Bioactivities of some essential oils against the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator

Parasitology Research

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 593-605

  Khater, Hanem F ^a  

^a Benha University   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESSENTIAL OIL; GARLIC OIL; INSECTICIDE; IVERMECTIN; LUPINES OIL; PEPPERMINT OIL; POLYSORBATE 80; PUMPKIN OIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CAMEL; CEPHALOPINA TITILLATOR; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUCURBITA MAXIMA; DRUG EFFICACY; GARLIC; IMMERSION; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; LARVA; LARVAL STAGE; LC 50; LUPIN; MENTHA PIPERITA; NONHUMAN; OESTRIDAE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPA (LIFE CYCLE STAGE);

ALLIUM SATIVUM; CAMELIDAE; CUCURBITA MAXIMA; LUPINUS; LUPINUS CAUDATUS CAUDATUS; LUPINUS LUTEUS; MENTHA X PIPERITA;

ANIMALS; CAMELS; DIPTERA; INSECTICIDES; IVERMECTIN; LARVA; MYIASIS; NASOPHARYNX; OILS, VOLATILE; PLANT OILS; PUPA;

EID: 84903371084     PISSN: 09320113     EISSN: 14321955     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3688-5     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Abd El-Rahman S (2010) Prevalence and pathology of nasal myiasis in camels slaughtered in El-Zawia Province-Western Libya: with a reference to thyroid alteration and renal lipidosis. Global Vet 4(2):190-197
2. Abdel-Ghaffar F, Semmler M, Al-Rasheid KAS, Strassen B, Fischer K, Aksu G, Klimpel S, Mehlhorn H (2011) The effects of different plant extracts on intestinal cestodes and on trematodes. Parasitol Res 108(4):979-984
3. Aboelhadid SM, Kamel AA, Arafa WM, Shokier KA (2013) Effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus. Parasitol Res 112:1883-1890
4. Alahmed AM (2002) Seasonal prevalence of Cephalopina titillator larvae in camels in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J Sci Res 20(3):161-164
5. Ali AA, Fahmy MFM, Edress NM (1988) Pathologic and clinicopathologic studies on anti parasitic drug ivermectin toxicosis in albino rats. Zag Vet J 16:19-31
6. Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Mehlhorn J, Mehlhorn H (2012) Observations on effects of a neem seed extract (MiteStop®) on biting lice (mallophages) and bloodsucking insects parasitizing horses. Parasitol Res 110(1):335-339
7. Alvinerie M, Sutra JF, Galtier P, Toutain PL (1994) Microdose d'ivermectine chez la vache laitière: concentrations plasmatiques et résidus dans le lait. Rev Med Vet 145:761-764
8. Atiyah WR, Dawood KA, Dagher AL (2011) Prevalence of infestation by camel nasal myiasis fly larvae in Al-Diwania city abattoir. Al- Qadisia J Vet Med Sci 2(10):20-26
9. Avery B, Schmidt M (1995) A dose-response study of ivermectin in a bovine in vitro production system. Theriogenology 43:163-1163
10. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M (2008) Biological effects of essential oils - a review. Food Chem Toxicol 46:446-475
11. Benelli G, Flamini G, Fiore G, Cioni PL, Conti B (2013) Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) fruits against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112(3):1155-1161
12. Caili F, Huan S, Quanhong L (2006) A review on pharmacological activities and utilization technologies of pumpkin. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 61:73-80
13. Callander JT, James PJ (2012) Insecticidal and repellent effects of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil against Lucilia cuprina. Vet Parasitol 184(2-4):271-278
14. Campbell C, Gries R, Khaskin G, Gries G (2011) Organosulphur constituents in garlic oil elicit antennal and behavioural responses from the yellow fever mosquito. J Appl Entomol 135(5):374-381
15. Carvalho RA, Torres TT, Paniag MG, Espin AMLA - (2009) Molecular characterization of esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax. Med Vet Entomol 23(1):86-91
16. Castro-Janer E, Rifrana L, Gonzáleza P, Niell C, Piaggioc J, Gilc A, Schumaker TTS (2011) Determination of the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by Larval Immersion Test (LIT) in Uruguay. Vet Parasitol 178:148-155
17. Cerkvenik V, Doganoc DZ, Skubic V, Beek WM, Keukens HJ (2001) Thermal and long-term freezing stability of ivermectin residues in sheep milk. Eur Food Res Technol 213(1):72-76
18. Choi W, Lee E, Choi B, Hyung-Man Park H, Young-Joon Ahn Y (2003) Toxicity of plant essential oils to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol 96(5):1479-1484
19. Clyti E, Cazanave C, Fouque F et al (2000) Traitmant des myases furunculeuses par application d'ivermectine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 27(4S):203-204
20. Cooper KM, Whelan M, Danaher M, Kennedy DG (2011) Stability during cooking of anthelmintic veterinary drug residues in beef. Food Addit Contam:Part A 28(2):155-165
21. Costa-Júnior L, Furlong J (2011) Efficiency of sulphur in garlic extract and non-sulphur homeopathy in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Med Vet Entomol 25(1):7-11
22. Currie BJ, Harumal P, McKinnon M, Walton F (2004) First documentation of in vivo and in vitro ivermectin resistance in Sarcoptes scabiei. Clin Infect Dis 39(1):e8-e12
23. Denloye AA, Makanjuola WA, Babalola OO (2003) Toxicity and repellent effects of crude aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) on larval and adult Anopheles mosquitoes. Afr Entomol 11(2):287-290
24. Duncan DB (1955) Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42
25. El Bassiony GM, Al Sagair OA, El Dally ES, El Nady AM (2005) Alterations in the pituitary-thyroid axis in camel Camelus dromedarius infected by larvae of nasal bot fly Cephalopina titillator. J Anim Vet Adv 4(3):345-348
26. Elhadi IM, Koko WS, Dahab MM, El Imam YM, Abdu El Mageed MA (2013) Antigiardial activity of some Cucurbita species and Lagenaria siceraria. J Forest Prod Ind 2(4):43-47
27. Ellse L, Burden FA, Wall R (2013) Control of the chewing louse Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus in donkeys, using essential oils. Med Vet Entomol. doi: 10.1111/mve.12004
28. El-Nahas AF, El-Ashmawy IM (2008) Effect of ivermectin on male fertility and its interaction with P-glycoprotein inhibitor (verapamil) in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 26:206-211
29. Eman EE, Abdella OEL (2000) Effect of ivermectin and moxidectin on fertility and some biochemical parameters in male rabbits. Egypt J Agric Res 78(1):293-301
30. European Commission Working Party on the Efficacy of Veterinary Medicines. European Commission III/3682/92-EN. Commission of the European communities, Brussels
31. Fatani A, Hilali M (1994) Prevalence and monthly variations of the second and third instars of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) infesting camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Vet Parasitol 53(1-2):145-151
32. Feng R, Isman MB (1995) Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Experientia 51:831-833
33. Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis: a statistical treatment of sigmoid response curve, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 333
34. Galarini R, Saluti G, Moretti S, Giusepponi D, Dusi G (2013) Determination of macrocyclic lactones in food and feed. Food Addit Contam: Part A 30(6):1068-1079
35. Gerard PJ, Ruf LD, Lorimer SD et al (1997) Activity of extracts and compounds from New Zealand gymnosperms against larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). NZ J Agric Res 40:261-267
36. Giangaspero A, Alvinerie M, Traversa D, Paoletti B, Lespine A, Otranto D, Boulard C (2003) Efficacy of injectable and pour-on microdose ivermectin in the treatment of goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae). Vet Parasitol 116:333-343
37. Grabensteiner E, Liebhart D, Arshad N, Hess M (2008) Antiprotozoal activities determined in vitro and in vivo of certain plant extracts against Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis sp. Parasitol Res 103:1257-1264
38. Gutierrez J, Barry-Ryan C, Bourke P (2009) Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media: efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components. Food Microbiol 26:142-150
39. Hall M, Wall R (1995) Myiasis of human and domestic animals. Adv Parasitol 35:257-334
40. Harris JC, Cottrell S, Plummer S, Lloyd D (2001) Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). App Microbiol Biotechnol 57(3): 282-286
41. Hassanin MA, Abdel-Gawad AM, Ramadan EI (1989) Incidence, monthly prevalence and bionomics of Oestrus ovis infesting sheep in Egypt. J Egypt Vet Med Ass 49(1-2):431-443
42. Higgins AJ (1985) The camels in health and disease. British Vet J 141:197-216
43. Ho SH, Ma Y (1995) Repellence of some plant extracts to the stored product beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Paper presented at the Symposium on Pest Management for Stored Food and Feed. SEMEO BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia, 5-7 September, 1995
44. Ho SH, Koh L, Ma Y, Huang Y, Sim KY (1996) The oil of garlic, Allium satiuum L. (Amaryllidaceae), as a potential grain protectant against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Postharvest Biol Technol 9:41-48
45. Huang Y, Chen SX, Ho SH (2000) Bioactivities of methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide from essential oil of garlic to two species of stored-product pests, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Econ Entomol 93(2):537-543
46. Hussein MF, Elamin FM, El-Taib NT, Basmaeil SM (1982) The pathology of nasopharyngeal myiasis in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet Parasitol 9(3-4):179-183
47. Hussien KT (1995) Effect of some plant extracts in the control of a non-biting muscoid fly. PhD Thesis. Cairo University, Egypt
48. Ibrahim AN (2013) Comparison of in vitro activity of metronidazole and garlic-based product (Tomex®) on Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitol Res 112(5):2063-2067
49. Imperiale F, Lifschitz A, Sallovitz J, Virkel G, Lanusse C (2004) Comparative depletion of ivermectin and moxidectin milk residues in dairy sheep after oral and subcutaneous administration. J Dairy Res 71(04):427-433
50. Isman MB (2000) Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot 19:603-608
51. Isman MB (2006) Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Ann Rev Entomol 51:45-66
52. Jarial MS (2001) Toxic effect of garlic extracts on the eggs of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): a scanning electron microscopic study. J Med Entomol 38(3):446-450
53. Jelinek T, Nothdurf HD, Reider N et al (1995) Cutaneous myiasis. Review of 13 cases in travelers returning from tropical countries. Int J Dermatol 34:624-626
54. Kalu IG, Ofoegbu U, Eroegbusi J, Nwachukwu CU, Ibeh B (2010) Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. J Med Plants Res 4(6):496-498
55. Kamsuk K, Choochote W, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Tippawangkosol P, Riyong D, Pitasawat B (2007) Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. Parasitol Res 100:339-345
56. Khani M, Muhamad Awang R, Omar D (2012) Insecticidal effects of peppermint and black pepper essential oils against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae l. and rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (st.). J Med Plants 11(43):97-110
57. Khater HF (2003) Biocontrol of some insects. PhD thesis, Zagazig University, Benha Branch, Egypt
58. Khater HF (2011) Ecosmart biorational insecticides: alternative insect control strategies. In: Preveen F (ed) Insecticides - advances in integrated pest management. InTech, Rijeka, pp 17-60
59. Khater HF (2012) Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia 3(12):641-656
60. Khater HF (2013) Bioactivity of essential oils as green biopesticides: recent global scenario. In: Govil JN, Bhattacharya S (eds) Essentials oils II. Recent progress in medicinal plants, vol 37. Studium, Houston, pp 151-218
61. Khater HF, Khater DH (2009) The insecticidal activity of four medicinal plants against the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Int J Dermatol 48(5):492-497
62. Khater HF, Ramadan MY (2007) The acaricidal effect of peracetic acid against Boophilus annulatus and Argas persicus. Acta Sci Vet 35(1):29-40
63. Khater HF, Shalaby AA (2008) Potential of biologically active plant oils for control mosquito larvae Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from an Egyptian locality. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 50(2):107-112
64. Khater HF, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS (2009) The lousicidal, ovicidal, and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Vet Parasitol 164:257-266
65. Khater HF, Hanafy A, Abdel-Mageed AD, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS (2011) Control of the myiasis-producing fly, Lucilia sericata, with Egyptian essential oils. Int J Dermatol 50:187-194
66. Khater H, Seddiek SA, El-Shorbagy MM, Ali MA (2013a) The acaricidal efficacy of peracetic acid and deltamethrin against the fowl tick, Argas persicus, infesting laying hens. Parasitol Res 112:259-269
67. Khater HF, Ramadan MY, Abdel Mageid AD (2013b) In vitro control of the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator, with doramectin, lavender, camphor, and onion oils. Parasitol Res 112:2503-2510
68. Kimbaris AC, Kioulos E, Koliopoulos G, Polissiou MG, Ichaelakis A (2009) Coactivity of sulfide ingredients: a new perspective of the larvicidal activity of garlic essential oil against mosquitoes. Pest Manag Sci 65(3):249-254
69. Klimpel S, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Aksu G, Fischer K, Strassen B, Mehlhorn H (2011) The effects of different plant extracts on nematodes. Parasitol Res 108:1047-1054
70. Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S (2013) Housefly (Musca domestica L.) control potential of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poales: Poaceae) essential oil and monoterpenes (citral and 1,8-cineole). Parasitol Res 112(1):69-76
71. Kumarasinghe SP, Karunaweera ND, Ihalamulla RL et al (2002) Larvicidal effects of mineral turpentine, low aromatic white spirits, aqueous extracts of Cassia alata, and aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle) on Chrysomya megacephala. Int J Dermatol 41:877-880
72. Lankas GR, Minsker DH, Robertson RT (1989) Effects of ivermectin on reproduction and neonatal toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 27:523-529
73. Levot G, Sales N (2008) In vitro effectiveness of ivermectin and spinosad flystrike treatments against larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Aust J Entomol 47:365-369
74. Lumaret J, Errouissi F (2002) Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures. Vet Res 33:547-562
75. Mantawy MM, Mahmoud AH (2002) Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum feeding on glucose, glycogen, protein bands profile and phenol oxidase activity in Biomphalaria alexandrina. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32(1):271-283.
76. Mantawy MM, Aly HF, Zayed N, Fahmy ZH (2012) Antioxidant and schistosomicidal effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16(Suppl 3):69-80.
77. Marimuthu S, Gurusubramanian G, Krishna SS (1997) Effect of exposure of eggs to vapours from essential oils on egg mortality, development and adult emergence in Earias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biolog Agric Hortic 14(4):303-307
78. Mazyad SA, Soliman M (2001) Laboratory evaluation of the insecticidal activity of camphor on the development of Oestrus ovis larvae. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31(3):887-892
79. Mazyad SA, El-Serougi AO, Morsy TA (1999) The efficacy of the volatile oils of three plants for controlling Lucilia sericata. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29:91-100
80. Mobki M, Safavi SA, Safaralizadeh MH, Panahi O (2013) Effect of diethyl maleate on the toxicity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract to Tribolium castaneum Herbst under laboratory conditions. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot. doi: 10.1080/03235408.2013.805044
81. Morsy TA, Mazyad SAM, El-Sharkawy IMA (1998) The larvicidal activity of solvent extracts of three medicinal plants against third instar larvae of Chrysomya albiceps. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 29:91-100
82. Musa MT, Harrison M, Ibrahim AM, Taha TO (1989) Observations on Sudanese camel nasal myiasis caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 42:27-31
83. Nchu F, Magano SR, Eloff JN (2005) In vitro investigation of the toxic effects of extracts of Allium sativum bulbs on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus. J S Afr Vet Ass 76(2):99-103
84. Otranto D (2001) The immunology of myiasis: parasite survival and host defense strategies. Trends Parasitol 17:176-182
85. Park IK, Choi KS, Kim DH, Choi IH, Kim LS, Bak WC, Choi JW, Shin SC (2006) Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). Pest Manage Sci 62:723-728
86. Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM (1995) Lectins as plant defense proteins. Plant Physiol 109:347-352
87. Rajendran S, Sriranjini V (2008) Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control. J Stored Prod Res 44(2):126-135
88. Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason GT (2012) Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Ann Rev Entomol 57:405-424
89. Rim IS, Jee C (2006) Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean J Parasitol 44(2):133-138
90. Robin R, König K, Anstey MD (1989) Efficacy of ivermectin against internal parasites in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 8(1):155-161
91. Sadeghi A, Broeders S, De Greve H, Hernalsteens JP, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G (2007) Expression of the garlic leaf lectin under the control of the phloem-specific promoter Asus1 from Arabidopsis thaliana protects tobacco plants against the tobacco aphid (Myzus nicotianae). Pest Manag Sci 63:1215-1223
92. Sadeghi A, Smagghe G, Broeders S, Hernalsteens JP, De Greve H, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM (2008) Ectopically expressed leaf and bulb lectin from garlic (Allium sativum L.) protect transgenic tobacco plants against cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). Transgenic Res 17:9-18
93. Seddiek SA, Ali MM, Khater HF, El-Shorbagy MM (2011) Anthelmintic activity of the white wormwood, Artemisia herba-alba against Heterakis gallinarum infecting turkey poults. J Med Plants Res 5(16):3946-3957
94. Seddiek SA, Khater HF, El-Shorbagy MM, Ali MM (2013) The acaricidal efficacy of aqueous neem extract and ivermectin against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in experimentally infested rabbits. Parasitol Res 112:2319-2330
95. Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Mehlhorn H (2009) Nature helps: from research to products against blood-sucking arthropods. Parasitol Res 105(6):1483-1487
96. Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Klimpel S, Mehlhorn H (2010) Repellency against head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). Parasitol Res 106(3):729-731
97. Shaaya E, Ravid U, Paster N, Juven B, Zisman U, Pissarev V (1991) Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major stored-product insects. J Chem Ecol 17:499-504
98. Shaaya E, Kostjukovski M, Eilberg J, Sukprakarn C (1997) Plant oils as fumigants and contact insecticides for the control of stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res 33:7-15
99. Shakerian A, Hosseini SR, Abbasi A (2011) Prevalence of Cephalopina tittilator (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) In Najaf-Abad, Iran. Global Veterinaria 6(3):320-323
100. Shalaby AA, Khater HF (2005) Toxicity of certain solvent extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis against Culex pipiens larvae. J Egypt German Soc Zool 48E:69-80
101. Simpson BB (1995) Spices, herbs, and perfumes. In: Simpson BB, Ogorzaly MC (eds) Economic botany: plants in our world. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 278-301
102. Spratt DM (1984) The occurrence of Cephalopina titillator (Clark) (Diptera: Oestridae) in camels in Australia. Aust J Entomol 23:229-230
103. Steward JS (1950) Notes on some parasites of camels (C. dromedarius) in the Sudan. Vet Record 62:835-837
104. Stroh J, Wan MT, Isman MB, Moul DJ (1998) Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile Pacific coho salmon and rainbow trout of some plant essential oils, a formulated product, and the carrier. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60:923-930
105. Talbert R, Wall R (2012) Toxicity of essential and non-essential oils against the chewing louse, Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus. Res Vet Sci 93(2):831-835
106. Tanyildizi S, Bozkurt T (2002) An investigation of the effects of ivermectin on blood serum, semen hyaluronidase activities and spermatological characteristics in sheep. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 26:353-357
107. Van Damme EJM (2008) Plant lectins as part of the plant defense system against insects. In: Schaller A (ed) Induced plant resistance to herbivory, Springer Science, pp 285-307
108. Vandenborre G, Van Damme E JM, Smagghe G (2009) Natural Products: Plant lectins as important tools in controlling pest insects. In: Ishaaya I, Horowitz AR (eds), Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests, Springer Science + Business Media BV, pp 163- 187.
109. Victoria Y, Trujillo R, Barreto M (1999) Myasis: a successful treatment with topical ivermectin. Int J Dermatol 38:142-144
110. Wall R (2012) Ovine cutaneous myiasis: effects on production and control. Vet Parasitol 189(1):44-51
111. Wardhana AH, Kumarasinghe SW, Arawwawala L, Arambewela LS (2007) Larvicidal efficacy of essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle) on the larvae of the old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana in vitro. Indian J Dermatol 52:43-47
112. Wardhaugh KG, Longstaff BC, Morton R (2001) A comparison of the development and survival of the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus (Schreb.) when fed on the faeces of cattle treated with pour-on formulations of eprinomectin or moxidectin. Vet Parasitol 99(2):155-168
113. Wenqi D, Engui S, Junhua L (1991) Treating bovine hypodermiasis with the extract from dried tangerine peel. Heilongjiang J Anim Sci Vet Med 1:21
114. Yang F, Liang G, Xu Y, Lu Y, Zeng L (2010) Diatomaceous earth enhances the toxicity of garlic, Allium sativum, essential oil against stored-product pests. J Stored Prod Res 46(2):118-123
115. Yang F, Zhu F, Lei C (2012) Insecticidal activities of garlic substances against adults of grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Insect Sci 19(2):205-212
116. ZHOU H-b, CHEN J-l, LIU Y, Francis F, Haubruge E, Bragard C, SUN J, CHENG D-f (2012) Influence of garlic intercropping or active emitted volatiles in releasers on aphid and related beneficial in wheat fields in China[J]. J Integrative Agric 12(3):467-473
117. Zumpt F (1965) Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World, vol XV. Butterworth, London, p 187