Does perceived racial discrimination predict changes in psychological distress and substance use over time? An examination among black emerging adults

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 50, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 1910-1918

  Hurd, Noelle M ^a   Varner, Fatima A ^b   Caldwell, Cleopatra H ^c   Zimmerman, Marc A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Mental health; Racial discrimination; Substance use

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; RACISM; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; STATISTICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RACISM; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84903150601     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0036438     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
2. Barksdale, D. J., Farrug, E. R., & Harkness, K. (2009). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: Perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of Black American adults. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 104-111. doi: 10.1080/01612840802597879
3. Bennett, G. G., Wolin, K. Y., Robinson, E. L., Fowler, S., & Edwards, C. L. (2005). Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 238-240. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.037812
4. Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L.,... Gibbons, F. X. (2009). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 175-188. doi: 10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z
5. Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Brendan more employable than Latoya and Tyrone? Evidence on racial discrimination in the labor market from a large randomized experiment. American Economic Review, 94, 991-1013. doi: 10.1257/0002828042002561
6. Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. New York, NY: Wiley.
7. Borrell, L. N., Diez Roux, A. V., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Shea, S., Jackson, S. A., Shrager, S., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2010). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Preventive Medicine, 51, 307-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.05.017
8. Borrell, L. N., Jacobs, D. R., Williams, D. R., Pletcher, M. J., Houston, T. K., & Kiefe, C. I. (2007). Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adults Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 1068-1079. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm180
9. Brodish, A. B., Cogburn, C. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Peck, S., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2011). Perceived racial discrimination as a predictor of health behaviors: The moderating role of gender. Race and Social Problems, 3, 160-169. doi: 10.1007/s12552-011-9050-6
10. Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X.,... Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170-1189. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
11. Brody, G. H., Kogan, S. M., & Chen, Y. (2012). Perceived discrimination and longitudinal increases in adolescent substance use: Gender differences and mediational pathways. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1006-1011. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300588
12. Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. T. (2000). "Being Black and feeling blue" : The mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race and Society, 2, 117-131. doi: 10.1016/S1090-9524(00)00010-3
13. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
14. Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration and scoring procedures. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Medical Psychology.
15. Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., Reisinger, H. S., & Ensminger, M. E. (2008). Long-term patterns of drug use among an urban African-American cohort: The role of gender and family. Journal of Urban Health, 85, 250-267. doi: 10.1007/s11524-007-9246-7
16. French, K., Finkbiner, R., & Duhamel, L. (2002). Patterns of substance use among minority youth and adults in the United States: An overview and synthesis of national survey findings. Fairfax, VA: Caliber Associates.
17. Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Cogburn, C. D., Brodish, A. B., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Racial discrimination and substance use: Longitudinal associations and identity moderators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 581-590. doi: 10.1007/s10865-011-9388-7
18. Gaylord-Harden, N. K., & Cunningham, J. A. (2009). The impact of racial discrimination and coping strategies on internalizing symptoms in African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 532-543. doi: 10.1007/s10964-008-9377-5
19. Gee, G. C. (2002). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 615-623. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.4.615
20. Gee, G., & Walsemann, K. (2009). Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 1676-1684. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.002
21. Gee, G. C., Walsemann, K. M., & Brondolo, E. (2012). A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 967-974. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666
22. Gil, A. G., Vega, W. A., & Turner, R. J. (2002). Early and mid-adolescence risk factors for later substance abuse by African Americans and European Americans. Public Health Reports, 117, S15-S29.
23. Guthrie, B. J., Young, A. M., Williams, D. R., Boyd, C. J., & Kintner, E. K. (2002). African American girls' smoking habits and day-to-day experiences with racial discrimination. Nursing Research, 51, 183-190. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200205000-00007
24. Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773-796. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773
25. Harrell, S. (1997, May). Development and initial validation of scales to measure racism-related stress. Poster presented at the 6th biennial conference on Community Research and Action, Society for Community Research and Action, Columbia, South Carolina.
26. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2010: Volume I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
27. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230. doi: 10.2307/2676349
28. Krieger, N. (2012). Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: An ecosocial approach. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 936-944. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544
29. Kwate, N. O. A., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Guevarra, J. S., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2003). Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women. Journal of the National Medical Association, 95, 450-460.
30. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (2000). Racial discrimination and cigarette smoking among Blacks: Findings from two studies. Ethnicity & Disease, 10, 195-202.
31. Martin, J. K., Tuch, S. A., & Roman, P. M. (2003). Problem drinking patterns among African Americans: The impacts of reports of discrimination, perceptions of prejudice, and "risky" coping strategies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 408-425. doi: 10.2307/1519787
32. Masten, A. S., Faden, V. B., Zucker, R. A., & Spear, L. P. (2008). Underage drinking: A developmental framework. Pediatrics, 121(Suppl. 4), S235-S251. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2243A
33. Merline, A. C., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2004). Substance use among adults 35 years of age: Prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 96-102. doi: 10.2105/AJPH .94.1.96
34. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). [Computer software and manual]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
35. Nakao, K., & Treas, J. (1990). The 1989 socioeconomic index of occupations: Construction of the 1989 occupational prestige scores (GSS Methodological Report No. 74). Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center.
36. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061-1072. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061
37. Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975. doi: 10.1086/374403
38. Paradies, Y. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on selfreported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 888-901. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyl056
39. Pearlin, L. I., Schieman, S., Fazio, E. M., & Meersman, S. C. (2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 205-219. doi: 10.1177/002214650504600206
40. Phinney, J. S., Madden, T., & Santos, L. J. (1998). Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 937-953. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01661.x
41. Purnell, J. Q., Peppone, L. J., Alcaraz, K., McQueen, A., Guido, J. J., Carroll, J. K.,... Morrow, G. R. (2012). Perceived discrimination, psychological distress, and current smoking status: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Reactions to Race Module, 2004-2008. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 844-851. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300694
42. Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). An intersectional approach for understanding perceived discrimination and psychological well-being among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1372-1379. doi: 10.1037/ a0019869
43. Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 302-317. doi: 10.2307/1519781
44. Shavers, V. L., Klein, W. M. P., & Fagan, P. (2012). Research on race/ ethnicity and health care discrimination: Where we are and where we need to go. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 930-932. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300708
45. Terrell, F., Miller, A. R., Foster, K., & Watkins, C. E., Jr. (2006). Racial discrimination-induced anger and alcohol use among black adolescents. Adolescence, 41, 485-492.
46. Watkins, D. C., Hudson, D. L., Caldwell, C. H., Siefert, K., & Jackson, J. S. (2011). Discrimination, mastery, and depressive symptoms among African American men. Research on Social Work Practice, 21, 269-277. doi: 10.1177/1049731510385470
47. Wiehe, S. E., Aalsma, M. C., Liu, G. C., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010). Gender differences in the association between perceived discrimination and adolescent smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 510-516. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169771
48. Wilson, W. J. (2009). More than just race: Being Black and poor in the inner city. New York, NY: Norton.
49. Zimmerman, M. A., Caldwell, C. H., & Bernat, D. H. (2002). Discrepancy between self-report and school-record grade point average: Correlates with psychosocial outcomes among African American adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 86-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01421.x