메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 102, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 936-945

Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: An ecosocial approach

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; RACE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOLOGY;

EID: 84861938347     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (571)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 0342495234 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in preterm delivery: Developing a new research paradigm
    • Rowley DL, Toteston H, eds. Racial differences in preterm delivery: developing a new research paradigm. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(suppl 6):1-123.
    • (1993) Am J Prev Med. , vol.9 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 1-123
    • Rowley, D.L.1    Toteston, H.2
  • 3
    • 0023267824 scopus 로고
    • Shades of difference: Theoretical underpinnings of the medical controversy on black/white differences in the United States, 1830-1870
    • Krieger N. Shades of difference: theoretical underpinnings of the medical controversy on Black/White differences in the United States, 1830-1870. Int J Health Serv. 1987;17(2):259-278. (Pubitemid 17116526)
    • (1987) International Journal of Health Services , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 259-278
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 5
    • 0037310795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating the role of racial/ethnic bias in health outcomes
    • Cain VS, Kington RS. Investigating the role of racial/ethnic bias in health outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2003;93 (12):191-192. (Pubitemid 36159380)
    • (2003) American Journal of Public Health , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-192
    • Cain, V.S.1    Kington, R.S.2
  • 7
    • 0032992598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination
    • DOI 10.2190/M11W-VWXE-KQM9-G97Q
    • Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Services 1999; 29(2):295-352; (Pubitemid 29275379)
    • (1999) International Journal of Health Services , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-352
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 8
    • 0003116445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and health
    • Berkman L, Kawachi I, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
    • republished and slightly updated as: Krieger N. Discrimination and health. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, eds. Social Epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000:36-75.
    • (2000) Social Epidemiology , pp. 36-75
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 10
    • 33745837607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health
    • DOI 10.1093/ije/dyl056
    • Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35 (4):888-901. (Pubitemid 44540739)
    • (2006) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 888-901
    • Paradies, Y.1
  • 11
    • 33847072298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
    • Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:201-225.
    • (2007) Annu Rev Psychol. , vol.58 , pp. 201-225
    • Mays, V.M.1    Cochran, S.D.2    Barnes, N.W.3
  • 12
    • 49849103366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of race/ethnicity-based discrimination: A review of measures and evaluation of their usefulness for the health care setting
    • Kressin NR, Raymond KL, Manze M. Perceptions of race/ethnicity-based discrimination: a review of measures and evaluation of their usefulness for the health care setting. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008;19(3):697-730.
    • (2008) J Health Care Poor Underserved. , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 697-730
    • Kressin, N.R.1    Raymond, K.L.2    Manze, M.3
  • 13
    • 58249106480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research
    • Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20-47.
    • (2009) J Behav Med. , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-47
    • Williams, D.R.1    Mohammed, S.A.2
  • 14
    • 67650035047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived discrimination and health: A metaanalytic review
    • Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a metaanalytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135 (4):531-554.
    • (2009) Psychol Bull. , vol.135 , Issue.4 , pp. 531-554
    • Pascoe, E.A.1    Smart Richman, L.2
  • 15
    • 77951240797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties
    • Bastos JL, Celeste RK, Faerstein E, Barros AJD. Racial discrimination and health: a systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(7):1091-1099.
    • (2010) Soc Sci Med. , vol.70 , Issue.7 , pp. 1091-1099
    • Bastos, J.L.1    Celeste, R.K.2    Faerstein, E.3    Barros, A.J.D.4
  • 16
    • 0027980512 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and the web of causation: Has anyone seen the spider?
    • DOI 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90202-X
    • Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med. 1994;39(7):887-903. (Pubitemid 24264502)
    • (1994) Social Science and Medicine , vol.39 , Issue.7 , pp. 887-903
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 17
    • 17644366191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embodiment: A conceptual glossary for epidemiology
    • DOI 10.1136/jech.2004.024562
    • Krieger N. Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(5):350-355. (Pubitemid 40559194)
    • (2005) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.59 , Issue.5 , pp. 350-355
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 19
    • 79958763091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The science and epidemiology of racism and health: Racial/ethnic categories, biological expressions of racism, and the embodiment of inequality-an ecosocial perspective
    • Whitmarsh I, Jones DS, eds. What's the Use of Race?. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Krieger N. The science and epidemiology of racism and health: racial/ethnic categories, biological expressions of racism, and the embodiment of inequality-an ecosocial perspective. In: Whitmarsh I, Jones DS, eds. What's the Use of Race? Genetics and Difference in Forensics, Medicine, and Scientific Research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2010:225-255.
    • (2010) Genetics and Difference in Forensics, Medicine, and Scientific Research , pp. 225-255
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 20
    • 66949117525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality
    • Gravlee CC. How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009;139(1):47-57.
    • (2009) Am J Phys Anthropol. , vol.139 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-57
    • Gravlee, C.C.1
  • 21
    • 82455256643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bodies don't just tell stories, they tell histories: Embodiment of historical trauma among American Indians and Alaska Natives
    • Walters KL, Mohammed SA, Evans- Campbell T, Beltrán RE, Chae DE, Duran B. Bodies don't just tell stories, they tell histories: embodiment of historical trauma among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):179-189.
    • (2011) Du Bois Rev. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 179-189
    • Walters, K.L.1    Mohammed, S.A.2    Evans- Campbell, T.3    Beltrán, R.E.4    Chae, D.E.5    Duran, B.6
  • 23
    • 0034850498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective
    • Krieger N. Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30 (4):668-677. (Pubitemid 32827362)
    • (2001) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 668-677
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 24
    • 84877290561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Census Bureau. Accessed August 19, 2011
    • US Census Bureau. Historical income tables: income inequality. Available at: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/inequality/index.html. Accessed August 19, 2011.
    • Historical Income Tables: Income Inequality
  • 25
    • 84862534055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor. Report 1026
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor; 2010. Report 1026.
    • (2010) Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2009
  • 26
    • 79951735994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2009. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 19, 2011
    • National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2009: With Special Feature on Medical Technology. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/ hus09.pdf.Accessed August 19, 2011.
    • (2010) With Special Feature on Medical Technology
  • 27
    • 84887514519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed August 19, 2011
    • Office of Minority Health. American Indian/Alaska Native profile. Available at: http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=3amplvlid= 26. Accessed August 19, 2011.
    • American Indian/Alaska Native Profile
  • 28
    • 84902907351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Neckerman KM, ed. Social Inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2004.
    • (2004) Social Inequality
    • Neckerman, K.M.1
  • 29
    • 34548841086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and descriptive representation in the United States: Findings from the Gender and Multicultural Leadership Project
    • Hardy-Fanta C, Lien P, Pinderhughes DM, Sierra CM. Gender, race, and descriptive representation in the United States: findings from the Gender and Multicultural Leadership Project. J Women Polit Policy. 2006;28(3-4):7-41.
    • (2006) J Women Polit Policy. , vol.28 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 7-41
    • Hardy-Fanta, C.1    Lien, P.2    Pinderhughes, D.M.3    Sierra, C.M.4
  • 30
    • 84859740878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Awareness of racial and socioeconomic health disparities in the United States: The National Opinion Survey on Health and Health Disparities, 2008-2009
    • Accessed August 18, 2011
    • Booske BC, Robert SA, Rohan AMK. Awareness of racial and socioeconomic health disparities in the United States: the National Opinion Survey on Health and Health Disparities, 2008-2009. Prev Chron Dis. 2011; 8(4):A73. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ped/issues/2011/jul/10-0166.htm. Accessed August 18, 2011.
    • (2011) Prev Chron Dis. , vol.8 , Issue.4
    • Booske, B.C.1    Robert, S.A.2    Rohan, A.M.K.3
  • 33
    • 0035739965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health
    • Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001;116(5):404-416. (Pubitemid 34579067)
    • (2001) Public Health Reports , vol.116 , Issue.5 , pp. 404-416
    • Williams, D.R.1    Collins, C.2
  • 34
    • 0242588505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residential segregation and health
    • Kawachi I, Berkman L, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner K. Residential segregation and health. In: Kawachi I, Berkman L, eds. Neighborhoods and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003:265-287.
    • (2003) Neighborhoods and Health , pp. 265-287
    • Acevedo-Garcia, D.1    Lochner, K.2
  • 35
    • 75749150918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to a special issue: Occupational health disparities
    • Baron S, Cone J, Markowitz SB, Souza K. Introduction to a special issue: occupational health disparities. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(2):82-83.
    • (2010) Am J Ind Med. , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 82-83
    • Baron, S.1    Cone, J.2    Markowitz, S.B.3    Souza, K.4
  • 36
    • 75749084064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workers are people too: Societal aspects of occupational health disparities-an ecosocial perspective
    • Krieger N. Workers are people too: societal aspects of occupational health disparities-an ecosocial perspective. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(2):104-115.
    • (2010) Am J Ind Med. , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 104-115
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 41
    • 53749089146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standing in the gap: Prisons and health
    • Treadwell HM, Nottingham JH. Standing in the gap: prisons and health. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(Suppl 1): S170.
    • (2008) Am J Public Health , vol.98 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Treadwell, H.M.1    Nottingham, J.H.2
  • 42
    • 43049183477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's using and who's doing time: Incarceration, the war on drugs, and public health
    • Moore LD, Elkavich A. Who's using and who's doing time: incarceration, the war on drugs, and public health.AmJ Public Health. 2008;98(suppl 9):S176-S180.
    • (2008) AmJ Public Health , vol.98 , Issue.SUPPL. 9
    • Moore, L.D.1    Elkavich, A.2
  • 43
    • 19444364543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors' ability to practice harm reduction: A qualitative study
    • DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.030, PII S0277953605000067
    • Cooper H, Moore L, Gruskin S, Krieger N. The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors' ability to practice harm reduction: a qualitative study. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(3):673-684. (Pubitemid 40724611)
    • (2005) Social Science and Medicine , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 673-684
    • Cooper, H.1    Moore, L.2    Gruskin, S.3    Krieger, N.4
  • 44
    • 33645455016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, incarceration, and health: A life-course approach
    • London AS, Myers NA. Race, incarceration, and health: a life-course approach. Res Aging. 2006;28(3):409-422.
    • (2006) Res Aging. , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 409-422
    • London, A.S.1    Myers, N.A.2
  • 45
    • 82455253087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incarceration and the health of the African American community
    • Schnittker J, Massoglia M, Uggen C. Incarceration and the health of the African American community. Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):133-141.
    • (2011) Du Bois Rev. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-141
    • Schnittker, J.1    Massoglia, M.2    Uggen, C.3
  • 47
    • 0003505533 scopus 로고
    • Athens GA: Women's Division of Christian Services
    • Murray P. States' Laws on Race and Color. Athens, GA: Women's Division of Christian Services; 1950.
    • (1950) States' Laws on Race and Color
    • Murray, P.1
  • 50
    • 84862541096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. Accessed August 19, 2011
    • US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division. Available at: http://www.justice.gov/crt. Accessed August 19, 2011.
  • 52
    • 60949670422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial segregation in southern hospitals: How Medicare "broke the back of segregated health services."
    • Green EC, ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press
    • Quadagno J, McDonald S. Racial segregation in southern hospitals: how Medicare "broke the back of segregated health services." In: Green EC, ed. The New Deal and Beyond: Social Welfare in the South Since 1930. Athens: University of Georgia Press; 2003:120-137.
    • (2003) The New Deal and Beyond: Social Welfare in the South since 1930 , pp. 120-137
    • Quadagno, J.1    McDonald, S.2
  • 53
    • 17244374968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished civil rights agenda
    • DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.317
    • Smith DB. Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished civil rights agenda. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24 (2):317-324. (Pubitemid 40532945)
    • (2005) Health Affairs , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 317-324
    • Smith, D.B.1
  • 55
    • 3242749026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people
    • DOI 10.1023/B:AJCP.0000027000.77357.31
    • Whitbeck LB, Adams GW, Hoyt DR, Chen X. Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. Am J Community Psychol. 2004; 33(3-4):119-130. (Pubitemid 38981476)
    • (2004) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.33 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 119-130
    • Whitbeck, L.B.1    Adams, G.W.2    Hoyt, D.R.3    Chen, X.4
  • 58
    • 0025370170 scopus 로고
    • Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure?
    • DOI 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90307-E
    • Krieger N. Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(12): 1273-1281. (Pubitemid 20208240)
    • (1990) Social Science and Medicine , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 1273-1281
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 59
    • 22244435218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health
    • DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006, PII S0277953605000973, Bulding Trust and Vlues in Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    • Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576-1596. (Pubitemid 40991281)
    • (2005) Social Science and Medicine , vol.61 , Issue.7 , pp. 1576-1596
    • Krieger, N.1    Smith, K.2    Naishadham, D.3    Hartman, C.4    Barbeau, E.M.5
  • 60
    • 0030811247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in physical and mental health. Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination
    • DOI 10.1177/135910539700200305
    • Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335-351. (Pubitemid 27365698)
    • (1997) Journal of Health Psychology , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 335-351
    • Williams, D.R.1    Yu, Y.2    Jackson, J.S.3    Anderson, N.B.4
  • 61
    • 77951620569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in older African-American adults
    • Lewis TT, Aiello AE, Leurgans S, Kelly J, Barnes LL. Self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination are associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels in older African-American adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(3):438-443.
    • (2010) Brain Behav Immun. , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 438-443
    • Lewis, T.T.1    Aiello, A.E.2    Leurgans, S.3    Kelly, J.4    Barnes, L.L.5
  • 62
    • 77955943027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: Does social support matter?
    • Ajrouch KJ, Reisine S, Lim S, Sohn W, Ismail A. Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: does social support matter? Ethn Health. 2010;15(4):417-434.
    • (2010) Ethn Health , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 417-434
    • Ajrouch, K.J.1    Reisine, S.2    Lim, S.3    Sohn, W.4    Ismail, A.5
  • 63
    • 77951487122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Everyday discrimination and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in Black and White Americans
    • Tomfohr L, Cooper DC, Mills PJ, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Everyday discrimination and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in Black and White Americans. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):266-272.
    • (2010) Psychosom Med. , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 266-272
    • Tomfohr, L.1    Cooper, D.C.2    Mills, P.J.3    Nelesen, R.A.4    Dimsdale, J.E.5
  • 64
    • 43349089714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos
    • Pérez DJ, Fortuna L, Alegría M. Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos. J Community Psychol. 2008;36(4): 421-433.
    • (2008) J Community Psychol. , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 421-433
    • Pérez, D.J.1    Fortuna, L.2    Alegría, M.3
  • 65
    • 34548396394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans
    • DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091827
    • Gee GC, Spencer MS, Chen J, Takeuchi D. A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1275-1282. (Pubitemid 351182359)
    • (2007) American Journal of Public Health , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 1275-1282
    • Gee, G.C.1    Spencer, M.S.2    Chen, J.3    Takeuchi, D.4
  • 66
    • 33845616813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress
    • DOI 10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9
    • Banks KH, Kohn-Woods LP, Spencer M. An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Ment Health J. 2006;42(6):555-570. (Pubitemid 44950227)
    • (2006) Community Mental Health Journal , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 555-570
    • Banks, K.H.1    Kohn-Wood, L.P.2    Spencer, M.3
  • 67
    • 33745645398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis
    • DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543
    • Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and selfrated health among African American women in Detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1265-1270. (Pubitemid 43967854)
    • (2006) American Journal of Public Health , vol.96 , Issue.7 , pp. 1265-1270
    • Schulz, A.J.1    Gravlee, C.C.2    Williams, D.R.3    Israel, B.A.4    Mentz, G.5    Rowe, Z.6
  • 69
    • 82455174591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural racism and health inequities: Old issues, new directions
    • Gee GC, Ford CL. Structural racism and health inequities: old issues, new directions. Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):115-132.
    • (2011) Du Bois Rev. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-132
    • Gee, G.C.1    Ford, C.L.2
  • 73
    • 33646168886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between racial identity, ethnic identity, and perceptions of racial discrimination in an Afro-Caribbean descent sample
    • DOI 10.1177/0095798406287071
    • Hall SP, Carter RT. The relationship between racial identity, ethnic identity, and perceptions of racial discrimination in an Afro-Caribbean descent sample. J Black Psychol. 2006;32(2):155-175. (Pubitemid 43643171)
    • (2006) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-175
    • Hall, S.P.1    Carter, R.T.2
  • 74
    • 38949143946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Becoming American: Stereotype threat effects in Afro-Caribbean immigrant groups
    • Deaux K, Bikmen N, Gilkes A, et al. Becoming American: Stereotype threat effects in Afro-Caribbean immigrant groups. Soc Psychol Q. 2007;70(4):384-404.
    • (2007) Soc Psychol Q. , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 384-404
    • Deaux, K.1    Bikmen, N.2    Gilkes, A.3
  • 75
    • 67649354237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the self-reported racism experiences of US-born and foreign-born Black pregnant women
    • Dominguez TP, Strong EF, Krieger N, Gillman MW, Rich-Edwards JW. Differences in the self-reported racism experiences of US-born and foreign-born Black pregnant women. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(2):258-265.
    • (2009) Soc Sci Med. , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 258-265
    • Dominguez, T.P.1    Strong, E.F.2    Krieger, N.3    Gillman, M.W.4    Rich-Edwards, J.W.5
  • 76
    • 34548165314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond acculturation: Immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the United States
    • DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.010, PII S0277953607002729
    • Viruell-Fuentes EA. Beyond acculturation: immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65 (7):1524-1535. (Pubitemid 47314412)
    • (2007) Social Science and Medicine , vol.65 , Issue.7 , pp. 1524-1535
    • Viruell-Fuentes, E.A.1
  • 77
    • 33646197284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health outcomes, and life chances among latinos
    • DOI 10.1177/0739986305285825
    • Araújo BY, Borrell LN. Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health outcomes, and life chances among Latinos. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2006;28 (2):245-266. (Pubitemid 43643189)
    • (2006) Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-266
    • Araujo, B.Y.1    Borrell, L.N.2
  • 78
    • 34147192896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide
    • DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.013, PII S0277953607000524
    • Gee GC, Spencer M, Chen J, Yip T, Takeuchi DT. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(10):1984-1996. (Pubitemid 46582831)
    • (2007) Social Science and Medicine , vol.64 , Issue.10 , pp. 1984-1996
    • Gee, G.C.1    Spencer, M.2    Chen, J.3    Yip, T.4    Takeuchi, D.T.5
  • 79
    • 59649102397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and health among Asian American immigrants: Disentangling racial from language discrimination
    • Yoo HC, Gee GC, Takeuchi D. Discrimination and health among Asian American immigrants: disentangling racial from language discrimination. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(4):726-732.
    • (2009) Soc Sci Med. , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 726-732
    • Yoo, H.C.1    Gee, G.C.2    Takeuchi, D.3
  • 80
    • 80051976310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination, psychological distress, and selfrated health among US-born and foreignborn Black Americans
    • Krieger N, Kosheleva A, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Koenen K. Racial discrimination, psychological distress, and selfrated health among US-born and foreignborn Black Americans. Am J Public Health 2011;101(9):1704-1713.
    • (2011) Am J Public Health , vol.101 , Issue.9 , pp. 1704-1713
    • Krieger, N.1    Kosheleva, A.2    Waterman, P.D.3    Chen, J.T.4    Koenen, K.5
  • 81
    • 82455255208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring everyday racial/ethnic discrimination in health surveys
    • Shariff-Marco S, Breen N, Landrine H, et al. Measuring everyday racial/ethnic discrimination in health surveys. Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):159-177.
    • (2011) Du Bois Rev. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-177
    • Shariff-Marco, S.1    Breen, N.2    Landrine, H.3
  • 82
    • 0037308435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: Economic position, racial discrimination, and racism
    • Nazroo JY. The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination, and racism. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):277-284. (Pubitemid 36159396)
    • (2003) American Journal of Public Health , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 277-284
    • Nazroo, J.Y.1
  • 83
    • 30044434291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrant health: Selectivity and acculturation
    • Anderson NB Bulatatoa RA Cohen B eds. Washington DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press
    • Jasso G, Massey DS, Rosenzweig MR, Smith JP. Immigrant health: selectivity and acculturation. In: Anderson NB, Bulatatoa RA, Cohen B, eds. Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Later Life. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academies Press; 2003:227-266.
    • (2003) Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Later Life , pp. 227-266
    • Jasso, G.1    Massey, D.S.2    Rosenzweig, M.R.3    Smith, J.P.4
  • 84
    • 0034951968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction
    • DOI 10.1136/jech.55.7.508
    • Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(7):508-514. (Pubitemid 32591907)
    • (2001) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.55 , Issue.7 , pp. 508-514
    • Hanley, J.A.1
  • 85
    • 38349111091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration and America's Black population
    • Kent MM. Immigration and America's Black population. Popul Bull. 2007; 62(4):1-16.
    • (2007) Popul Bull. , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-16
    • Kent, M.M.1
  • 86
    • 16344388449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Census Bureau. Accessed August 19, 2011
    • US Census Bureau. American Community Survey. Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPage Servlet?-program=ACS&- submenuId=&-lang=en&-ts=. Accessed August 19, 2011.
    • American Community Survey
  • 87
    • 0035606859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring self-perceived racial and ethnic discrimination in social surveys
    • Brown TN. Measuring self-perceived racial and ethnic discrimination in social surveys. Sociol Spectr. 2001;21(3): 377-392.
    • (2001) Sociol Spectr. , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 377-392
    • Brown, T.N.1
  • 88
    • 77949314164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mixed-methods approach to developing a self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination measure for use in multiethnic health surveys
    • Shariff-Marco S, Gee GC, Breen N, et al. A mixed-methods approach to developing a self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination measure for use in multiethnic health surveys. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(4): 447-453.
    • (2009) Ethn Dis. , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 447-453
    • Shariff-Marco, S.1    Gee, G.C.2    Breen, N.3
  • 89
    • 77952704512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of race/ethnic discrimination in relation to mortality among Black women: Results from the Black Women's Health Study
    • Albert MA, Cozier Y, Ridker PM, et al. Perceptions of race/ethnic discrimination in relation to mortality among Black women: results from the Black Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(10):896-904.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med. , vol.170 , Issue.10 , pp. 896-904
    • Albert, M.A.1    Cozier, Y.2    Ridker, P.M.3
  • 91
    • 0042549769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm
    • DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
    • Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85 (2):197-216. (Pubitemid 37394958)
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-216
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Nosek, B.A.2    Banaji, M.R.3
  • 92
    • 67349131433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity
    • Greenwald AG, Poehlman TA, Uhlmann E, Banaji MR. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97 (1):17-41.
    • (2009) J Pers Soc Psychol. , vol.97 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-41
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Poehlman, T.A.2    Uhlmann, E.3    Banaji, M.R.4
  • 93
    • 0013107307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit measures in social cognition: Their meaning and use
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
    • Fazio RH, Olson MA. Implicit measures in social cognition: their meaning and use. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54: 297-327. (Pubitemid 37417496)
    • (2003) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 297-327
    • Fazio, R.H.1    Olson, M.A.2
  • 94
    • 77951534161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit measures reveal evidence of personal discrimination
    • Carney DR, Banaji MR, Krieger N. Implicit measures reveal evidence of personal discrimination. Self Identity. 2010;9 (2):162-176.
    • (2010) Self Identity. , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-176
    • Carney, D.R.1    Banaji, M.R.2    Krieger, N.3
  • 98
    • 0029958092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA study of young black and white adults
    • Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young Black and White adults. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(10): 1370-1378. (Pubitemid 26346595)
    • (1996) American Journal of Public Health , vol.86 , Issue.10 , pp. 1370-1378
    • Krieger, N.1    Sidney, S.2
  • 99
    • 34748888345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived antigay discrimination and physical health outcomes
    • DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.627, PII S0278613307600939
    • Huebner DM, Davis MC. Perceived antigay discrimination and physical health outcomes. Health Psychol. 2007;26 (5):627-634. (Pubitemid 47488599)
    • (2007) Health Psychology , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 627-634
    • Huebner, D.M.1    Davis, M.C.2
  • 100
    • 77955589691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American men? the moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes
    • Chae DH, Lincoln KD, Adler NE, Syme SL. Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American men? The moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(6):1182-1188.
    • (2010) Soc Sci Med. , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 1182-1188
    • Chae, D.H.1    Lincoln, K.D.2    Adler, N.E.3    Syme, S.L.4
  • 101
    • 0015241782 scopus 로고
    • The inverse care law
    • Tudor Hart J. The inverse care law. Lancet. 1971;297(7696):405-412.
    • (1971) Lancet , vol.297 , Issue.7696 , pp. 405-412
    • Tudor Hart, J.1
  • 102
    • 56749180747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income Black, White, and Latino workers
    • Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, et al. The inverse hazard law: blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income Black, White, and Latino workers. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(12):1970-1981.
    • (2008) Soc Sci Med. , vol.67 , Issue.12 , pp. 1970-1981
    • Krieger, N.1    Chen, J.T.2    Waterman, P.D.3
  • 103
    • 34248572553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for recruiting white, black, and hispanic working-class women and men to a study of physical and social hazards at work: The United for Health study
    • DOI 10.2190/B0N2-5850-6467-0230
    • Barbeau EM, Hartman C, Quinn MM, Stoddard AM, Krieger N. Methods for recruiting White, Black, and Hispanic working-class women and men to a study of physical and social hazards at work: the United for Health Study. Int J Health Serv. 2007;37(1):127-144. (Pubitemid 47258145)
    • (2007) International Journal of Health Services , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 127-144
    • Barbeau, E.M.1    Hartman, C.2    Quinn, M.M.3    Stoddard, A.M.4    Krieger, N.5
  • 104
    • 30344479975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social hazards on the job: Workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination - A study of black, Latino, and white low-income women and men workers in the United States
    • DOI 10.2190/3EMB-YKRH-EDJ2-0H19
    • Krieger N, Waterman PD, Hartman C, et al. Social hazards on the job: workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination- a study of Black, Latino, and White low-income women and men workers in the United States. Int J Health Serv. 2006;36(1):51-85. (Pubitemid 43060726)
    • (2006) International Journal of Health Services , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-85
    • Krieger, N.1    Waterman, P.D.2    Hartman, C.3    Bates, L.M.4    Stoddard, A.M.5    Quinn, M.M.6    Sorensen, G.7    Barbeau, E.M.8
  • 106
    • 77956949007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of sociodemographic characteristics on agreement between self-reports and expert exposure assessments
    • Sembajwe G, Quinn M, Kriebel D, Stoddard A, Krieger N, Barbeau E. The influence of sociodemographic characteristics on agreement between self-reports and expert exposure assessments. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(10): 1019-1031.
    • (2010) Am J Ind Med. , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 1019-1031
    • Sembajwe, G.1    Quinn, M.2    Kriebel, D.3    Stoddard, A.4    Krieger, N.5    Barbeau, E.6
  • 107
    • 79951615487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational social and relationship hazards and psychological distress among low-income workers: Implications of the "inverse hazard law."
    • Krieger N, Kaddour A, Koenen K, et al. Occupational, social, and relationship hazards and psychological distress among low-income workers: implications of the "inverse hazard law." J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011.
    • (2011) J Epidemiol Community Health
    • Krieger, N.1    Kaddour, A.2    Koenen, K.3
  • 109
    • 28444474565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stormy weather: Race, gene expression, and the science of health disparities
    • DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067108
    • Krieger N. Stormy weather: race, gene expression, and the science of health disparities. Am J Public Health. 2005;95 (12):2155-2160. (Pubitemid 41740245)
    • (2005) American Journal of Public Health , vol.95 , Issue.12 , pp. 2155-2160
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 110
    • 3542992138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data, "race," and politics: A commentary on the epidemilogical significance of California's proposition 54
    • DOI 10.1136/jech.2003.018549
    • Krieger N. Data, "race," and politics: a commentary on the epidemiological significance of California's Proposition 54. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58 (8):632-633. (Pubitemid 39013097)
    • (2004) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.58 , Issue.8 , pp. 632-633
    • Krieger, N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.