Tick-Transmitted Viruses and Climate Change

Viral Infections and Global Change

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 573-602

  Estrada Peña, Agustín ^a   Hubálek, Zdenek ^b,c   Rudolf, Ivo ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^c MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Climate change; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF); Tick borne encephalitis (TBE); Tick transmitted viruses

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903151972     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118297469.ch31     Document Type: Chapter

References (183)

1. Albanese, N., Bruno-Smiraglia, C., Di Cuonzo, G., et al. 1972. Isolation of Thogoto virus from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in western Sicily. Acta Virologica 16:267.
2. Alekseev, A.N., Chunikhin, S.P. 1990. Transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between ixodid ticks co-feeding on animals without detectable viremia (in Russian). Meditsinskaya Parazitologia 2:48-50.
3. Alekseev, A.N., Chunikhin, S.P., Rukhkyan, M.Y., et al. 1991. Possible role of Ixodidae salivary gland substrate as an adjuvant enhancing arbovirus transmission. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni 1:28-31.
4. Anderson, C.R., Casals, J. 1973. Dhori virus, a new agent isolated from Hyalomma dromedarii in India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 61:1416-1420.
5. Bacon, R.M., Kugler, K.J., Mead, P.S. 2008. Surveillance for Lyme disease United States, 1992-2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summary 57:1-9.
6. Balducci, M., Verani, P., Lopes, M.C., et al. 1970. Experimental pathogenicity of Bhanja virus for white mice and Macaca mulatta monkeys. Acta Virologica 14:237-243.
7. Bannova, G.G., Sarmanova, E.S., Karavanov, A.S., et al. 1974. Isolation of Dhori-Astra virus from Hyalomma marginatum ticks collected on cattle in Krasnodar region, USSR (in Russian). Meditsinskaya Virusologija (Moskva) 22:162-164.
8. Bao, C.J., Guo, X.L., Qi, X., et al. 2011. A family cluster of infections by a newly recognized bunyavirus in eastern China, 2007: further evidence of person-to-person transmission. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53:1208-1214.
9. Belhouchet, M., Jaafar, F.M., Tesh, R., et al. 2010. Complete sequence of Great Island virus and comparison with the T2 and outer-capsid proteins of Kemerovo, Lipovnik and Tribec viruses (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). Journal of General Virology 91:2985-2993.
10. Benda, R, 1958a. Experimental transmission of Czech tick-borne encephalitis to goats by infected Ixodes ricinus female ticks (in Czech). Ceskoslovenska Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie a Imunologie 7:1-8.
11. Benda, R. 1958b. The common tick Ixodes ricinus L. as a reservoir and vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus, I, II. Journal of Hygiene Epidemiology Microbiology and Immunology 2:314-344.
12. Blaškovic, D. (ed) 1954. An Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Rožnava Natural Focus of Infections (in Slovak). Vydav SAV, Bratislava, 314 pp.
13. Brown, S.E., Morrison, H.G., Buckley, S.M., et al. Genetic relatedness of the Kemerovo serogroup viruses: I. RNA-RNA blot hybridization and gene reassortment in vitro of the Kemerovo serocomplex. Acta Virologica 32:369-378.
14. Butenko, A.M., Chumakov, M.P. 1971. Isolation of "Astra" arbovirus, new to the USSR, from Hyalomma marginatum ticks and Anopheles hyrcanus mosquitoes in Astrakhan region (in Russian). Voprosy Meditsinskoi Virusologii (Moskva) 2:111-112.
15. Butenko, A.M., Leshchinskaya, E.V., Semashko, I.V., et al. 1987. Dhori virus-the causative agent of human disease. Five cases of laboratory infection (in Russian). Vozprosy Virusologii 32:724-729.
16. Calisher, C.H. 1988. Antigenic classification and taxonomy of flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) emphasizing a universal system for the taxonomy of viruses causing tick-borne encephalitis. Acta Virologica 32:469-478.
17. Calisher, C.H., Goodpasture, H.C. 1975. Human infection with Bhanja virus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24:1040-1042.
18. Calisher, C.H., Karabatsos, N., Filipe, A.R. 1987. Antigenic uniformity of topotype strains of Thogoto virus from Africa, Europe, and Asia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37:670-673.
19. Calisher, C.H., Karabatsos, N., Dalrymple, J.M., et al. 1989. Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal sera. Journal of General Virology 70:37-43.
20. Camicas, J.L., Deubel, V., Heme, G., et al. 1981. étude écologique et nosologique des arbovirus transmis par les tiques au Sénégal. II. étude expérimentale du pouvoir pathogène du virus Bhanja pour les petits ruminants domestiques. Revue de élevage et Médicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicau 34:257-261.
21. Chapman, L.E., Wilson, M.L., Hall, D.B., et al. 1991. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal. Journal of Infectious Diseases 164:686-692.
22. Chen, X.P., Cong, M.L., Li, M.H., et al. 2012. Infection and pathogenesis of Huaiyangshan virus (a novel tick-borne bunyavirus) in laboratory rodents. Journal of General Virology 93:1288-1293.
23. Chumakov, M.P., Zeitlenok, N.A. 1939. Tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis in the wider Ural area (in Russian). Archiv Biologicheskikh Nauk 56:11-17.
24. Chumakov, M.P., Karpovich, L.G., Sarmanova, E.S., et al. Report on the isolation from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and from patients in Western Siberia of a virus differing from the agent of tick-borne encephalitis. Acta Virologica 7:82-83.
25. Chunikhin, S.P. 1990. Experimental investigation on the ecology of TBE virus (in Russian). Voprosy Virusologii 35:183-188.
26. Clarke, D.H. 1962. Antigenic relationships among viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex as studied by antibody absorption and agar gel precipitin techniques. In: Libíková H (ed) Biology of Viruses of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex. Publ House Czech Acad Sci, Prague, pp 67-75.
27. Clarke, D.H. 1964. Further studies on antigenic relationships among the viruses of the group B tick-borne complex. Bulletin World Health Organization 31:45-56.
28. Daniel, M., Danielová, V., Kríž, B., et al. 2004. An attempt to elucidate the increased incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and its spread to higher altitudes in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293, Suppl 37:55-62.
29. Daniel, M., Kríž, B., Danielová, V., et al. 2008. Sudden increase in tick-borne encephalitis cases in the Czech Republic, 2006. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 298 (S1): 81-87.
30. Danielová, V., Rudenko, N., Daniel, M., et al. 2006. Extension of the Ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 296 (S1):48-53.
31. Davidson, M.M., Williams, H., MacLeod, J.A.J. 1991. Louping-ill in man: a forgotten disease. Journal of Infection 23:241-249.
32. Davies, F.G., Soi, R.K., Wariru, B.N. 1984. Abortion in sheep caused by Thogoto virus. Veterinary Record 115:654.
33. Dobler, G. 2010. Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses. Veterinary Microbiology 140:221-228.
34. Dobler, G., Wölfel, R., Schmuser, H., et al. 2006. Seroprevalence of tick-borne and mosquito-borne arboviruses in European brown hares in Northern and Western Germany. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 296:80-83.
35. Dobson, A.D.M., Finnie, T.J.R., Randolph, S.E. 2011. A modified matrix model to describe the seasonal population ecology of the European tick Ixodes ricinus. Journal of Applied Ecology 28:1017-1028.
36. Ecker, M., Allison, S.L., Meixner, T., et al. 1999. Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia. Journal of General Virology 80:179-185.
37. Eisen, L. 2008. Climate change and tick-borne diseases: a research field in need of long-term empirical field studies. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 298 (S1):12-18.
38. Ergonul, O., Whitehouse, C.A. 2007. Introduction. In: Ergonul and Whitehouse (eds) Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. A Global Perspective. Springer, The Netherlands, pp: 3-13.
39. Estrada-Peña, A. 2003. Climate change decreases habitat suitability for some tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) in South Africa. The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 70:79-93.
40. Estrada-Peña, A. 2009. Tick-borne pathogens, transmission rates and climate change. Frontiers Bioscience 14:2674-2687.
41. Estrada-Peña, A., Venzal, J.M. 2006. Changes in habitat suitability for the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe (1900-1999). EcoHealth 3:154-162.
42. Estrada-Peña, A., Venzal, J.M. 2007. Climate niches of tick species in the Mediterranean region: modeling of occurrence data, distributional constraints, and impact of climate change. Journal of Medical Entomology 44:1130-1138.
43. Estrada-Peña, A., Vatansever, Z., Gargili, A., et al. 2010. The trend towards habitat fragmentation is the key factor driving the spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Epidemiology and Infection 138:1194-1203.
44. Estrada-Peña, A., Avilés, M., Martínez-Reoyo, M. J. 2011. A population model to describe the distribution and seasonal dynamics of the tick Hyalomma marginatum in the Mediterranean basin.Transboundary & Emerging Diseases 58:213-223.
45. Estrada-Peña, A., Jameson, L., Medlock, J., et al. 2012a. Unraveling the ecological complexities of tick-associated crimean-congo hemorrhagic Fever Virus transmission: a gap analysis for the Western palearctic. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12:743-752.
46. Estrada-Peña, A., Palomar, A.M., Santibáñez, P., et al. 2012b. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks, southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18:179-180.
47. Filipe, A.R., Casals, J. 1979. Isolation of Dhori virus from Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Portugal. Intervirology 11:124-127.
48. Filipe, A.R., Calisher, C.H. 1984. Isolation of Thogoto virus from ticks in Portugal. Acta Virologica 28:152-155.
49. Filipe, A.R., Alves, M.J., Karabatsos, N., et al. 1994. Palma virus, a new Bunyaviridae isolated from ticks in Portugal. Intervirology 37:348-351.
50. Franková, V. 1981. Meningoencephalitis caused by orbivirus infections in Czechoslovakia (in Czech). Sbornik Lékarskỳ 83:234-235.
51. Gale, P., Estrada-Peña, A., Martinez, M., et al. 2010. The feasibility of developing a risk assessment for the impact of climate change on the emergence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in livestock in Europe: a Review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 108:1859-1870.
52. Gallia, F., Rampas, J., Hollender, L. 1949. A laboratory infection with encephalitis virus (in Czech). Casopis Lékaru ceskỳch 88:224-229.
53. Gao, G.F., Jiang, W.R., Hussain, M.H., et al. 1993. Sequencing and antigenic studies of a Norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping-ill virus outside Great Britain and Ireland. Journal of General Virology 74:109-114.
54. Gaumann, R., Mühlemann, K., Strasser, M., et al. 2010. High-throughput procedure for tick surveys of Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and its application in a national surveillance study in Switzerland. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:4241-4249.
55. Gordon, S.W., Linthicum, K.J., Moulton, J.R. 1993. Transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in two species of Hyalomma ticks from infected adults to cofeeding immature forms. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 48:576-580.
56. Gorman, B.M. 1983. On the evolution in orbiviruses. Intervirology 20:169-180.
57. Gould, E.A., De Lamballerie, X., Zanotto, P.M.A., et al. 2003. Origins, evolution, and vector/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus. Advances in Virus Research 59:277-314.
58. Gozalan, A., Akin, L., Rolain, J.M., et al. 2004. Epidemiological evaluation of a possible outbreak in and nearby Tokat province. Mikrobiyol Bulletin 38:33-44.
59. Grard, G., Moureau, G., Charrel, R., et al. 2007. Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: new insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy. Virology 361:80-92.
60. Gray, J.S., Dautel, H., Estrada-Pena, A., et al. 2009. Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdisciplinary Perspectives of Infectious Diseases: article ID 593232.
61. Grešíková, M. 1958a. Recovery of the tick-borne encephalitis virus from the blood and milk of subcutaneously infected sheep. Acta Virologica 2:113-119.
62. Grešíková, M. 1958b. Excretion of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in the milk of subcutaneously infected cows. Acta Virologica 2:188-192.
63. Grešíková, M. 1972. Studies on tick-borne arboviruses isolated in Central Europe. Biologické Prace (Bratislava) 18:1-116.
64. Grešíková, M., Nosek, J., Kožuch, O., et al. 1965. Study of the ecology of Tribec virus. Acta Virologica 9:83-88.
65. Grešíková, M., Rajcáni, R., Hrúzik, J. 1966. Pathogenicity of Tribec virus for Macaca rhesus monkeys and white mice. Acta Virologica 10:420.
66. Gritsun, T.S., Nuttall, P.A., Gould, E.A. 2003. Tick-borne flaviviruses. Advances in Virus Research 61:317-371.
67. Guglielmone, A.A., Robbins, R.G., Apanaskevich, D.A., et al. 2010. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names. Zootaxa 2528:1-28.
68. Haig, D.A., Woodall, J.P., Danskin, D. 1965. Thogoto virus, a hitherto undescribed agent isolated from ticks in Kenya. Journal of General Microbiology 38:389-394.
69. Hemmer, C., Littmann, M., Löbermann, M., et al. 2005. Tickborne meningoencephalitis, first case after 19 years in northeastern Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:633-634.
70. Hinten, S.R., Beckett, G.A., Gensheimer, K.F., et al. 2008. Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999-2005. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases 8:733-740.
71. Holzmann, H., Vorobyova, M.S., Ladyzhenskaya, I.P., et al. 1992. Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus: cross-protection between European and Far Eastern subtypes. Vaccine 10:345-349.
72. Holzmann, H., Aberle, S.W., Stiasny, K., et al. 2009. Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15:1671-1673.
73. Hoogstraal, H. 1979. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology 15:307-417.
74. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M. N., Traylor, M. A., et al. 1961. Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Africa to Europe and Asia. Bulletin of World Health Organization 24:197-212.
75. Hubálek, Z. 2009. Biogeography of tick-borne Bhanja virus (Bunyaviridae) in Europe.Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Infectious Diseases 11 pp. Available at http://wwwhindawicom/ journals/ipid/2009/372691html.
76. Hubálek, Z., Havelka, I., Bárdoš, I., et al. 1987. Arbovirus infections in the Znojmo district (in Czech). Ceskoslovenska Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie a Imunologie 36:337-344.
77. Hubálek, Z., Pow, I., Reid, H.W., et al. 1995. Antigenic similarity of Central European encephalitis and louping-ill viruses. Acta Virologica 39:251-256.
78. Ivanova, L.M. 1984. Contemporary epidemiology of infections with natural focality in Russia (in Russian). Meditsinskaya Parazitologija 62(2):17-21.
79. Jääskeläinen, A.E., Tikkakoski, T., Uzcategui, N.Y., et al. 2006. Siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1568-1571.
80. Jääskeläinen, A.E., Sironen, T., Murueva, G.B., et al. 2010. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in Finland, Russian Karelia and Buryatia. Journal of General Virology 91:2706-2712.
81. Jones, L.D., Hodgson, E., Nuttall, P.A. 1989. Enhancement of virus transmission by tick salivary glands. Journal of General Virology 70:1895-1898.
82. Karabatsos, N. (ed) 1985. International catalogue of arboviruses, including certain other viruses of vertebrates. 3rd ed American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, San Antonio, TX. With the 1986-1995. Supplements to the International catalogue. Ft Collins: CDC Div Vector-Borne Infect Dis.
83. Karti, S.S., Odabasi, Z., Korten, V., et al. 2004. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10:1379-1384.
84. Kopeckỳ, J., Tomková, E., Grubhoffer, L., et al. 1991. Monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: their use for differentiation of the TBE complex viruses. Acta Virologica 35:365-372.
85. Kožuch, O., Nosek, J. 1971. Transmission of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus by Dermacentor marginatus and D. reticulatus ticks. Acta Virologica 15:334.
86. Krejcí, J. 1949. An epidemic of virus meningoencephalitis in the Vyškov area (Moravia) (in Czech). Lékarské Listy (Brno) 4:73-75; 112-116; 132-134.
87. Krivanec, K., Kopeckỳ, J., Tomková, E., et al. 1988. Isolation of TBE virus from the tick Ixodes hexagonus. Folia Parasitologica 35:273-276.
88. Labuda, M., Jones, L.D., Williams, T., et al. 1993a. Enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts. Medical & Veterinary Entomology 7:193-196.
89. Labuda, M., Jones, L.D., Williams, T., et al. 1993b. Efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks. Journal of Medical Entomology 30:295-299.
90. Levkovich, E.N., Karpovich, L.G. 1962. Study on biological properties of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in tissue culture. In: Libíková H (ed) Biology of Viruses of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Complex. Publ House Czech Acad Sci, Prague, pp 161-165.
91. Libíková, H., Buckley, S.M. 1971. Serological characterization of Eurasian Kemerovo group viruses.II. Cross plaque neutralization tests. Acta Virologica 15:79-86.
92. Libíková, H., Rehácek, J., Grešíková, M., et al. 1964. Cytopathic viruses isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Czechoslovakia. Acta Virologica 8:96.
93. Libíková, H., Rehácek, J., Somogyiová, J. 1965. Viruses related to the Kemerovo virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Czechoslovakia. Acta Virologica 9:76-82.
94. Lindgren, E., Gustafson, R. 2001. Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. The Lancet 358:16-18.
95. Lindgren, E., Jaenson, T.G.T. 2006. Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures. Publications of the Regional WHO Office for Europe, EUR/04/5046250.
96. Lindgren, E., Tälleklint, L., Polfeldt, T. 2000. Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:119-123.
97. Lindquist, L., Vapalahti, O. 2008. Tick-borne encephalitis. The Lancet 371:1861-1871.
98. Little, P.B., Thorsen, J., Moore, W., et al. 1985. Powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Veterinary Pathology 22:500-507.
99. Liu, Y., Li, Q., Hu, W., et al. 2012. Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 12:156-160.
100. Lvov, D.K., Karas, F.R., Timofeev, E.M., et al. 1973. "Issyk-Kul" virus, a new arbovirus isolated from bats and Argas (Carios) vespertilionis (Latr., 1802) in the Kirghiz S.S.R. Archiv fur die gesamte Virusforschung 42:207-209.
101. Lvov, D.K., Karas, F.R., Tsyrkin, Y.M., et al. 1974. Batken virus, a new arbovirus isolated from ticks and mosquitoes in Kirghiz SSR. Archiv fur die gesamte Virusforschung 44:70-73.
102. Lvov, D.K., Kostyukov, M.A., Daniyarov, O.A., et al. 1984. Outbreak of arbovirus infection in the Tadzhik SSR due to the Issyk-Kul virus (Issyk-Kul fever) (in Russian). Voprosy Virusologii 29:89-92.
103. Madani, T.A. 2005. Alkhumra virus infection, a new viral hemorrhagic fever in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection 51:91-97.
104. Madani, T.A., Azhar, E.I., El-Abuelzein, T.M., et al. 2011. Alkhumra (Alkhurma) virus outbreak in Najran, Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Journal of Infection 62:67-76.
105. Mádr, V., Hubálek, Z., Zendulková, D. 1984. Experimental infection of sheep with Bhanja virus. Folia Parasitologica 31:79-84.
106. Madrid, A.T. de, Porterfield, J.S. 1974 The flaviviruses (group B arboviruses): a cross-neutralization study. Journal of General Virology 23:91-96.
107. Málková, D., Danielová, V., Holubová, J., et al. 1986. Less known arboviruses of Central Europe., Rozpravy CSAV (Praha) , matematické a prírodní vedy 96:1-75.
108. Maltezou, H. C., Andonova, L., Andraghetti, R., et al. 2010. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Eurosurveillance 15, pii = 19504.
109. Mantke, O.D., Schädler, R., Niedrig, M. 2008. A survey on cases of tick-borne encephalitis in European countries. Eurosurveillance 13, pii = 18848.
110. Materna, J., Daniel, M., Metelka, L., et al. 2008. The vertical distribution, density and the development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas influenced by climate change (The Krkonose Mts., Czech Republic). International Journal of Medical Microbiology 298 (S1):25-37.
111. Matser, A., Hartemink, N., Heesterbeek, H., et al. 2009. Elasticity analysis in epidemiology: an application to tick-borne infections. Ecology Letters 12:1298-1305.
112. Molin, Y., Lindeborg, M., Nystrom, F., et al. 2011. Migratory birds, ticks, and Bartonella. Infection Ecology Epidemiology 1:5997.
113. Moore, D.L., Causey, O.R., Carey, D.E., et al. 1975. Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964-1970. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69:49-64.
114. Naumov, R.L., Gutova, V.P., Chunikhin, S.P. 1980. Ixodid ticks and TBE virus. 1. Interaction of the virus with ticks of the genus Ixodes. 2. The genera Dermacentor and Haemaphysalis (in Russian) Meditsindkaya Parazitologija 49(2):17-23; (3):66-69.
115. Nijhof, A.M., Bodaan, C., Postigo, M., et al. 2007. Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases 7:585-595.
116. Nuttall, P.A., 1999. Pathogen-tick-host interactions: Borrelia burgdorferi and TBE virus. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 289:492-505.
117. Nuttall, P. A., Labuda, M., Bowman, A. S. 2008. Saliva-assisted transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Ticks: biology, disease and control, 205-219.
118. Ogden, N.H., Lindsay, L.R., Beauchamp, G., et al. 2004. Investigation of the relationships between temperature and development rates of the tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. Journal of Medical Entomology 41:622-633.
119. Paddock, C.D., Finley, R.W., Wright, C.S., et al. 2008. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis and its clinical distinction from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47:1188-1196.
120. Parola, P., Paddock, C.D., Raoult, D. 2005. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clinical Microbiology Review 18:719-756.
121. Pattnaik, P. 2006. Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India. Review of Medical Virology 16:151-165.
122. Pesko, K.N., Torres-Perez, F., Hjelle, B.L., et al. 2010. Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America. Journal of General Virology 91:2698-2705.
123. Pool, W.A., Brownlee, A., Wilson, D.R. 1930. The etiology of "louping-ill." Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapy 43:253-290.
124. Punda, V., Beus, I., Calisher, C.H., et al. 1980. Laboratory infections with Bhanja virus. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Suppl 9:273-275.
125. Rampas, J., Gallia, F. 1949 Isolation of encephalitis virus from Ixodes ricinus ticks (in Czech).Casopis Lékaru ceskỳch 88:1179-1180.
126. Randolph, S.E. 1998. Ticks are not insects: consequences of contrasting vector biology for transmission potential. Parasitology Today 14:186-192.
127. Randolph, S.E. 2008a. Tick-borne encephalitis in Central and Eastern Europe: consequences of political transition. Microbes and Infection 10:209-216.
128. Randolph, S.E. 2008b. Tick-borne disease systems. Revue scientifique et technique de Office international de Epizoties 27:1-15.
129. Randolph, S.E. 2009. Tick-borne diseases systems emerge from the shadows: the beauty lies in molecular details, the message in epidemiology. Parasitology 136:1403-1413.
130. Randolph, S.E., Rogers, D.J. 2000. Fragile transmission cycles of tick-borne encephalitis virus may be disrupted by predicted climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 267:1741-1744.
131. Randolph, S.E., Sumilo, D. 2007. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe: dynamics of changing risk. In: Takken W, and Knols BGJ (eds) Emerging Pests and Vector-Borne Disease in Europe. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 187-206.
132. Randolph, S.E., Green, R.M., Peacey, M.F., et al. 2000. Seasonal synchrony: the key to tick-borne encephalitis foci identified by satellite data. Parasitology 121:15-23.
133. Randolph, S.E., Green, R.M., Hoodless, A.N., et al. 2002. An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus. International Journal of Parasitology 32:979-989.
134. Rehácek, J. 1962. Transovarial transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus by ticks. Acta Virologica 6:220-226.
135. Reid, H.W. 1990. Louping-ill virus. In: Dinter Z, Morein B (eds) Virus infections in ruminants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 279-289.
136. Reid, H.W., Barlow, R.M., Boyce, J.B., et al. 1976. Isolation of louping-ill virus from a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Veterinary Record 98:116.
137. Reid, H.W., Duncan, J.S., Phillips, J.D.P., et al. 1978. Studies on louping-ill virus (Flavivirus group) in wild red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). Journal of Hygiene 81:321-329.
138. Reid, H.W., Moss, R., Pow, I., et al. 1980. The response of three grouse species (Tetrao urogallus, Lagopus mutus, Lagopus lagopus) to louping-ill virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 90:257-263.
139. Riedl, H., Kožuch, O., Sixl, W., et al. 1971. Isolierung des Zeckenencephalitisvirus aus der Zecke Haemaphysalis concinna Koch. Archiv fur Hygiene und Bakteriologie 154:610-611.
140. Rosickỳ, B. 1959. Notes on the classification of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in central and south-east Europe. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology 3:431-443.
141. Rosickỳ, B., Bárdoš, V. 1966. A natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis outside the main distribution area of Ixodes ricinus. Folia Parasitologica 13:103-112.
142. Rubin, S.G., Chumakov, M.P. 1980. New data on the antigenic types of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. Zentralblatt Archive Hygiene Bakteriol fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Suppl 9:232-236.
143. Ružek, D., Yakimenko, V.V., Karan, L.S., et al. 2010. Omsk haemorrhagic fever. The Lancet 376:2104-2113.
144. Schmidt, J.R., Shope, R.E. 1971. Kemerovo virus from a migrating common redstart of Eurasia. Acta Virologica 15:112.
145. Semashko, I.V., Chumakov, M.P., Tsyakin, L.B., et al. 1976. Experimental pathogenicity of Bhanja virus for lambs at different infection routes (in Russian). Ekologia Virusov (Baku), pp. 184-18.
146. Shah, K.V., Work, T.H. 1969. Bhanja virus: a new arbovirus from ticks Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton and Nuttall, 1909, in Orissa, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 57:793-798.
147. Shamanin, V.A., Pletnev, A.G., Rubin, S.G., et al. 1990. Differentiation of strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus by means of RNA-DNA hybridization. Journal of General Virology 71:1505-1515.
148. Shiu, S.Y.W., Ayres, M.D., Gould, E.A. 1991. Genomic sequence of the structural proteins of louping-ill virus: comparative analysis with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virology 180:411-415.
149. Skarpaas, T., Golovljova, I., Vene, S., et al. 2006. Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Norway and Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1136-1138.
150. Skofertsa, P.G., Korchmar, N.D., Yarovoi, P.I., et al. 1974. Isolation of Kharagysh virus of the Kemerovo group from Sturnus vulgaris in the Moldavian SSR (in Russian). In: Gaidamovich SYa (ed) Arbovirusy. Institut virusologii im D I Ivanovskogo, Moskva, pp 100-103.
151. Smirnova, S.E., Skvortsova, T.M., Sedova, A.G., et al. 1988. On the newly isolated strains of Batken virus (in Russian). Voprosy Virusologii 33:360-362.
152. Smith, C.E.G., Varma, M.G.R. 1981. Louping-ill. In: Beran GW (ed) Viral Zoonoses, Vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 191-200.
153. Smorodintsev, A.A., Alekseev, B.P., Gulamova, V.P., et al. 1953. Epidemiological features of biphasic virus meningoencephalitis (in Russian). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii (5):54-59.
154. Sonenshine, D.E. 1974. Vector population dynamics in relation to tick-borne arboviruses: a review. Phytophatology 64:1060-1071.
155. Stephenson, J.R. 1989. Classification of tick-borne flaviviruses. Acta Virologica 33:494.
156. Sumilo, D., Bormane, A., Asokliene, L., et al. 2006. Tick-borne encephalitis in the Baltic States: identifying risk factors in space and time. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 296:76-79.
157. Sumilo, D., Asokliene, L., Bormane, A., et al. 2007. Climate change cannot explain the upsurge of tick-borne Encephalitis in the Baltics. PLoS One 2, e500.
158. Sumilo, D., Bormane, A., Asokliene, L., et al. 2008. Socio-economic factors in the differential upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in central and eastern Europe. Review in Medical Virology 18:81-95.
159. Süss, J. 2003. Epidemiology and ecology of TBE relevant to the production of effective vaccines. Vaccine 21(S1):19-35.
160. Süss, J. 2008. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond-the epidemiological situation as of 2007. Eurosurveillance 13:1-8.
161. Süss, J. 2011. Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 2:2-15.
162. Süss, J., Klaus, C., Gerstengarbe, F.-W., et al. 2008. What makes ticks tick? Climate change, ticks and tick-borne diseases. Journal of Travel Medicine 15:39-45.
163. Swanepoel, R., Struthers, J.K., Shepherd, A.J., et al. 1983. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in South Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32:1407-1415.
164. Sylla, M., Molez, J.F., Cornet, J.P., et al. 2008. Variabilité climatique et repartition de la Fièvre Hémorragique de crime-Congo et de la Cowdriosis, maladies à tiques au Sénégal. Acarologia 48:155-161.
165. Theiler, M., Downs, W.G. 1973. The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, 578 pp.
166. van Tongeren, H.A.E. 1955 Encephalitis in Austria. IV. Excretion of virus by milk of the experimentally infected goats. Archiv fur die gesamte Virusforschung 6:158-162.
167. Topciu, V., Rosiu, N., Georgescu, L., et al. 1968. Isolation of a cytopathic agent from the tick Haemaphysalis punctata. Acta Virologica 12:287.
168. Tsekhanovskaya, N.A., Matveev, L.E., Rubin, S.G., et al. 1993. Epitope analysis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex viruses using monoclonal antibodies to envelope glycoprotein of TBE virus (persulcatus subtype). Virus Research 30:1-16.
169. Venugopal, K., Buckley, A., Reid, H.W., et al. 1992. Nucleotide sequence of the envelope glycoprotein of Negishi virus shows very close homology to louping-ill virus. Virology 190:515-521.
170. Venugopal, K., Gritsun, T., Lashkevich, V.A., et al. 1994. Analysis of the structural protein gene sequence shows Kyasanur Forest disease virus as a distinct member in the tick-borne encephalitis virus serocomplex. Journal of General Virology 75:227-232.
171. Verani, P., Balducci, M., Lopes, M.C., et al. 1970. Isolation of Bhanja virus from Haemaphysalis ticks in Italy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19:103-105.
172. Votyakov, V.I., Protas, I.I., Zhdanov, V.M. 1978. Western Tick-Borne Encephalitis (in Russian). Nauka Belarus, Minsk, 256 pp.
173. Watts, D.M., Ksiasek, T.G., Linthicum, K.J., et al. 1988. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In: Monath TP (ed.) The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
174. Wilson, M.L., Le Guenno, B., Guillaud, M., et al. 2009. Distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral antibody in Senegal: environmental and vectorial correlates. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 43:557-566.
175. Xu, B., Liu, L., Huang, X., et al. 2011. Metagenomic analysis of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (FTLS) in Henan Province, China: discovery of a new bunyavirus. PLoS Pathogens 7:e1002369.
176. Yilmaz, G.R., Buzgan, T., Irmak, H., et al. 2009. The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002-2007. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13:380-386.
177. Yu, X.J., Liang, M.F., Zhang, S.Y., et al. 2011. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. New England Journal of Medicine 364:1523-1532.
178. Zeller, H.G., Cornet, J.P., Camicas, J.L. 1994a. Experimental transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by West African wild ground-feeding birds to Hyalomma marginatum rufipes ticks. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50:676-681.
179. Zeller, H.G., Cornet, J.P., Camicas J.L. 1994b. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in birds: field investigations in Senegal. Research in Virology 145:105-109.
180. Zeller, H.G., Cornet, J.P., Diop, A., et al. 1997. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and ruminants: field observations of an epizootic in Bandia, Senegal (1989-1992). Journal of Medical Entomology 34:511-516.
181. Zeman, P., Benes, C. 2004. A tick-borne encephalitis ceiling in Central Europe has moved upwards during the last 30 years: possible impact of global warming? International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293, Suppl 37:48-54.
182. Zeman, P., Pazdiora, P., Benes, C. 2010. Spatio-temporal variation of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence in the Czech Republic: is the current explanation of the disease's rise satisfactory? Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 1:129-140.
183. Zhang, Y.Z., He, Y.W., Dai, Y.A., et al. 2012. Hemorrhagic fever caused by a novel bunyavirus in China: pathogenesis and correlates of fatal outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 54:527-533.