7.
78. Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Sirolla C, Boemi M, Manfrini S, Mari D, et al. Effect of 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism on the response of PAI-1 activity to vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2004;17:217-21.
79. Kain K, Young J, Bamford J, Bavington J, Grant PJ, Catto AJ. Determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in South Asians with ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14:77-83.
80. van Harmelen, V, Wahrenberg H, Eriksson P, Arner P. Role of gender and genetic variance in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion from human adipose tissue. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:304-8.
81. Stegnar M, Uhrin P, Peternel P, Mavri A, Salobir-Pajnic B, Stare J, et al. The 4G/5G sequence polymorphism in the promoter of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene: relationship to plasma PAI-1 level in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:975-9.
82. Burzotta F, Di Castelnuovo A, Amore C, D'Orazio A, Di Bitondo R, Donati MB, et al. 4G/5G promoter PAI-1 gene polymorphism is associated with plasmatic PAI-1 activity in Italians: A model of gene-environment interaction. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:354-8.
83. Mansfield MW, Stickland MH, Grant PJ. PAI-1 concentrations in first-degree relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes: metabolic and genetic associations. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:357-61.
84. Mansfield MW, Stickland MH, Grant PJ. Environmental and genetic factors in relation to elevated circulating levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Caucasian patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:842-7.
85. Jeng JR. Association of PAI-1 gene promoter 4G/5G polymorphism with plasma PAI-1 activity in Chinese patients with and without hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:290-6.
86. Tassies D, Espinosa G, Munoz-Rodriguez FJ, Freire C, Cervera R, Monteagudo J, et al. The 4G/5G polymorphism of the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene and thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2349-58.
87. Green F, Humphries S. Genetic determinants of arterial thrombosis. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1994;7:675-92.
88. Nagi DK, McCormack LJ, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Knowler WC, Grant PJ. Diabetic retinopathy, promoter (4G/5G) polymorphism of PAI-1 gene, and PAI-1 activity in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1304-9.
89. Gong LL, Peng JH, Han FF, Zhu J, Fang LH, Wang YH, et al. Association of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor polymorphism with myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2012;130:43-51.
90. Schneiderman J, Sawdey MS, Keeton MR, Bordin GM, Bernstein EF, Dilley RB, et al. Increased type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in atherosclerotic human arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6998-7002.
91. Raghunath PN, Tomaszewski JE, Brady ST, Caron RJ, Okada SS, Barnathan ES. Plasminogen activator system in human coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1432-43.
92. Lupu F, Bergonzelli GE, Heim DA, Cousin E, Genton CY, Bachmann F, et al. Localization and production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human healthy and atherosclerotic arteries. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:1090-100.
93. Kohler HP, Grant PJ. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1792-801.
94. Corsetti JP, Ryan D, Moss AJ, Rainwater DL, Zareba W, Sparks CE. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymorphism (4G/5G) predicts recurrence in nonhyperlipidemic postinfarction patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:548-54.
95. Allison BA, Nilsson L, Karpe F, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Effects of native, triglyceride-enriched, and oxidatively modified ldl on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19: 1354-60.
96. Eriksson P, Nilsson L, Karpe F, Hamsten A. Very-low-density lipoprotein response element in the promoter region of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene implicated in the impaired fibrinolysis of hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:20-6.
97. Skurk T, Hauner H. Obesity and impaired fibrinolysis: role of adipose production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1357-64.
98. Lijnen HR, Maquoi E, Morange P, Voros G, Van Hoef, B, Kopp F, et al. Nutritionally induced obesity is attenuated in transgenic mice overexpressing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:78-84.
99. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Tsiara CG, Kapsimali V, Travlou A, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007;18:497-504.
100. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35-41.