Nitrous oxide and perioperative outcomes

Journal of Anesthesia

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 420-428

  Ko, Hanjo ^a   Kaye, Alan David ^b   Urman, Richard D ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Nitrous oxide; Perioperative morbidity; Perioperative mortality; Perioperative outcomes

Indexed keywords

HOMOCYSTEINE; NITROUS OXIDE; ANALGESIC AGENT; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT;

BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHEMOTAXIS; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LIVER INJURY; LUNG COMPLICATION; MONOCYTE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURGICAL INFECTION; TERATOGENICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; LUNG DISEASES; NAUSEA; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION;

ANALGESICS, NON-NARCOTIC; ANESTHETICS, INHALATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; NAUSEA; NITROUS OXIDE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 84903635744     PISSN: 09138668     EISSN: 14388359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1729-y     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Schallner N, Goebel U. The perioperative use of nitrous oxide: renaissance of an old gas or funeral of an ancient relict? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26:354-60.
2. Myles PS, Chan MT, Kaye DM, Mcllroy DR, Lau CW, Symons JA, Chen S. Effect of nitrous oxide anesthesia on plasma homocysteine and endothelial function. Anesthesiology. 2008; 109:657-63.
3. Myles PS, Chan MT, Leslie K, Peyton P, Paech M, Forbes A. Effect of nitrous oxide on plasma homocysteine and folate in patients undergoing major surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100:780-6. (Pubitemid 351774329)
4. Foschi D, Rizzi A, Zighetti ML, Bissi M, Corsi F, Trabucchi E, Mezzetti M, Cattaneo M. Effects of surgical stress and nitrous oxide anesthesia on peri-operative plasma levels of total homocysteine. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:670-89.
5. Myles PS, Leslie K, Epi M, Chan MT, Forbes A, Paech MJ, Peyton P, Silbert BS, Pascoe E, ENIGMA Trial Group. Avoidance of nitrous oxide for patients undergoing major surgery. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:221-31.
6. Myles PS, Leslie K, Peyton P, Paech M, Forbes A, Chan MT, Sessler D, Devereaux PJ, Brendan SS, Kamrozik K, Beattie S, Badner N, Tomlinson J, Wallace S. Nitrous oxide and perioperative cardiac morbidity (ENIGMA-II) trial: rationale and design. Am Heart J. 2009;157(488-494):e1.
7. Badner NH, Beattie WS, Freeman D, Spence JD. Nitrous oxide-induced increased homocysteine concentrations are associated with increased postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:1073-9.
8. Nathan HJ. Nitrous oxide is contraindicated in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991;50:87-9.
9. Hamilton WK. Con: nitrous oxide should be used in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991;50:90-1.
10. Eisele JH, Smith NT. Cardiovascular effects of 40 percent nitrous oxide in man. Anesth Analg. 1972;51:956-63.
11. Cahalan MK, Weiskopf RB, Eger EI, Yasuda N, Ionescu P, Rampil IJ, Lockhart SH, Freire B, Peterson NA. Hemodynamic effects of desflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1991;73:157-64.
12. Sanders RD, Graham C, Lewis SC, Bodenham A, Gough MJ, Warlow C. Nitrous oxide exposure does not seem to be associated with increased mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction: a non-randomized subgroup analysis of the general anaesthesia compared with local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA) trial. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:361-7.
13. Kozmary SV, Lampe GH, Benefiel D, Cahalan MK, Wauk LZ, Whitendale P, Schiller NB, Eger EI. No finding of increased myocardial ischemia during or after carotid endarterectomy under anesthesia with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg. 1990;71:591-6.
14. Leslie K, Myles P, Devereaux PJ, Forbes A, Rao-Melancini P, Williamson E, Xu S, Foex P, Pogue J, Arrieta M, Bryson GL, Paul J, Paech MJ, Merchant RN, Choi PT, Badner N, Peyton P, Sear JW, Yang H. Nitrous oxide and serious morbidity and mortality in the POISE trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1034-40.
15. McKay RE. Nitrous oxide and cardiovascular outcome: perspective from the POISE trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:962-5.
16. Mitchell MM, Prakash O, Rulf EN, van Daele ME, Cahalan MK, Roelandt JR. Nitrous oxide does not induce myocardial ischemia in patients with ischemic heart disease and poor ventricular function. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:526-34. (Pubitemid 19241487)
17. Slavik JR, LaMantia KR, Kopriva CJ, Prokop E, Ezekowitz MD, Barash PG. Does nitrous oxide cause regional wall motion abnormalities by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography? Anesth Analg. 1988;67:695-700.
18. Leslie K, Myles PS, Chan MT, Forbes A, Paech MJ, Peyton P, Silbert BS, Williamson E. Nitrous oxide and long-term morbidity and mortality in the ENIGMA trial. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:387-93.
19. Turan A, Mascha EJ, You J, Kurz A, Shiba A, Saager L, Sessler DI. The association between nitrous oxide and postoperative mortality and morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1026-33.
20. 2O? Anesth Analg. 2013;116:959-61.
21. Hogan K, Myles PS. This wonder-working gas. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:955-8.
22. Sheffer L, Steffenson JL, Birtch AA. Nitrous-oxide-induced diffusion hypoxia in patients breathing spontaneously. Anesthesiology. 1972;37:436-9.
23. Rackow H, Salanitre E, Frumin MH. Dilution of alveolar gases during nitrous oxide excretion in man. J Appl Physiol. 1961;16:723-8.
24. Selim D, Markello R, Baker JM. The relationship of ventilation to diffusion hypoxia. Anesth Analg. 1970;49:437-40.
25. Kripke BJ, Justice RE, Hechtman HB. Postoperative nitrous oxide analgesia and the functional residual capacity. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:105-9. (Pubitemid 13042494)
26. Lampe GH, Wauk LZ, Donegan JH, Pitts LH, Jackler RK, Litt LL, Rampil IJ, Eger EI. Effect on outcome of prolonged exposure of patients to nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg. 1990;71:586-90.
27. Lampe GH, Wauk LZ, Whitendale P, Way WL, Kozmary SV, Gonegan JH, Eger EI. Postoperative hypoxemia after nonabdominal surgery: a frequent event not caused by nitrous oxide. 1990;71:597-601.
28. Kitamura H, Sawa T, Ikezono E. Postoperative hypoxemia: the contribution of age to the maldistribution of ventilation. Anesthesiology. 1972;36:244-52.
29. Xue FS, Li BW, Zhang GS, Liao X, Zhang YM, Liu JH, An G, Luo LK. The influence of surgical sites on early postoperative hypoxemia in adults undergoing elective surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:213-9. (Pubitemid 29025176)
30. Maroof M, Khan RM, Siddique M. Ventilation with nitrous oxide during open cholecystectomy increases the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:1091-4. (Pubitemid 23139467)
31. Georgiou LG, Vourlioti AN, Kremastinou FI, Stefanou PS, Tsiotou AG, Kokkinou MD. Influence of anesthetic technique on early postoperative hypoxemia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:75-80. (Pubitemid 26056492)
32. Jensen AG, Kalman SH, Elntrel C, Fransson SG, Morales O. Atelectasis and oxygenation in major surgery with either propofol with or without nitrous oxide or isoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1993;48:1094-6. (Pubitemid 24002407)
33. Perry J, Chanarin I, Deacon R, Lumb M. Chronic cobalamin inactivation impairs folate polyglutamate synthesis in the rat. J Clin Investig. 1983;71:1183-90. (Pubitemid 13098904)
34. Hill GE, English JB, Stanley TH, Kawamura R, Loeser EA, Hill HR. Nitrous oxide and neutrophil chemotaxis in man. Br J Anaesth. 1978;50:555-8. (Pubitemid 9063475)
35. Parbrook GD. Leucopenic effects of prolonged nitrous oxide treatment. Br J Anaesth. 1967;39:119-27.
36. Fleischmann F, Lenhardt R, Kruz A, Herbst F, Fulesdi B, Greif R, Sessler DI, Akca O. Nitrous oxide and risk of surgical wound infection: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;336:1101-7. (Pubitemid 41338764)
37. Brand JM, Kirchner H, Poppe C, Schmucker P. The effects of general anesthesia on human peripheral immune cell distribution and cytokine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;83:190-4. (Pubitemid 27195940)
38. Kotani N, Hashimoto H, Sessler DI, Suzuki A, Takahashi S, Muraoka M, Matsuki A. Intraoperative modulation of alveolar macrophage function during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:1125-32. (Pubitemid 28516536)
39. Greif R, Akca O, Horn EP, Kurz A, Sessler DI. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:161-7. (Pubitemid 30051647)
40. Belda FJ, Aguilera L, Garcia de la Asuncion J, Alberti J, Vicente R, Ferrandiz L, Rodriguez R, Company R, Sessler DI, Aguilar G, Botello SG, Orti R. Supplemental perioperative oxygen and the risk of surgical wound infection. JAMA. 2005;294:2035-42. (Pubitemid 41539936)
41. Abraini JH, David HN, Nicole O, MacKenzie ET, Buisson A, Lemaire M. Neuroprotection by nitrous oxide and xenon and its relation to minimum alveolar concentration. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:260-1. (Pubitemid 38833296)
42. David HN, Leveille F, Chazalviel L, MacKenzie ET, Buisson A, Lemaire M, Abraini JH. Reduction of ischemic brain damage by nitrous oxide and xenon. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:1168-73. (Pubitemid 37229520)
43. Baughman VL, Hoffman WE, Thomas C, Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ. The interaction of nitrous oxide and isoflurane with incomplete cerebral ischemia in the rate. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:767-74. (Pubitemid 19129032)
44. 2O: of questionable value. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1995;7:79-81.
45. Nussmeier NA, Arlund C, Slogoff S. Neuropsychiatric complications after cardiopulmonary bypass: cerebral protection by a barbiturate. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:165-70. (Pubitemid 16133139)
46. Zaidan JR, Klochany A, Martin WM, Ziegler JS, Harless DM, Andrews RB. Effect of thiopental on neurologic outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:406-11.
47. Roach GW, Newman MF, Murkin JM, Martzke J, Ruskin A, Li J, Guo A, Wisniewski A, Mangano DT. Ineffectiveness of burst suppression therapy in mitigating perioperative cerebrovascular dysfunction. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1255-64. (Pubitemid 29205626)
48. Tsai YC, Lin SS, Lee KC, Chang CL. Cerebral effects of nitrous oxide during isoflurane-induced hypotension in the pig. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73:667-72.
49. Kitahata LM, Katz JD. Tension pneumocephalus after posteriorfossa craniotomy, a complication of the sitting position. Anesthesiology. 1976;44:448-50.
50. Domino KB, Hemstad JR, Lam AM, Laohaprasit V, Mayberg TA, Harrison SD, Grady MS, Winn HR. Effect of nitrous oxide on intracranial pressure after cranial-dural closure in patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:421-5.
51. Nguyen HG, Zaroff JG, Bayman EO, Gelb AW, Todd MM, Hindman BJ, IHAST-MIDS and IHAST Investigators. Perioperative hypothermia (33°C) does not increase the occurrence ofcardiovascular events in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. Anesthesiology. 2010;113:327-42.
52. McGregor DG, Lanier WL, Pasternak JJ, Rusy DA, Hogan K, Samra S, Hindman B, Todd MM, Schroeder DR, Bayman EO, Clarke W, Torner J, Weeks J. Effect of nitrous oxide on neurologic and neuropsychological function after intracranial aneurysm surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:568-79. (Pubitemid 351440576)
53. Pasternak JJ, McGregor DG, Lanier W, Schroeder DR, Rusy DA, Hindman B, Clarke W, Torner J, Todd MM. Effect of nitrous oxide use on long-term neurologic and neuropsychological outcome in patients who received temporary proximal artery occlusion during cerebral aneurysm clipping surgery. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:563-73.
54. Bunker JP, Forrest WH Jr, Mosteller F, Vandam LD, editors. The National Halothane Study. A study of the possible association between halothane anesthesia and postoperative hepatic necrosis. Report of the Subcommittee on the National Halothane Study, of the Committee on Anesthesia, Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences; 1969.
55. Koblin DD, Waskell L, Watson JE, Stokstad ELR, Eger EI. Nitrous oxide inactivates methionine synthetase in human liver. Anesth Analg. 1982;68:75-8. (Pubitemid 12184625)
56. Royston BD, Nunn JF, Weinbren HK, Royston D, Cormack RS. Rate of inactivation of human and rodent hepatic methionine synthase by nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology. 1988;68:213-6. (Pubitemid 18058393)
57. Lampe GH, Wauk LZ, Whitendale P, Way WL, Murray W, Eger EI. Nitrous oxide does not impair hepatic function in young or old surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 1990;71:606-9.
58. Fujinaga M, Baden JM. Methionine prevents nitrous oxide-induced teratogenicity in rate embryos grown in culture. Anesthesiology. 1994;81:184-9. (Pubitemid 24223680)
59. Mazze RI, Wilson AI, Rice SA, Baden JM. Reproductive and fetal development in rats exposed to nitrous oxide. Teratology. 1984;30:259-65. (Pubitemid 14007935)
60. Hansen DK, Billings RE. Effects of nitrous oxide on macromolecular content and DNA synthesis in rat embryos. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1986;238(3):985-9. (Pubitemid 16033238)
61. Seler PR, Rosenblatt DS, Laxov R, Hogan J. Adverse effect of nitrous oxide in a child with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:45-50. (Pubitemid 36765102)
62. Rowland AS, Baird DD, Shore DL, Weinberg CR, Savitz DA, Wilcox AI. Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:531-8.
63. Rowland AS, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Shore DL, Shy CM, Wilcox AJ. Reduced fertility among women employed as dental assistants exposed to high levels of nitrous oxide. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:993-7.
64. Bodin L, Axelsson G, Ahlborg G Jr. The association of shift work and nitrous oxide exposure in pregnancy with birth weight and gestational age. Epidemiology. 1999;10:429-36. (Pubitemid 29288243)
65. Ahlborg G Jr, Axelsson G, Bodin L. Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure and subfertility among Swedish midwives. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(4):783-90. (Pubitemid 26290062)
66. Beilin Y, Bodian CA, Mukherjee T, Andres LA, Vincent RD, Hock DL, Sparks AE, Munson AK, Minnich ME, Steinkampf MP, Christman GM, McKay RS, Eisenkraft JB. The use of propofol, nitrous oxide, or isoflurane does not affect the reproductive success rate following gamete intrafallopian transfer. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:36-41.
67. Waldman FM, Koblin DD, Lampe GH, Wauk LZ, Eger EI. Hematological effects of nitrous oxide in surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 1990;71:618-24.
68. Deleu D, Louon A, Sivagnanam S, Sundaram K, Okereke P, Grave D, Saud Al-Salmy H, Al Bahrani I, Nam D, Knox-Macaulay H, Hanssens Y. Long-term effects of nitrous oxide anesthesia on laboratory and clinical parameters in elderly Omani patients: a randomized double-blind study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000;25:271-7.
69. Christensen B, Guttormsen AB, Schneede J, Riedel B, Refsum H, Svardal A, Ueland PM. Preoperative methionine loading enhances restoration of the cobalamin-dependent enzyme methionine synthase after nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:1046-56. (Pubitemid 24150886)
70. Amos RJ, Amess AL, Nancekievill DG, Rees GM. Prevention of nitrous oxide-induced megaloblastic changes in bone marrow using folinic acid. Br J Anaesth. 1984;56:103-7. (Pubitemid 14145180)
71. O'Sullivan H, Jennings F, Ward K, McCann S, Scott JM, Weir DG. Human bone marrow biochemical function and megaloblastic hematopoiesis after nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1981;55:645-69.
72. Skacel PO, Chanarin I, Hewlett A, Nunn JF. Failure to correct nitrous oxide toxicity with folinic acid. Anesthesiology. 1982;57:557-8.
73. 12. Br J Anaesth. 1987;59:3-13.
74. Lederhaas G, Brock-Utne JG, Negrin RS, Riley E, Brodsky JB. Is nitrous oxide safe for bone marrow harvest? Anesth Analg. 1995;80:770-2.
75. Fausel D, Ryckman JV, Schubert A, Bolwell B, Green R. The influence of nitrous oxide on time of bone marrow engraftment. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:A1073.
76. Carmel R, Rabinowitz AP, Mazumder A. Metabolic evidence of cobalamin deficiency in bone marrow cells harvested for transplantation from donors given nitrous oxide. Eur J Haematol. 1993;50:228-33. (Pubitemid 23175509)
77. Graham AM, Myles PS, Leslie K, Chan MT, Paech MG, Peyton P, Dawlatly AA. A cost-benefit analysis of the ENIGMA trial. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:265-72.
78. Divatia JV, Vaidya JS, Badwe RA, Hawaldar RW. Omission of nitrous oxide during anesthesia reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:1055-62. (Pubitemid 26378291)
79. Nader ND, Simpson G, Reedy RL. Middle ear pressure changes after nitrous oxide anesthesia and its effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:883-6. (Pubitemid 38625542)
80. Chinn K, Brown OE, Manning SC. Effects of inhalant anesthesia on the middle ear as measured by tympanometry. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:283-7. (Pubitemid 23072619)
81. Scheinin B, Lindgren L, Scheinin TM. Perioperative nitrous oxide delays bowel function after colonic surgery. Br J Anesth. 1990;64:154-8. (Pubitemid 20048508)
82. Murakawa M, Adachi T, Nakao S, Seo N, Shingu K, Mori K. Activation of the cortical and medullary dopaminergic systems by nitrous oxide in rates - a possible neurochemical basis for psychotropic effects and postanesthetic nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:376-81. (Pubitemid 24055860)
83. Tobias JD. Applications of nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in the pediatric population. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013;29:245-65.
84. Pichardo D, Luginbuehl IA, Shakur Y, Wales PW, El-Sohemy A, O'Connor DL. Effect of nitrous oxide exposure during surgery on the homocysteine concentration of children. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:15-21.
85. Nagele P, Tallchief D, Blood J, Sharma A, Kharasch ED. Nitrous oxide anesthesia and plasma homocystine in adolescents. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:843-8.
86. Baum VC, Hilschke H, Marciniak B. Is nitrous oxide necessary in the future? Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;10:981-7.