Anionic biopolyelectrolytes of the syndecan/perlecan superfamily: Physicochemical properties and medical significance

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

Volumn 205, Issue , 2014, Pages 275-318

  Siegel, G ^a,b   Malmsten, M ^a,b   Ermilov, E ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Blood flow sensor; Cation binding; Lipoprotein binding receptor; Smooth and heart muscle rhythmogenesis; Syndecan perlecan physicochemistry and molecular biology; Tumour invasion and metastasis

Indexed keywords

BINDING ENERGY; BINDING SITES; BLOOD; CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; CELL MEMBRANES; CHAINS; COLLAGEN; CONFORMATIONS; CYTOLOGY; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; GLYCOPROTEINS; HEMODYNAMICS; HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES; LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS; MUSCLE; NEURONS; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT TREATMENT; POLYELECTROLYTES; POSITIVE IONS; SILICA; VISCOELASTICITY;

ANIONIC POLY-ELECTROLYTES; BINDING RECEPTORS; BLOOD FLOW; CATION BINDING; CATION-BINDING PROPERTIES; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITIONS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; RHYTHMOGENESIS;

SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY);

ANION; BIOPOLYMER; ELECTROLYTE; PERLECAN; PROTEOHEPARAN SULFATE; SYNDECAN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD FLOW SENSOR; CATION BINDING; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN BINDING RECEPTOR; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; SMOOTH AND HEART MUSCLE RHYTHMOGENESIS; SYNDECAN/PERLECAN PHYSICOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; TUMOUR INVASION AND METASTASIS;

BLOOD FLOW SENSOR; CATION BINDING; LIPOPROTEIN BINDING RECEPTOR; SMOOTH AND HEART MUSCLE RHYTHMOGENESIS; SYNDECAN/PERLECAN PHYSICOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; TUMOUR INVASION AND METASTASIS;

ANIONS; BIOPOLYMERS; CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; ELECTROLYTES; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS; HUMANS; SYNDECANS;

EID: 84903363766     PISSN: 00018686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. T. Fontane Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. Band 1 (Grafschaft Ruppin) "Rheinsberg" 1862 Hertz Berlin
2. B. Lindman, and S. Forsén Chlorine, bromine and iodine NMR: physico-chemical and biological applications 1976 Springer-Verlag Heidelberg
3. T. Kreis, and R. Vale Guidebook to the extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins 1999 Oxford University Press Oxford
4. J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer Stryer Biochemie 2012 Springer Spektrum Heidelberg
5. G. Siegel Connective tissue: more than just a matrix for cells R. Greger, U. Windhorst, Comprehensive human physiology vol. 1 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 173 224
6. G. Ebert Biopolymere 1980 Steinkopff Darmstadt
7. G. Siegel, A. Walter, M. Bostanjoglo, A.W.H. Jans, R. Kinne, and L. Piculell et al. Ion transport and cation-polyanion interactions in vascular biomembranes J Membr Sci 41 1989 353 375 (Pubitemid 19037590)
8. E. Buddecke, W. Kröz, W. Tittor, and I. Makromolekulare Polysaccharid-Proteine Chondroitinsulfat-Protein aus Rindernasenknorpel - Beziehungen zwischen makromolekularen Eigenschaften und Funktion Hoppe Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 348 1967 651 664
9. + NMR in solutions of mucopolysaccharides FEBS Lett 86 1978 127 130
10. G. Siegel, H. Gustavsson, R. Ehehalt, and B. Lindman The role of membrane potential in the regulation of vascular tone Bibl Anat 15 1977 126 135
11. G. Siegel, R. Ehehalt, H. Gustavsson, and L.-Å. Fransson Ion binding properties of vascular connective tissue R. Casteels, T. Godfraind, J.C. Rüegg, Excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle 1977 Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press Amsterdam, New York, Oxford 279 288
12. M. Malmsten, and G. Siegel Ellipsometry studies of lipoprotein adsorption in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's J Drug Del Sci Tech 17 2007 245 251 (Pubitemid 47395775)
13. E. Buddecke Proteoglycans H.-J. Gabius, The sugar code Fundamentals of glycosciences 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag Weinheim 199 216
14. T.E. Hardingham, and A.J. Fosang Proteoglycans: many forms and many functions FASEB J 6 1992 861 870
15. L. Kjellén, and U. Lindahl Proteoglycans: structures and interactions Annu Rev Biochem 60 1991 443 475
16. L.-Å. Fransson Structure and function of cell-associated proteoglycans Trends Biochem Sci 12 1987 406 411
17. E.D.T. Atkins Molecular architecture of the animal and some microbial extracellular polysaccharides A.G. Walton, Proceedings of the first Cleveland symposium on macromolecules. Structure and properties of biopolymers 1977 Elsevier Amsterdam 61 85
18. M. Malmsten, P. Claesson, and G. Siegel Forces between proteoheparan sulfate layers adsorbed at hydrophobic surfaces Langmuir 10 1994 1274 1280
19. A.K. Mitra, S. Arnott, E.D.T. Atkins, and D.H. Isaac Dermatan sulfate: molecular conformations and interactions in the condensed state J Mol Biol 169 1983 873 901 (Pubitemid 13024966)
20. D.C. Brown, and K.G. Vogel Characteristics of the in vitro interaction of a small proteoglycan (PG II) of bovine tendon with type I collagen Matrix 9 1989 468 478 (Pubitemid 20046781)
21. D.J. Bidanset, C. Guidry, L.C. Rosenberg, H.U. Choi, R. Timpl, and M. Hook Binding of the proteoglycan decorin to collagen type VI J Biol Chem 267 1992 5250 5256
22. K.G. Danielson, H. Baribault, D.F. Holmes, H. Graham, K.E. Kadler, and R.V. Iozzo Targeted disruption of decorin leads to abnormal collagen fibril morphology and skin fragility J Cell Biol 136 1997 729 743 (Pubitemid 27083772)
23. Y. Yamaguchi, D.M. Mann, and E. Ruoslahti Negative regulation of transforming growth factor-β by the proteoglycan decorin Nature 346 1990 281 284
24. A. Heremans, B. de Cock, J.-J. Cassiman, H. van den Berghe, and G. David The core protein of the matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan binds to fibronectin J Biol Chem 265 1990 8716 8724
25. M. Mörgelin, M. Paulsson, T.E. Hardingham, D. Heinegård, and J. Engel Cartilage proteoglycans. Assembly with hyaluronate and link protein as studied by electron microscopy Biochem J 253 1988 175 185
26. D.R. Zimmermann, and E. Ruoslahti Multiple domains of the large fibroblast proteoglycan, versican EMBO J 8 1989 2975 2981 (Pubitemid 19274999)
27. R. Timpl Proteoglycans of basement membranes Experientia 49 1993 417 428 (Pubitemid 23183837)
28. M.M. Maimone, and D.M. Tollefsen Structure of a dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide that binds to heparin cofactor II with high affinity J Biol Chem 265 1990 18263 18271
29. J.J. Castellot Jr., J. Choay, J.-C. Lormeau, M. Petitou, E. Sache, and M.J. Karnovsky Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. II. Evidence for a pentasaccharide sequence that contains a 3-O-sulfate group J Cell Biol 102 1986 1979 1984 (Pubitemid 16078782)
30. U. Lindahl, G. Bäckström, L. Thunberg, and I.G. Leder Evidence for a 3-O-sulfated d-glucosamine residue in the antithrombin-binding sequence of heparin Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77 1980 6551 6555 (Pubitemid 11219166)
31. S.J. Busch, and P. Sassone-Corsi Dimers, leucine zippers and DNA-binding domains Trends Genet 6 1990 36 40
32. R.L. Jackson, S.J. Busch, and A.D. Cardin Glycosaminoglycans: molecular properties, protein interactions, and role in physiological processes Physiol Rev 71 1991 481 539
33. A.I. De Agostini, S.C. Watkins, H.S. Slayter, H. Youssoufian, and R.D. Rosenberg Localization of anticoagulantly active heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vascular endothelium: antithrombin binding on cultured endothelial cells and perfused rat aorta J Cell Biol 111 1990 1293 1304
34. E. Ruoslahti, and Y. Yamaguchi Proteoglycans as modulators of growth factor activities Cell 64 1991 867 869 (Pubitemid 121001173)
35. Y. Tanaka, D.H. Adams, and S. Shaw Proteoglycans on endothelial cells present adhesion-inducing cytokines to leukocytes Immunol Today 14 1993 111 115 (Pubitemid 23068293)
36. N.A. Noble, J.R. Harper, and W.A. Border In vivo interactions of TGF-β and extracellular matrix Prog Growth Factor Res 4 1992 369 382
37. M.Y. Gordon, G.P. Riley, S.M. Watt, and M.F. Greaves Compartmentalization of a haematopoietic growth factor (GM-CSF) by glycosaminoglycans in the bone marrow microenvironment Nature 326 1987 403 405 (Pubitemid 17053771)
38. M. Howard, T. Muchamuel, S. Andrade, and S. Menon Interleukin 10 protects mice from lethal endotoxemia J Exp Med 177 1993 1205 1208 (Pubitemid 23097411)
39. X.-F. Wang, H.Y. Lin, E. Ng-Eaton, J. Downward, H.F. Lodish, and R.A. Weinberg Expression cloning and characterization of the TGF-β type III receptor Cell 67 1991 797 805 (Pubitemid 121001492)
40. J. Folkman, R. Langer, R.J. Linhardt, C. Haudenschild, and S. Taylor Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or a heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone Science 221 1983 719 725 (Pubitemid 13030626)
41. O. Saksela, and D.B. Rifkin Release of basic fibroblast growth factor-heparan sulfate complexes from endothelial cells by plasminogen activator-mediated proteolytic activity J Cell Biol 110 1990 767 775
42. C. Basilico, and D. Moscatelli The FGF family of growth factors and oncogenes Adv Cancer Res 59 1992 115 165
43. R. Ishai-Michaeli, A. Eldor, and I. Vlodavsky Heparanase activity expressed by platelets, neutrophils, and lymphoma cells releases active fibroblast growth factor from extracellular matrix Cell Regul 1 1990 833 842
44. A. Yayon, M. Klagsbrun, J.D. Esko, P. Leder, and D.M. Ornitz Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor Cell 64 1991 841 848 (Pubitemid 121001170)
45. J.B. McCarthy, M.K. Chelberg, D.J. Mickelson, and L.T. Furcht Localization and chemical synthesis of fibronectin peptides with melanoma adhesion and heparin binding activities Biochemistry 27 1988 1380 1388 (Pubitemid 18063687)
46. A. Hautanen, J. Gailit, D.M. Mann, and E. Ruoslahti Effects of modifications of the RGD sequence and its context on recognition by the fibronectin receptor J Biol Chem 264 1989 1437 1442 (Pubitemid 19050980)
47. K.T. Preissner Structure and biological role of vitronectin Annu Rev Cell Biol 7 1991 275 310
48. B.R. Tomasini, and D.F. Mosher Conformational states of vitronectin: preferential expression of an antigenic epitope when vitronectin is covalently and noncovalently complexed with thrombin-antithrombin III or treated with urea Blood 72 1988 903 912
49. J. Lawler, and R.O. Hynes The structure of human thrombospondin, an adhesive glycoprotein with multiple calcium-binding sites and homologies with several different proteins J Cell Biol 103 1986 1635 1648 (Pubitemid 17189019)
50. X. Sun, D.F. Mosher, and A. Rapraeger Heparan sulfate-mediated binding of epithelial cell surface proteoglycan to thrombospondin J Biol Chem 264 1989 2885 2889 (Pubitemid 19057784)
51. P. Bork The modular architecture of vertebrate collagens FEBS Lett 307 1992 49 54
52. P. Bornstein Thrombospondins: structure and regulation of expression FASEB J 6 1992 3290 3299
53. Z.M. Ruggeri, and T.S. Zimmerman von Willebrand factor and von Willebrand disease Blood 70 1987 895 904 (Pubitemid 18022359)
54. P.D. Yurchenco, and J.C. Schittny Molecular architecture of basement membranes FASEB J 4 1990 1577 1590
55. S. Ayad, R.P. Boot-Handford, M.J. Humphries, K.E. Kadler, and C.A. Shuttleworth The extracellular matrix factsbook 1998 Academic Press/Harcourt Brace San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto
56. T. Fahrig, C. Landa, P. Pesheva, K. Kühn, and M. Schachner Characterization of binding properties of the myelin-associated glycoprotein to extracellular matrix constituents EMBO J 6 1987 2875 2883
57. G.J. Cole, A. Loewy, N.V. Cross, R. Akeson, and L. Glaser Topographic localization of the heparin-binding domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM J Cell Biol 103 1986 1739 1744 (Pubitemid 17189029)
58. G. Kadmon, A. Kowitz, P. Altevogt, and M. Schachner Functional cooperation between the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM is carbohydrate dependent J Cell Biol 110 1990 209 218
59. S. Wassmann, U. Laufs, A.T. Bäumer, K. Müller, K. Ahlbory, and W. Linz et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species Hypertension 37 2001 1450 1457 (Pubitemid 34225391)
60. 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins in rat aorta Z Zellforsch 138 1973 223 237
61. H.-E. Schaefer Ätiologie und Pathogenese arterieller Verschlußkrankheiten K. Alexander, Gefäßkrankheiten 1993 Urban and Schwarzenberg Munich 25 46
62. R.H. Steele, W.D. Wagner, H.A. Rowe, and I.J. Edwards Artery wall derived proteoglycan-plasma lipoprotein interaction: lipoprotein binding properties of extracted proteoglycans Atherosclerosis 65 1987 51 62 (Pubitemid 17065428)
63. C.S. Alves, and A.S. Mourão Interaction of high molecular weight chondroitin sulfate from human aorta with plasma low density lipoproteins Atherosclerosis 73 1988 113 124
64. A.D. Cardin, C.J. Randall, N. Hirose, and R.L. Jackson Physical-chemical interaction of heparin and human plasma low-density lipoproteins Biochemistry 26 1987 5513 5518 (Pubitemid 17123789)
65. G. Camejo, S.-O. Olofsson, F. Lopez, P. Carlsson, and G. Bondjers Identification of Apo B-100 segments mediating the interaction of low density lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans Arteriosclerosis 8 1988 368 377
66. R.V. Iozzo Basement membrane proteoglycans: from cellar to ceiling Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6 2005 646 656 (Pubitemid 41081268)
67. R.V. Iozzo Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: intricate molecules with intriguing functions J Clin Invest 108 2001 165 167 (Pubitemid 32656237)
68. P.V. Trescony, T.R. Oegema Jr., B.J. Farnam, and L.B. Deloria Analysis of heparan sulfate from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor Connect Tissue Res 19 1989 219 242
69. 1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion to a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan from basement membranes Eur J Cell Biol 61 1993 92 99 (Pubitemid 23221786)
70. D.M. Noonan, A. Fulle, P. Valente, S. Cai, E. Horigan, and M. Sasaki et al. The complete sequence of perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, reveals extensive similarity with laminin A chain, low density lipoprotein-receptor, and the neural cell adhesion molecule J Biol Chem 266 1991 22939 22947 (Pubitemid 21908742)
71. P. Kallunki, and K. Tryggvason Human basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein: a 467-kD protein containing multiple domains resembling elements of the low density lipoprotein receptor, laminin, neural cell adhesion molecules, and epidermal growth factor J Cell Biol 116 1992 559 571
72. R.V. Iozzo, and A.D. Murdoch Proteoglycans of the extracellular environment: clues from the gene and protein side offer novel perspectives in molecular diversity and function FASEB J 10 1996 598 614 (Pubitemid 26141171)
73. B. Olgemöller, E.D. Schleicher, S. Schwaabe, H.-J. Guretzki, and K.D. Gerbitz High concentrations of low density lipoprotein decrease basement membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan in cultured endothelial cells FEBS Lett 264 1990 37 39 (Pubitemid 20139799)
74. A. Chait, M.Y. Chang, K. Olin, and T. Wight Interaction of oxidized LDL with arterial proteoglycans Atherosclerosis 134 1997 197
75. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, D. Klüßendorf, A. Walter, and A. Schmidt Chemistry, recognition and function of a natural shear stress biosensor ACS Polym Mater Sci Eng 76 1997 573 575
76. G. Siegel, A. Walter, A. Kauschmann, M. Malmsten, and E. Buddecke Anionic biopolymers as blood flow sensors Biosens Bioelectron 11 1996 281 294 (Pubitemid 26042805)
77. P. Kallunki, R.L. Eddy, M.G. Byers, M. Kestilä, T.B. Shows, and K. Tryggvason Cloning of human heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein, assignment of the gene (HSPG2) to 1p36.1 → p35 and identification of a BamHI restriction fragment length polymorphism Genomics 11 1991 389 396
78. M. Mali, P. Jaakkola, A.-M. Arvilommi, and M. Jalkanen Sequence of human syndecan indicates a novel gene family of integral membrane proteoglycans J Biol Chem 265 1990 6884 6889
79. M. Bernfield, and R.D. Sanderson Syndecan, a developmentally regulated cell surface proteoglycan that binds extracellular matrix and growth factors Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 327 1990 171 186
80. M. Klagsbrun The affinity of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) for heparin; FGF-heparan sulfate interactions in cells and extracellular matrix Curr Opin Cell Biol 2 1990 857 863
81. S. Saunders, M. Jalkanen, S. O'Farrell, and M. Bernfield Molecular cloning of syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan J Cell Biol 108 1989 1547 1556 (Pubitemid 19097059)
82. C.M. Isacke, and M.A. Horton The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook 2000 Academic Press San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo
83. M. Bernfield, R. Kokenyesi, M. Kato, M.T. Hinkes, J. Spring, and R.L. Gallo et al. Biology of the syndecans: a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans Annu Rev Cell Biol 8 1992 365 393 (Pubitemid 23001002)
84. A. Rapraeger Transforming growth factor (type β) promotes the addition of chondroitin sulfate chains to the cell surface proteoglycan (syndecan) of mouse mammary epithelia J Cell Biol 109 1989 2509 2518 (Pubitemid 19282634)
85. R. Hallmann, N. Horn, M. Selg, O. Wendler, F. Pausch, and L.M. Sorokin Expression and function of laminins in the embryonic and mature vasculature Physiol Rev 85 2005 979 1000 (Pubitemid 40885221)
86. H.F. Oettinger, H. Streeter, E. Lose, N.G. Copeland, D.J. Gilbert, and M.J. Justice et al. Chromosome mapping of the murine syndecan gene Genomics 11 1991 334 338
87. J.R. Couchman Syndecans: proteoglycan regulators of cell-surface microdomains? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4 2003 926 937 (Pubitemid 37493641)
88. J.R. Bishop, M. Schuksz, and J.D. Esko Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology Nature 446 2007 1030 1037 (Pubitemid 46676065)
89. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, and B. Lindman Flow sensing at the endothelium-blood interface Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 138 1998 345 351 (Pubitemid 28267231)
90. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, D. Klüßendorf, A. Walter, F. Schnalke, and A. Kauschmann Blood-flow sensing by anionic biopolymers J Auton Nerv Syst 57 1996 207 213 (Pubitemid 26098898)
91. M. Götte Syndecans in inflammation FASEB J 17 2003 575 591 (Pubitemid 37221142)
92. A.N. Alexopoulou, H.A.B. Multhaupt, and J.R. Couchman Syndecans in wound healing, inflammation and vascular biology Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39 2007 505 528 (Pubitemid 46099032)
93. 130 bonds J Biol Chem 280 2005 34441 34446 (Pubitemid 41504572)
94. J.E. Scott Supramolecular organization of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans, in vitro and in the tissues FASEB J 6 1992 2639 2645
95. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, and P. Walter Molecular biology of the cell 2008 Garland Science New York
96. D.R. Keene, L.Y. Sakai, G.P. Lunstrum, N.P. Morris, and R.E. Burgeson Type VII collagen forms an extended network of anchoring fibrils J Cell Biol 104 1987 611 621 (Pubitemid 17024716)
97. B. Siebold, R. Deutzmann, and K. Kühn The arrangement of intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds in the carboxyterminal, non-collagenous aggregation and cross-linking domain of basement-membrane type IV collagen Eur J Biochem 176 1988 617 624
98. P.D. Yurchenco, and H. Furthmayr Type IV collagen "7S" tetramer formation: aspects of kinetics and thermodynamics Ann N Y Acad Sci 460 1986 530 533
99. P.D. Yurchenco, and G.C. Ruben Basement membrane structure in situ: evidence for lateral associations in the type IV collagen network J Cell Biol 105 1987 2559 2568 (Pubitemid 18017686)
100. B. Siebold, R.-Q. Qian, R.W. Glanville, H. Hofmann, R. Deutzmann, and K. Kühn Construction of a model for the aggregation and cross-linking region (7S domain) of type IV collagen based upon an evaluation of the primary structure of the α1 and α2 chains in this region Eur J Biochem 168 1987 569 575 (Pubitemid 17159431)
101. R. Timpl Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins Eur J Biochem 180 1989 487 502 (Pubitemid 19111111)
102. 2+ influences susceptibility of laminin to proteolytic digestion and interactions between domain-specific laminin fragments Eur J Biochem 177 1988 477 481
103. M.G. Farquhar The glomerular basement membrane. A selective macromolecular filter E.D. Hay, Cell biology of extracellular matrix 1983 Plenum New York 335 378
104. A.S. Charonis, E.C. Tsilibary, P.D. Yurchenco, H. Furthmayr, and A. Coritz Binding of laminin to type IV collagen: a morphological study J Cell Biol 100 1985 1848 1853 (Pubitemid 15042079)
105. C. Battaglia, U. Mayer, M. Aumailley, and R. Timpl Basement-membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan binds to laminin by its heparan sulfate chains and to nidogen by sites in the protein core Eur J Biochem 208 1992 359 366
106. M. Aumailley, C. Battaglia, U. Mayer, D. Reinhardt, R. Nischt, and R. Timpl et al. Nidogen mediates the formation of ternary complexes of basement membrane components Kidney Int 43 1993 7 12 (Pubitemid 23167438)
107. F.E. Curry, and C.C. Michel A fiber matrix model of capillary permeability Microvasc Res 20 1980 96 99 (Pubitemid 10087148)
108. G.B. Robinson, and H.A. Walton Glomerular basement membrane as a compressible ultrafilter Microvasc Res 38 1989 36 48 (Pubitemid 19188537)
109. R. Timpl, and M. Dziadek Structure, development, and molecular pathology of basement membranes Int Rev Exp Pathol 29 1986 1 112
110. B. Olgemöller, S. Schwaabe, K.D. Gerbitz, and E.D. Schleicher Elevated glucose decreases the content of a basement membrane associated heparan sulphate proteoglycan in proliferating cultured porcine mesangial cells Diabetologia 35 1992 183 186
111. N.J. Stone, J. Robinson, A.H. Lichtenstein, C.N. Bairey Merz, D.M. Lloyd-Jones, and C.B. Blum et al. ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002
112. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, D. Klüßendorf, and F. Michel A receptor-based biosensor for lipoprotein docking at the endothelial surface and vascular matrix Biosens Bioelectron 16 2001 895 904 (Pubitemid 33009324)
113. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, and F. Michel A primary lesion model for arteriosclerotic microplaque formation Int J Angiol 9 2000 129 134 (Pubitemid 30483522)
114. G. Siegel, E. Ermilov, A.R. Pries, K. Winkler, A. Schmidt, and L. Ringstad et al. The significance of lipid peroxidation in cardiovascular disease Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 442 2014 173 180
115. M. Malmsten, G. Siegel, and A. Becker A model substrate for ellipsometry studies of lipoprotein deposition at the endothelium J Colloid Interface Sci 240 2001 372 374 (Pubitemid 32695674)
116. C. Abletshauser, D. Klüßendorf, A. Schmidt, K. Winkler, W. März, and E. Buddecke et al. Biosensing of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation and interaction with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor Acta Physiol Scand 176 2002 131 145 (Pubitemid 35221344)
117. B.G. Brown, X.-Q. Zhao, D.E. Sacco, and J.J. Albers Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease Circulation 87 1993 1781 1791 (Pubitemid 23165620)
118. V. Anber, J.S. Millar, M. McConnell, J. Shepherd, and C.J. Packard Interaction of very-low-density, intermediate-density, and low-density lipoproteins with human arterial wall proteoglycans Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 1997 2507 2514 (Pubitemid 28015987)
119. T. Sawamura, N. Kume, T. Aoyama, H. Moriwaki, H. Hoshikawa, and Y. Aiba et al. An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein Nature 386 1997 73 77 (Pubitemid 27130922)
120. D.J. Gordon, and B.M. Rifkind High-density lipoprotein: the clinical implications of recent studies N Engl J Med 321 1989 1311 1316 (Pubitemid 19267219)
121. R. Ross Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease N Engl J Med 340 1999 115 126 (Pubitemid 29054847)
122. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, D. Klüßendorf, and W. Leonhardt Physicochemical binding properties of the proteoglycan receptor for serum lipoproteins Atherosclerosis 144 1999 59 67 (Pubitemid 29259966)
123. G. Siegel, C. Abletshauser, M. Malmsten, A. Schmidt, and K. Winkler Reduction of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by fluvastatin in a receptor-based biosensor model Cardiovasc Res 58 2003 696 705 (Pubitemid 36694456)
124. G. Siegel, and E. Ermilov Omega-3 fatty acids: benefits for cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases Atherosclerosis 225 2012 291 295
125. M. Malmsten, G. Siegel, and W.G. Wood Ellipsometry studies of lipoprotein adsorption J Colloid Interface Sci 224 2000 338 346 (Pubitemid 30215139)
126. M. Malmsten, A.-L. Lindström, and T. Wärnheim Electrostatic effects on interfacial film formation in emulsion systems J Colloid Interface Sci 179 1996 537 543 (Pubitemid 26188482)
127. G.W. Cockerill, and S. Reed High-density lipoprotein: multipotent effects on cells of the vasculature Int Rev Cytol 188 1999 257 297 (Pubitemid 129751069)
128. P. Huetz, V. Ball, J.-C. Voegel, and P. Schaaf Exchange kinetics for a heterogeneous protein system on a solid surface Langmuir 11 1995 3145 3152
129. G.J. Miller, and N.E. Miller Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease Lancet 1 1975 16 19
130. Z.-S. Ji, H.L. Dichek, R.D. Miranda, and R.W. Mahley Heparan sulfate proteoglycans participate in hepatic lipase and apolipoprotein E-mediated binding and uptake of plasma lipoproteins, including high density lipoproteins J Biol Chem 272 1997 31285 31292 (Pubitemid 28013260)
131. M. Rodríguez, L. Ringstad, P. Schäfer, S. Just, H.W. Hofer, and M. Malmsten et al. Reduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high-risk patients Atherosclerosis 192 2007 438 444 (Pubitemid 46726344)
132. M. Malmsten, and B. Lassen Competitive adsorption at hydrophobic surfaces from binary protein systems J Colloid Interface Sci 166 1994 490 498
133. M. Malmsten, D. Muller, and B. Lassen Sequential adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and fibrinogen (Fgn) at HMDSO plasma polymer surfaces J Colloid Interface Sci 193 1997 88 95 (Pubitemid 27473043)
134. G. Siegel, M. Rodríguez, F. Sauer, C. Abletshauser, C. de Mey, and K. Schötz et al. Nanotechnologic biosensor ellipsometry and biomarker pattern analysis in the evaluation of atherosclerotic risk profile Biosens Bioelectron 24 2009 1512 1517
135. E. Makoveichuk, A. Lookene, and G. Olivecrona Mild oxidation of lipoproteins increases their affinity for surfaces covered by heparan sulfate and lipoprotein lipase Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252 1998 703 710 (Pubitemid 28556840)
136. G. Siegel, E. Ermilov, R. Saunders, A.R. Pries, and M. Malmsten Nanotechnologic point-of-care ellipsometric device for arteriosclerotic diseases Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 e210
137. G. Siegel, A. Schmidt, P. Schäfer, M. Malmsten, L. Ringstad, and K. Winkler et al. The importance of scavenging reactive oxygen species in anti-aging medicine Eng Life Sci 9 2009 363 375
138. G. Siegel, B. Overbeck, S. Just, K. Winkler, M. Malmsten, and E. Ermilov Alkaline phosphatase lowering in metabolic syndrome patients utilizing a phytochemical approach Am J Gastroenterol 106 Suppl. 2 2011 S130
139. G. Siegel, K. Winkler, I. Lubitz, and E. Ermilov Multiparametric biomarkers as determinants of insulin resistance Diabetes 61 Suppl. 1 2012 A627
140. Siegel G, Malmsten M, Molecular model for athero/arteriosclerosis, patent EP 0 946 876, 2005.
141. C. Vassalle, N. Botto, M.G. Andreassi, S. Berti, and A. Biagini Evidence for enhanced 8-isoprostane plasma levels, as index of oxidative stress in vivo, in patients with coronary artery disease Coron Artery Dis 14 2003 213 218 (Pubitemid 36578048)
142. N. Glorioso, C. Troffa, F. Filigheddu, F. Dettori, A. Soro, and P. Pinna Parpaglia et al. Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and primary hypercholesterolemia Hypertension 34 1999 1281 1286 (Pubitemid 30002395)
143. A.C. Spósito, A.P. Mansur, O.R. Coelho, J.C. Nicolau, and J.A. Ramires Additional reduction in blood pressure after cholesterol-lowering treatment by statins (lovastatin or pravastatin) in hypercholesterolemic patients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril or lisinopril) Am J Cardiol 83 1999 1497 1499 (Pubitemid 29228351)
144. C. Borghi, M.G. Prandin, F.V. Costa, S. Bacchelli, D. Degli Esposti, and E. Ambrosioni Use of statins and blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 35 2000 549 555 (Pubitemid 30185454)
145. A. Ichihara, M. Hayashi, Y. Koura, Y. Tada, Y. Kaneshiro, and T. Saruta Long-term effects of statins on arterial pressure and stiffness of hypertensives J Hum Hypertens 19 2005 103 109 (Pubitemid 40220632)
146. W.H. Kaesemeyer, R.B. Caldwell, J. Huang, and R.W. Caldwell Pravastin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions JACC 33 1999 234 241 (Pubitemid 29064099)
147. G. Nickenig, A.T. Bäumer, Y. Temur, D. Kebben, F. Jockenhövel, and M. Böhm Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hypercholesterolemic men Circulation 100 1999 2131 2134
148. C.K. Glass, and J.L. Witztum Atherosclerosis: the road ahead Cell 104 2001 503 516 (Pubitemid 32201946)
149. P.M. Ridker High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: from concept to clinical practice to clinical benefit Am Heart J 148 2004 S19 S26
150. P. Libby Inflammation in atherosclerosis Nature 420 2002 868 874 (Pubitemid 36019640)
151. J. Hardy, and D.J. Selkoe The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics Science 297 2002 353 356 (Pubitemid 34790756)
152. G.K. Hansson Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 352 2005 1685 1695
153. P.B. Gorelick, K.S. Wong, H.-J. Bae, and D.K. Pandey Large artery intracranial occlusive disease. A large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier Stroke 39 2008 2396 2399
154. G. Siegel, C. Abletshauser, M. Malmsten, A. Schmidt, E. Buddecke, and K. Winkler Reduction of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by fluvastatin in a receptor-based biosensor model Perfusion 16 2003 85
155. P. Libby Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes Circulation 91 1995 2844 2850
156. M.J. Davies Stability and instability: two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. The Paul Dudley White Lecture 1995 Circulation 94 1996 2013 2020 (Pubitemid 26349317)
157. E. Falk, P.K. Shah, and V. Fuster Coronary plaque disruption Circulation 92 1995 657 671
158. C.H. Sloop, L. Dory, and P.S. Roheim Interstitial fluid lipoproteins J Lipid Res 28 1987 225 237 (Pubitemid 17042840)
159. G.M. Rubanyi, and P.M. Vanhoutte Endothelium-derived relaxing factors 1990 Karger Basel, München, Paris, London, New York, New Delhi, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, Sydney
160. J.A. Bevan, and E.H. Joyce Flow-induced relaxation in a resistance artery is associated with an amiloride-sensitive sodium dependent mechanism in vascular smooth muscle J Vasc Med Biol 2 1991 281 288
161. G. Schwarz, G. Droogmans, and B. Nilius Shear stress-induced membrane currents and calcium transients in human vascular endothelial cells Pflugers Arch 421 1992 394 396
162. R.F. Furchgott, and J.V. Zawadzki The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine Nature 288 1980 373 376 (Pubitemid 11169009)
163. N. Sperelakis, and J.D. Wood Frontiers in smooth muscle research 1990 Wiley-Liss New York
164. N. Sperelakis, and H. Kuriyama Ion channels of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells 1991 Elsevier New York, Amsterdam, London, Tokyo
165. J.A. Bevan, W. Halpern, and M.J. Mulvany The resistance vasculature 1991 Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
166. J.A. Bevan The role of flow-induced contraction and relaxation in the regulation of vascular tone J.A. Bevan, G. Kaley, G. Rubanyi, Flow-dependent regulation of vascular function 1995 Oxford University Press New York 128 152
167. D.R. Harder, R. Gilbert, and J.H. Lombard Vascular muscle cell depolarization and activation in renal arteries on elevation of transmural pressure Am J Physiol 253 1987 F778 F781
168. W.R. Keatinge, and M.C. Harman Local mechanisms controlling blood vessels 1980 Academic Press London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco
169. G. Siegel, A. Walter, K. Rückborn, E. Buddecke, A. Schmidt, and H. Gustavsson et al. NMR studies of cation induced conformational changes in anionic biopolymers at the endothelium-blood interface Polymer J 23 1991 697 708 (Pubitemid 21648755)
170. G. Siegel, and J.A. Bevan Anionic biopolyelectrolytes as sensors of blood flow J.A. Bevan, G. Kaley, G. Rubanyi, Flow-dependent regulation of vascular function 1995 Oxford University Press New York 153 162
171. V.M. Khayutin, V.P. Nikolsky, A.N. Rogoza, and E.V. Lukoshkova Endothelium determines stabilization of the pressure drop in arteries Acta Physiol Scand 148 1993 295 304 (Pubitemid 23207776)
172. J.A. Bevan, and G. Siegel Blood vessel wall matrix flow sensor: evidence and speculation Blood Vessels 28 1991 552 556
173. A. Schmidt, and E. Buddecke Cell-associated proteoheparan sulfate from bovine arterial smooth muscle cells Exp Cell Res 178 1988 242 253
174. E. Buddecke, and J. Wollensak Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of proteoglycans of the eye Fortschr Ophthalmol 86 1989 502 508
175. G. Siegel, A. Walter, E. Buddecke, A. Schmidt, H. Gustavsson, and B. Lindman Membranous and extramembranous cation binding of vascular proteoglycans Funktionsanalyse biologischer Systeme 22 1994 93 112
176. +-NMR studies of cation binding to multi-chain and single-chain glycosaminoglycan peptides Biochim Biophys Acta 677 1981 23 31
177. + NMR F. Oosawa, Dynamic aspects of biopolyelectrolytes and biomembranes 1982 Kodansha Ltd. Tokyo 3 18
178. G. Siegel, A. Adler, E. Mildenberger, and A. Walter The effect of external calcium on voltage-tension and ion binding in vascular smooth muscle Coll INSERM/CNRS 124 1984 101 110
179. +-NMR studies of cation-polyanion interactions in vascular connective tissue M. Tsuchiya, M. Asano, Y. Mishima, M. Oda, Microcirculation - an update vol. 1 1987 Excerpta Medica Amsterdam, New York, Oxford 407 411
180. G. Siegel, A. Walter, A.W.H. Jans, and R. Kinne Binding of mono- and divalent cations to different components of the extracellular matrix Abhandl Rhein-Westf Akad Wissensch 82 1989 155 170
181. M. Nagasawa Ion-binding phenomena of polyelectrolytes E. Sélégny, M. Mandel, U.P. Strauss, Charged and reactive polymers, Vol. I: Polyelectrolytes. vol. I 1974 Reidel Dordrecht 57 77
182. A. Einstein Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen. Ann Phys IV Folge 19 1906 289 306
183. A. Einstein Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen Ann Phys 34 1911 591 592
184. W. Kuhn Über die Gestalt fadenförmiger Moleküle in Lösung Kolloid Z 68 1934 2 15
185. G. Siegel, M. Rodríguez, T. Schön, C. Abletshauser, A. Schmidt, and R. Hetzer et al. Blood flow sensor susceptibility to lipoproteins in early arteriosclerosis and its clinical improvement by statin therapy - a nanoplaque study Desalination 191 2006 417 425
186. M. Malmsten, G. Siegel, E. Buddecke, and A. Schmidt Cation-promoted adsorption of proteoheparan sulphate Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1 1993 43 50
187. M. Rodríguez, A. Lindinger, J.L. Pérez Lustres, S.A. Kovalenko, N.P. Ernsting, and L. Wöste et al. Femtosecond dynamics of proteoheparan sulfate (HS-PG) after UV excitation - a readout for arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345 2006 886 893 (Pubitemid 43776999)
188. M. Rodríguez, A. Lindinger, N.P. Ernsting, M. Malmsten, and G. Siegel Towards biosensing of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation using femtosecond spectroscopy Arch Biochem Biophys 460 2007 92 99 (Pubitemid 46486664)
189. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, and A. Schmidt Flow sensing at the endothelial cell membrane - blood interface J Membr Sci 113 1996 101 113 (Pubitemid 26137571)
190. G.S. Manning Polyelectrolytes Annu Rev Phys Chem 23 1972 117 140
191. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, and B. Lindman Flow sensing by anionic biopolyelectrolytes at the endothelial cell membrane - blood interface H.J. Mathieu, B. Reihl, D. Briggs, European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis 1996 John Wiley & Sons Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 38 41
192. S. Korte, A. Wiesinger, A.S. Straeter, W. Peters, H. Oberleithner, and K. Kusche-Vihrog Firewall function of the endothelial glycocalyx in the regulation of sodium homeostasis Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 463 2012 269 278
193. G. Siegel, F. Schnalke, J. Schaarschmidt, J. Müller, and R. Hetzer Hypoxia and vascular muscle tone in normal and arteriosclerotic human coronary arteries J Vasc Med Biol 3 1991 140 149 (Pubitemid 23038836)
194. M. Gouy Sur la constitution de la charge électrique à la surface d'un électrolyte J Phys Théor Appl Sér 4 (Paris) 9 1910 457 468
195. D.L. Chapman A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity Phil Mag 25 1913 475 481
196. O. Stern Zur Theorie der elektrolytischen Doppelschicht Z Elektrochem 30 1924 508 516
197. G.W.F.H. Borst-Pauwels Ion transport in yeast Biochim Biophys Acta 650 1981 88 127
198. + distribution in the arterial wall H. Kakihana, H.R. Hardy Jr. T. Hoshi, K. Toyokura, Seventh symposium on salt vol. II 1993 Elsevier Science Publ. Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo 395 407
199. G. Siegel Vascular smooth muscle R. Greger, U. Windhorst, Comprehensive human physiology vol. 2 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1941 1964
200. E. Bülbring, A.F. Brading, A.W. Jones, and T. Tomita Smooth muscle 1970 Edward Arnold London
201. J.R. Levick An introduction to cardiovascular physiology 2009 CRC Press Boca Raton
202. G. Siegel, B.J. Ebeling, and H.W. Hofer Foundations of vascular rhythm Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 84 1980 403 406
203. M.J. Mulvany, and C. Aalkjær Structure and function of small arteries Physiol Rev 70 1990 921 961 (Pubitemid 20364819)
204. G. Siegel, H.W. Hofer, A. Walter, K. Rückborn, F. Schnalke, and H.P. Koepchen Autorhythmicity in blood vessels: its biophysical and biochemical bases Springer Series in Synergetics 55 1991 35 60
205. 2+ oscillations in non-excitable cells Annu Rev Physiol 55 1993 427 454 (Pubitemid 23102140)
206. J.B. Bassingthwaighte, R.B. King, and S.A. Roger Fractal nature of regional myocardial blood flow heterogeneity Circ Res 65 1989 578 590 (Pubitemid 19226434)
207. H. Haken Entwicklungslinien der Synergetik. I Naturwissenschaften 75 1988 163 172
208. H. Haken Entwicklungslinien der Synergetik. II Naturwissenschaften 75 1988 225 234
209. E. Bülbring, and H. Lüllmann The effect of metabolic inhibitors on the electrical and mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig's taenia coli J Physiol Lond 136 1957 310 323
210. G. Siegel Principles of vascular rhythmogenesis Prog appl Microcirc 3 1983 40 62
211. E.M. Chance, A.R. Curtis, I.P. Jones, and C.R. Kirby FACSIMILE: a computer program for flow and chemistry simulation, and general initial value problems 1977 UK Atomic Energy Authority Harwell
212. J. Monod, J. Wyman, and J.-P. Changeux On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model J Mol Biol 12 1965 88 118
213. G. Siegel, H. Roedel, and H.W. Hofer Basic rhythms in vascular smooth muscle INSERM Coll 50 1976 215 232
214. P.R. Evans, and P.J. Hudson Three dimensional structure of phosphofructokinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus E. Hofmann, W. Pfeil, H. Aurich, Protein: structure, function and industrial applications 1979 Pergamon Press Oxford 349 357
215. D.L. Marquardt An algorithm for least squares estimates of non-linear parameters J Siam 11 1963 431 441
216. R.L. Post Seeds of sodium, potassium ATPase Annu Rev Physiol 51 1989 1 15 (Pubitemid 19088304)
217. +-pump: microscopic analysis of nonstationary ion-translocation Biochim Biophys Acta 944 1988 451 464
218. R.B. Blackman, and J.W. Tukey The measurement of power spectra 1959 Dover Publications New York
219. Y.W. Lee Statistical theory of communication 1960 John Wiley & Sons New York, London
220. G. Siegel, H. Roedel, J. Nolte, H.W. Hofer, and O. Bertsche Ionic composition and ion exchange in vascular smooth muscle E. Bülbring, M.F. Shuba, Physiology of smooth muscle 1976 Raven Press New York 19 39
221. M. Malmsten, and G. Siegel Electrostatic and ion-binding effects on the adsorption of proteoglycans J Colloid Interface Sci 170 1995 120 127
222. G. Siegel, M. Malmsten, D. Klüßendorf, and H.-W. Hofer Vascular smooth muscle, a multiply feedback-coupled system of high versatility, modulation and cell-signaling variability Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 17 1997 360 373 (Pubitemid 127791850)
223. + currents in a cultured endothelial cell line derived from rat interlobar artery and human umbilical vein Pflugers Arch 428 1994 91 93 (Pubitemid 24220409)
224. R.G. Knowles, M. Palacios, R.M.J. Palmer, and S. Moncada Formation of nitric oxide from l-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86 1989 5159 5162 (Pubitemid 19182253)
225. C. Hayashi Nonlinear oscillations in physical systems 1964 McGraw-Hill New York
226. B. van der Pol On a type of oscillation hysteresis in a simple triode generator Phil Mag 43 1922 177 193
227. D.A. Linkens Analytical solution of large numbers of mutually coupled nearly sinusoidal oscillators IEEE Trans Circ Syst CAS 21 1974 294 300
228. H.H. Rosenbrock An automatic method for finding the greatest or least value of a function Comput J 3 1960 175 184
229. K2, in Purkinje fibres J Physiol Lond 260 1976 55 74
230. W.D. Comper, and T.C. Laurent Physiological function of connective tissue polysaccharides Physiol Rev 58 1978 255 315 (Pubitemid 9081040)
231. D.A. Rees Stereochemistry and binding behaviour of carbohydrate chains MTP Int Rev Sci 5 1975 1 42
232. G.S. Manning Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. I. Colligative properties J Chem Phys 51 1969 924 933
233. G.S. Manning Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. II. Self-diffusion of the small ions J Chem Phys 51 1969 934 938
234. A. Katchalsky, Z. Alexandrowicz, and O. Kedem Polyelectrolyte solutions B.E. Conway, R.G. Barradas, Chemical physics of ionic solutions 1966 Wiley New York 295 346
235. S.J. Angyal Complex formation between sugars and metal ions Pure Appl Chem 35 1973 131 146
236. S.J. Angyal, and K.P. Davies Complexing of sugars with metal ions Chem Commun 1971 500 501
237. P.S. Hubbard Nonexponential nuclear magnetic relaxation by quadrupole interactions J Chem Phys 53 1970 985 987
238. T.E. Bull Nuclear magnetic relaxation of spin-3/2 nuclei involved in chemical exchange J Magn Reson 8 1972 344 353
239. H. Gustavsson, B. Lindman, and T.E. Bull Sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance in polyanion solution. Correlation times and quadrupole coupling constants of sodium(+) bound to poly(methacrylic acid) J Am Chem Soc 100 1978 4655 4661
240. G. Siegel, M. Bostanjoglo, A. Walter, A.W.H. Jans, and R. Kinne Cation interactions in connective tissue and their relation to regulation of vascular tone W. Halpern, B.L. Pegram, J.E. Brayden, K. Mackey, M.K. McLaughlin, G. Osol, Resistance arteries 1988 Perinatology Press Ithaca, New York 329 335
241. T. Ohnishi, N. Imai, and F. Oosawa Interaction between rod-like polyelectrolytes J Phys Soc Jpn 15 1960 896 905
242. N. Imai Interaction between polyions and low molecular ions J Phys Soc Jpn 16 1961 746 760
243. F. Oosawa Polyelectrolytes 1971 Marcel Dekker New York
244. R.M. Fuoss, A. Katchalsky, and S. Lifson The potential of an infinite rod-like molecule and the distribution of the counter ions Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 37 1951 579 589
245. S. Lifson, and A. Katchalsky The electrostatic free energy of polyelectrolyte solutions. II. Fully stretched macromolecules J Polym Sci 13 1954 43 55
246. H. Wennerström, B. Jönsson, and P. Linse The cell model for polyelectrolyte systems. Exact statistical mechanical relations, Monte Carlo simulations, and the Poisson - Boltzmann approximation J Chem Phys 76 1982 4665 4670
247. J.R. Dunstone Ion-exchange reactions between acid mucopolysaccharides and various cations Biochem J 85 1962 336 351
248. G. Siegel, A. Walter, H. Gustavsson, and B. Lindman Magnesium and membrane function in vascular smooth muscle Artery 9 1981 232 252 (Pubitemid 11060856)
249. M.B. Mathews Trivalent cation binding of acid mucopolysaccharides Biochim Biophys Acta 37 1960 288 295
250. R.A. Gelman, and J. Blackwell Interactions between mucopolysaccharides and cationic polypeptides in aqueous solution: Chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate J Biopolymers 12 1973 1959 1974
251. B. Öbrink, and L.-O. Sundelöf Light scattering in the study of associating macromolecules. The binding of glycosaminoglycans to collagen Eur J Biochem 37 1973 226 232
252. G. Siegel, A. Walter, and B. Lindman Cation binding to anionic biopolymers of vascular connective tissue J Phys (Paris) 45 1984 C2-595-8
253. G.T. Grant, E.R. Morris, D.A. Rees, P.J.C. Smith, and D. Thom Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model FEBS Lett 32 1973 195 198
254. H.K. Frensdorff Stability constants of cyclic polyether complexes with univalent cations J Am Chem Soc 93 1971 600 606
255. R.O. Gould, and A.F. Rankin Calcium complexes of uronic acid monomers Chem Commun 1970 489 490
256. T. Anthonsen, B. Larsen, and O. Smidsrød NMR-studies of the interaction of metal ions with poly(1,4-hexuronates). II. The binding of europium ions to sodium methyl α-D-galactopyranosiduronate Acta Chem Scand 27 1973 2671 2673
257. E.D.T. Atkins, W. Mackie, K.D. Parker, and E.E. Smolko Crystalline structures of poly-d-mannuronic and poly-l-guluronic acids Polym Lett 9 1971 311 316
258. D.A. Rees Shapely polysaccharides Biochem J 126 1972 257 273
259. A. Haug, and O. Smidsrød Selectivity of some anionic polymers for divalent metal ions Acta Chem Scand 24 1970 843 854
260. R. Kohn, and B. Larsen Preparation of water-soluble polyuronic acids and their calcium salts, and the determination of calcium ion activity in relation to the degree of polymerization Acta Chem Scand 26 1972 2455 2468
261. R.P. Kline, and J. Kupersmith Effects of extracellular potassium accumulation and sodium pump activation on automatic canine Purkinje fibres J Physiol Lond 324 1982 507 533 (Pubitemid 12132490)
262. C.M. Baumgarten, and G. Isenberg Depletion and accumulation of potassium in the extracellular clefts of cardiac Purkinje fibers during voltage clamp hyperpolarization and depolarization Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol 368 1977 19 31 (Pubitemid 8037413)
263. B.P. Toole Hyaluronan and its binding proteins, the hyaladherins Curr Opin Cell Biol 2 1990 839 844
264. L. Piculell, and B. Lindman Association and segregation in aqueous polymer/polymer, polymer/surfactant, and surfactant/surfactant mixtures: similarities and differences Adv Colloid Interf Sci 41 1992 149 178 (Pubitemid 23589500)
265. G. Siegel, and M. Malmsten The role of the endothelium in inflammation and tumor metastasis Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 17 1997 257 272 (Pubitemid 127793874)
266. L.M. Matrisian The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases BioEssays 14 1992 455 463
267. S. Aznavoorian, M.L. Stracke, H. Krutzsch, E. Schiffmann, and L.A. Liotta Signal transduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells J Cell Biol 110 1990 1427 1438
268. W.G. Stetler-Stevenson, S. Aznavoorian, and L.A. Liotta Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis Annu Rev Cell Biol 9 1993 541 573
269. F. Tiberg, B. Jönsson, J. Tang, and B. Lindman Ellipsometry studies of the self-assembly on nonionic surfactants at the silica-water interface: equilibrium aspects Langmuir 10 1994 2294 2300
270. N.L. Stephens The biochemistry of smooth muscle 1977 University Park Press Baltimore
271. R.O. Hynes Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion Cell 69 1992 11 25
272. A. Rapraeger, M. Jalkanen, and M. Bernfield Cell surface proteoglycan associates with the cytoskeleton at the basolateral cell surface of mouse mammary epithelial cells J Cell Biol 103 1986 2683 2696 (Pubitemid 17008014)
273. C.S. Izzard, R. Radinsky, and L.A. Culp Substratum contacts and cytoskeletal reorganization of BALB/c 3T3 cells on a cell-binding fragment and heparin-binding fragments of plasma fibronectin Exp Cell Res 165 1986 320 336 (Pubitemid 16013326)
274. K.E. Kamm, and J.T. Stull Regulation of smooth muscle contractile elements by second messengers Annu Rev Physiol 51 1989 299 313 (Pubitemid 19088322)
275. J.B. Gorlin, R. Yamin, S. Egan, M. Stewart, T.P. Stossel, and D.J. Kwiatkowski et al. Human endothelial actin-binding protein (ABP-280, nonmuscle filamin): a molecular leaf spring J Cell Biol 111 1990 1089 1105
276. J.H. Hartwig, and D.J. Kwiatkowski Actin-binding proteins Curr Opin Cell Biol 3 1991 87 97 (Pubitemid 121006076)
277. A. Blanchard, V. Ohanian, and D. Critchley The structure and function of α-actinin J Muscle Res Cell Motil 10 1989 280 289
278. P.A. Watson Function follows form: generation of intracellular signals by cell deformation FASEB J 5 1991 2013 2019 (Pubitemid 121000164)