Hepatitis C virus associated glomerulopathies

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 7544-7554

  Ozkok, Abdullah ^a   Yildiz, Alaattin ^b  

^a ISTANBUL MEDENIYET UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Cryoglobuli nemia; Diabetic nephropathy; Focal segmental glomerulonephritis; Glomerulopathy; Hepatitis C virus infection; IgA nephropathy; Kidney transplantation; Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; Membranous nephropathy

Indexed keywords

CD81 ANTIGEN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B PLUS RIBAVIRIN; RHEUMATOID FACTOR; RITUXIMAB; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR BI; STEROID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ARTICLE; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; FOCAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GLOMERULOPATHY; HEPATITIS C; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; COMPLICATION; GLOMERULUS; HEPACIVIRUS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; KIDNEY DISEASES; MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIROLOGY;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, IGA; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, FOCAL SEGMENTAL; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; KIDNEY DISEASES; KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84903132364     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7544     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Cacoub P, Renou C, Rosenthal E, Cohen P, Loury I, Loustaud-Ratti V, Yamamoto AM, Camproux AC, Haus-fater P, Musset L, Veyssier P, Raguin G, Piette JC. Extrahe-patic manifestations associated with hepatitis C virus infection. A prospective multicenter study of 321 patients. The GERMIVIC. Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Medecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses sur le Virus de l'Hepatite C. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 47-56 [PMID: 10670409 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200001000-00005]
2. Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D. Epidemiological factors affecting the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a French survey of 6,664 patients. The Study Group for the Prevalence and the Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus. Hepatology 1997; 26: 485-490 [PMID: 9252163 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510260233]
3. Galossi A, Guarisco R, Bellis L, Puoti C. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 65-73 [PMID: 17410291]
4. Huang JF, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Ho CK, Hwang SJ, Chen SC, Lin ZY, Wang LY, Chang WY, Yu ML. Viral hepatitis and proteinuria in an area endemic for hepatitis B and C infections: another chain of link? J Intern Med 2006; 260: 255-262 [PMID: 16918823]
5. Morales JM, Campistol JM. Transplantation in the patient with hepatitis C. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1343-1353 [PMID: 10864593]
6. Tsui JI, Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG, O'Hare AM. Relationship between hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 1168-1174 [PMID: 16524948 DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2005091006]
7. Lee JJ, Lin MY, Yang YH, Lu SN, Chen HC, Hwang SJ. Association of hepatitis C and B virus infection with CKD in an endemic area in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56: 23-31 [PMID: 20400217 DOI: 10.1053/ j.ajkd.2010.01.015]
8. Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N. Relationship between hepatitis C and microalbuminuria: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 285-290 [PMID: 15610253]
9. Wyatt CM, Malvestutto C, Coca SG, Klotman PE, Parikh CR. The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV-related kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2008; 22: 1799-1807 [PMID: 18753863 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830e0152]
10. Tsui JI, Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG, Bertenthal D, Inadomi J, Rodriguez RA, O'Hare AM. Association of hepatitis C seropositivity with increased risk for developing end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1271-1276 [PMID: 17592100 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.12.1271]
11. Dalrymple LS, Koepsell T, Sampson J, Louie T, Dominitz JA, Young B, Kestenbaum B. Hepatitis C virus infection and the prevalence of renal insuffciency. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 715-721 [PMID: 17699487 DOI: 10.2215/CJN.00470107]
12. McGuire BM, Julian BA, Bynon JS, Cook WJ, King SJ, Curtis JJ, Accortt NA, Eckhoff DE. Brief communication: Glomeru-lonephritis in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 735-741 [PMID: 16702589 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160 -00007]
13. Stehman-Breen C, Alpers CE, Fleet WP, Johnson RJ. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis among patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Nephron 1999; 81: 37-40 [PMID: 9884417 DOI: 10.1159/000045243]
14. Baid S, Pascual M, Williams WW, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Johnson SM, Collins B, Chung RT, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, Colvin RB. Renal thrombotic microangiopathy associated with anticardiolipin antibodies in hepatitis C-positive renal allograft recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 146-153 [PMID: 9890320]
15. Markowitz GS, Cheng JT, Colvin RB, Trebbin WM, D'Agati VD. Hepatitis C viral infection is associated with fbrillary glomerulonephritis and immunotactoid glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 2244-2252 [PMID: 9848778]
16. Arase Y, Ikeda K, Murashima N, Chayama K, Tsubota A, Koida I, Suzuki Y, Saitoh S, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M, Ko-bayashi M, Kumada H. Glomerulonephritis in autopsy cases with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med 1998; 37: 836-840 [PMID: 9840704 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.37.836]
17. Barsoum RS. Hepatitis C virus: from entry to renal injury-facts and potentials. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1840-1848 [PMID: 17478492 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm205]
18. Rodríguez-Iñigo E, Casqueiro M, Bartolomé J, Barat A, Cara-melo C, Ortiz A, Albalate M, Oliva H, Manzano ML, Carreño V. Hepatitis C virus RNA in kidney biopsies from infected patients with renal diseases. J Viral Hepat 2000; 7: 23-29 [PMID: 10718939 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2000.00194.x]
19. Sansonno D, Gesualdo L, Manno C, Schena FP, Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus-related proteins in kidney tissue from hepatitis C virus-infected patients with cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1237-1244 [PMID: 9141444 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510250529]
20. Meyers CM, Seeff LB, Stehman-Breen CO, Hoofnagle JH. Hepatitis C and renal disease: an update. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 631-657 [PMID: 14520615 DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00828-X]
21. Furusyo N, Hayashi J, Kanamoto-Tanaka Y, Ariyama I, Etoh Y, Shigematsu M, Kashiwagi S. Liver damage in hemo-dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus viremia: a prospective 10-year study. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 2221-2228 [PMID: 11215743]
22. Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, Charlotte F, Olivi M, Piette JC, Opolon P. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 2204-2212 [PMID: 10524695 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2204::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-D]
23. Trejo O, Ramos-Casals M, García-Carrasco M, Yagüe J, Jiménez S, de la Red G, Cervera R, Font J, Ingelmo M. Cryo-globulinemia: study of etiologic factors and clinical and immunologic features in 443 patients from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001; 80: 252-262 [PMID: 11470986 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200107000-00004]
24. Rosa D, Saletti G, De Gregorio E, Zorat F, Comar C, D'Oro U, Nuti S, Houghton M, Barnaba V, Pozzato G, Abrignani S. Activation of naïve B lymphocytes via CD81, a pathogenetic mechanism for hepatitis C virus-associated B lymphocyte disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 18544-18549 [PMID: 16339892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509402102]
25. Gordon CE, Uhlig K, Lau J, Schmid CH, Levey AS, Wong JB. Interferon treatment in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of treatment efficacy and harms. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51: 263-277 [PMID: 18215704 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.003]
26. Fabrizi F, Takkouche B, Lunghi G, Dixit V, Messa P, Martin P. The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on survival in dialysis patients: meta-analysis of observational studies. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 697-703 [PMID: 17875004]
27. Fabrizi F, Plaisier E, Saadoun D, Martin P, Messa P, Cacoub P. Hepatitis C virus infection, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 61: 623-637 [PMID: 23102733 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.08.040]
28. Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 675-680 [PMID: 11477402]
29. Wörnle M, Schmid H, Banas B, Merkle M, Henger A, Roed-er M, Blattner S, Bock E, Kretzler M, Gröne HJ, Schlöndorff D. Novel role of toll-like receptor 3 in hepatitis C-associated glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 370-385 [PMID: 16436653 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050491]
30. Banas MC, Banas B, Hudkins KL, Wietecha TA, Iyoda M, Bock E, Hauser P, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ, Smith KD, Stoelcker B, Liu G, Gröne HJ, Krämer BK, Alpers CE. TLR4 links podocytes with the innate immune system to mediate glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 704-713 [PMID: 18256364 DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2007040395]
31. Kamar N, Izopet J, Alric L, Guilbeaud-Frugier C, Rostaing L. Hepatitis C virus-related kidney disease: an overview. Clin Nephrol 2008; 69: 149-160 [PMID: 18397713 DOI: 10.5414/ CNP69149]
32. Bosman C, Valli MB, Bertolini L, Serafino A, Boldrini R, Marcellini M, Carloni G. Detection of virus-like particles in liver biopsies from HCV-infected patients. Res Virol 1998; 149: 311-314 [PMID: 9879610 DOI: 10.1016/S0923-2516(99)89011-6]
33. Sabry A, E-Agroudy A, Sheashaa H, El-Husseini A, Mo-hamed Taha N, Elbaz M, Sobh M. HCV associated glomeru-lopathy in Egyptian patients: clinicopathological analysis. Virology 2005; 334: 10-16 [PMID: 15749118 DOI: 10.1016/ j.virol.2005.01.013]
34. Perico N, Cattaneo D, Bikbov B, Remuzzi G. Hepatitis C infection and chronic renal diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 207-220 [PMID: 19129320 DOI: 10.2215/CJN.03710708]
35. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H, Hart J, Bacchi CE, Hartwell P, Couser WG, Corey L, Wener MH, Alpers CE. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 465-470 [PMID: 7678440 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199302183280703]
36. Fabrizi F, Pozzi C, Farina M, Dattolo P, Lunghi G, Badala-menti S, Pagano A, Locatelli F. Hepatitis C virus infection and acute or chronic glomerulonephritis: an epidemiologi-cal and clinical appraisal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1991-1997 [PMID: 9719153 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/13.8.1991]
37. Monti G, Galli M, Invernizzi F, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F, Monteverde A, Pietrogrande M, Renoldi P, Bombardieri S, Bordin G. Cryoglobulinaemias: a multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. GISC. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias. QJM 1995; 88: 115-126 [PMID: 7704562]
38. Gorevic PD, Kassab HJ, Levo Y, Kohn R, Meltzer M, Prose P, Franklin EC. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med 1980; 69: 287-308 [PMID: 6996482 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90390-3]
39. Agnello V, De Rosa FG. Extrahepatic disease manifestations of HCV infection: some current issues. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 341-352 [PMID: 14739110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.10.009]
40. Fabrizi F, Lunghi G, Messa P, Martin P. Therapy of hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis: current approaches. J Nephrol 2008; 21: 813-825 [PMID: 19034865]
41. Roccatello D, Fornasieri A, Giachino O, Rossi D, Beltrame A, Banf G, Confalonieri R, Tarantino A, Pasquali S, Amoroso A, Savoldi S, Colombo V, Manno C, Ponzetto A, Moriconi L, Pani A, Rustichelli R, Di Belgiojoso GB, Comotti C, Qua-renghi MI. Multicenter study on hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 69-82 [PMID: 17185147 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.09.015]
42. Tarantino A, Moroni G, Banfi G, Manzoni C, Segagni S, Ponticelli C. Renal replacement therapy in cryoglobulinae-mic nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 1426-1430 [PMID: 7816255]
43. Beddhu S, Bastacky S, Johnson JP. The clinical and morphologic spectrum of renal cryoglobulinemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002; 81: 398-409 [PMID: 12352634 DOI: 10.1097/0000 5792-200209000-00005]
44. Yamabe H, Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Fukushi K, Osawa H, Miyata M, Inuma H, Sasaki T, Kaizuka M, Tamura N. Hepatitis C virus infection and membranoproliferative glomeru-lonephritis in Japan. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 220-223 [PMID: 7579088]
45. Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D, Borelli G, Marchesi D, Mas-sazza M, Vendramin G, Comotti B, Tanzi E, Scudeller G. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 573-577 [PMID: 1326246 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-7-573]
46. Fornasieri A, D'Amico G. Type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia, hepatitis C virus infection, and glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11 Suppl 4: 25-30 [PMID: 8918748 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/11.supp4.25]
47. Cordonnier D, Martin H, Groslambert P, Micouin C, Che-nais F, Stoebner P. Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis. Immunochemical, fluorescent and ultrastructural study of kidney and in vitro cryoprecipitate. Am J Med 1975; 59: 867-872 [PMID: 1103621 DOI: 10.1016/00 02-9343(75)90480-5]
48. Altraif IH, Abdulla AS, al Sebayel MI, Said RA, al Suhaibani MO, Jones AA. Hepatitis C associated glomerulonephri-tis. Am J Nephrol 1995; 15: 407-410 [PMID: 7503140 DOI: 10.1159/000168874]
49. Rollino C, Roccatello D, Giachino O, Basolo B, Piccoli G. Hepatitis C virus infection and membranous glomerulo-nephritis. Nephron 1991; 59: 319-320 [PMID: 1956497 DOI: 10.1159/000186573]
50. Morales JM, Pascual-Capdevila J, Campistol JM, Fernan-dez-Zatarain G, Muñoz MA, Andres A, Praga M, Martinez MA, Usera G, Fuertes A, Oppenheimer F, Artal P, Darnell A, Rodicio JL. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 1997; 63: 1634-1639 [PMID: 9197359 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199706150-00017]
51. Sperati CJ. Stabilization of hepatitis C associated collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin. Clin Nephrol 2013; 80: 231-234 [PMID: 22541681 DOI: 10.5414/CN107337]
52. Shah HH, Patel C. Long-term response to peginterferon in hepatitis C virus-associated nephrotic syndrome from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Ren Fail 2013; 35: 1182-1185 [PMID: 23879705 DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2013.815568]
53. Ji F, Li Z, Ge H, Deng H. Successful interferon-α treatment in a patient with IgA nephropathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med 2010; 49: 2531-2532 [PMID: 21088367 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.4365]
54. Gonzalo A, Navarro J, Bárcena R, Quereda C, Ortuño J. IgA nephropathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Neph-ron 1995; 69: 354 [PMID: 7753282 DOI: 10.1159/000188494]
55. Dey AK, Bhattacharya A, Majumdar A. Hepatitis C as a potential cause of IgA nephropathy. Indian J Nephrol 2013; 23: 143-145 [PMID: 23716924 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.109443]
56. Fogo A, Qureshi N, Horn RG. Morphologic and clinical features of fbrillary glomerulonephritis versus immunotactoid glomerulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 22: 367-377 [PMID: 8372831]
57. Coroneos E, Truong L, Olivero J. Fibrillary glomerulo-nephritis associated with hepatitis C viral infection. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 132-135 [PMID: 9002542 DOI: 10.1016/ S0272-6386(97)90020-2]
58. Guerra G, Narayan G, Rennke HG, Jaber BL. Crescentic f-brillary glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C viral infection. Clin Nephrol 2003; 60: 364-368 [PMID: 14640243 DOI: 10.5414/CNP60364]
59. Brady HR. Fibrillary glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 1421-1429 [PMID: 9573563 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998. t01-1-00094.x]
60. Philipneri M, Bastani B. Kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2001; 3: 79-83 [PMID: 11177699 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-001-0045-0]
61. Okan V, Araz M, Aktaran S, Karsligil T, Meram I, Bayrak-taroglu Z, Demirci F. Increased frequency of HCV but not HBV infection in type 2 diabetic patients in Turkey. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 175-177 [PMID: 12018820]
62. Mehta SH, Brancati FL, Sulkowski MS, Strathdee SA, Sz-klo M, Thomas DL. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1554 [PMID: 11391549 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.0103306le01]
63. Soma J, Saito T, Taguma Y, Chiba S, Sato H, Sugimura K, Ogawa S, Ito S. High prevalence and adverse effect of hepatitis C virus infection in type II diabetic-related nephropa-thy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 690-699 [PMID: 10752528]
64. Yildiz A, Tütüncü Y, Yazici H, Akkaya V, Kayacan SM, Sever MS, Carin M, Karşidaǧ K. Association between hepatitis C virus infection and development of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 74: 1109-1113 [PMID: 12438955 DOI: 10.1097/0000 7890-200210270-00009]
65. Gentil MA, Luna E, Rodriguez-Algarra G, Osuna A, González-Molina M, Mazuecos A, Cubero JJ, Del Castillo D. Incidence of diabetes mellitus requiring insulin treatment after renal transplantation in patients with hepatitis C. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 887-891 [PMID: 11981079 DOI: 10.1093/ ndt/17.5.887]
66. Batty DS, Swanson SJ, Kirk AD, Ko CW, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC. Hepatitis C virus seropositivity at the time of renal transplantation in the United States: associated factors and patient survival. Am J Transplant 2001; 1: 179-184 [PMID: 12099367 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2001.10213.x]
67. Abbott KC, Lentine KL, Bucci JR, Agodoa LY, Koff JM, Holtzmuller KC, Schnitzler MA. Impact of diabetes and hepatitis after kidney transplantation on patients who are affected by hepatitis C virus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3166-3174 [PMID: 15579520 DOI: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000145439.48387.BF]
68. Narita R, Abe S, Kihara Y, Akiyama T, Tabaru A, Otsuki M. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 132-138 [PMID: 15246219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.020]
69. Kawaguchi T, Yoshida T, Harada M, Hisamoto T, Nagao Y, Ide T, Taniguchi E, Kumemura H, Hanada S, Maeyama M, Baba S, Koga H, Kumashiro R, Ueno T, Ogata H, Yoshimura A, Sata M. Hepatitis C virus down-regulates insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 through up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 1499-1508 [PMID: 15509521 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63408-6]
70. Aytug S, Reich D, Sapiro LE, Bernstein D, Begum N. Impaired IRS-1/PI3-kinase signaling in patients with HCV: a mechanism for increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Hep-atology 2003; 38: 1384-1392 [PMID: 14647049 DOI: 10.1016/ j.hep.2003.09.012]
71. Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, Tsutsumi T, Tsukamoto K, Kimura S, Moriya K, Koike K. Hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 840-848 [PMID: 14988838 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.056]
72. Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsu-linemia, and renal injury: mechanisms and implications. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26: 232-244 [PMID: 16733348 DOI: 10.1159/000093632]
73. Crook ED, Penumalee S, Gavini B, Filippova K. Hepatitis C is a predictor of poorer renal survival in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2187-2191 [PMID: 16123488 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2187]
74. Martin P, Fabrizi F. Hepatitis C virus and kidney disease. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 613-624 [PMID: 18662838 DOI: 10.1016/ j.jhep.2008.06.003]
75. Roth D, Cirocco R, Zucker K, Ruiz P, Viciana A, Burke G, Carreno M, Esquenazi V, Miller J. De novo membranopro-liferative glomerulonephritis in hepatitis C virus-infected renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1995; 59: 1676-1682 [PMID: 7541575 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199506270-00006]
76. Cruzado JM, Carrera M, Torras J, Grinyó JM. Hepatitis C virus infection and de novo glomerular lesions in renal al-lografts. Am J Transplant 2001; 1: 171-178 [PMID: 12099366 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2001.10212.x]
77. Hestin D, Guillemin F, Castin N, Le Faou A, Champigneulles J, Kessler M. Pretransplant hepatitis C virus infection: a predictor of proteinuria after renal transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 65: 741-744 [PMID: 9521213 DOI: 10.1097/00007890 -199803150-00024]
78. Meier-Kriesche HU, Ojo AO, Hanson JA, Kaplan B. Hepatitis C antibody status and outcomes in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72: 241-244 [PMID: 11477346 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200107270-00013]
79. Cosio FG, Roche Z, Agarwal A, Falkenhain ME, Sedmak DD, Ferguson RM. Prevalence of hepatitis C in patients with idiopathic glomerulopathies in native and transplant kidneys. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 752-758 [PMID: 9158216 DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(96)90260-7]
80. Zylberberg H, Nalpas B, Carnot F, Skhiri H, Fontaine H, Legendre C, Kreis H, Bréchot C, Pol S. Severe evolution of chronic hepatitis C in renal transplantation: a case control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 129-133 [PMID: 11773476 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.1.129]
81. Mathurin P, Mouquet C, Poynard T, Sylla C, Benalia H, Fretz C, Thibault V, Cadranel JF, Bernard B, Opolon P, Coriat P, Bitker MO. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus on kidney transplantation outcome. Hepatology 1999; 29: 257-263 [PMID: 9862875 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290123]
82. Abrahamian GA, Cosimi AB, Farrell ML, Schoenfeld DA, Chung RT, Pascual M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 185-190 [PMID: 10719018 DOI: 10.1002/ lt.500060224]
83. Kendrick EA, McVicar JP, Kowdley KV, Bronner MP, Emond MJ, Alpers CE, Gretch DR, Carithers RL, Perkins JD, Davis CL. Renal disease in hepatitis C-positive liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997; 63: 1287-1293 [PMID: 9158023 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199705150-00016]
84. Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Leichtman AB, Young EW, Arndorfer J, Christensen L, Merion RM. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 931-940 [PMID: 12954741 DOI: 10.1056/NEJ-Moa021744]
85. Molmenti EP, Jain AB, Shapiro R, Scantlebury V, Lee R, Totsuka E, Flohr J, Rakela J, Fung JJ. Kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C viral infection. Transplantation 2001; 71: 267-271 [PMID: 11213072 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200101270-00018]
86. Chadban SJ, Atkins RC. Glomerulonephritis. Lancet 2005; 365: 1797-1806 [PMID: 15910953 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66583-X]
87. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2008; (109): S1-99 [PMID: 18382440 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.81]
88. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Suppl 2012; 2: 200-208 [DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2012.22]
89. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepa-tology 2009; 49: 1335-1374 [PMID: 19330875 DOI: 10.1002/ hep.22759]
90. Cid MC, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Robert J, del Río A, Casa-demont J, Coll-Vinent B, Grau JM, Kleinman HK, Urbano-Márquez A, Cardellach F. Interferon-alpha may exacerbate cryoblobulinemia-related ischemic manifestations: an adverse effect potentially related to its anti-angiogenic activity. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1051-1055 [PMID: 10323463 DOI: 10.1002/ 1529-0131(199905)42:5<1051::AID-ANR26>3.0.CO;2-Q]
91. Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee SS, Niederau C, Minuk GS, Ideo G, Bain V, Heathcote J, Zeuzem S, Trepo C, Albrecht J. Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet 1998; 352: 1426-1432 [PMID: 9807989 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07124-4]
92. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P, Ramadori G, Bodenheimer H, Bernstein D, Rizzetto M, Zeuzem S, Pockros PJ, Lin A, Ackrill AM. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 346-355 [PMID: 14996676 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00010]
93. Iannuzzella F, Vaglio A, Garini G. Management of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Med 2010; 123: 400-408 [PMID: 20399313 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.09.038]
94. Fabrizi F, Bruchfeld A, Mangano S, Dixit V, Messa P, Martin P. Interferon therapy for HCV-associated glomerulonephri-tis: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 212-219 [PMID: 17417760]
95. Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Ståhle L, Söderberg M, Schvarcz R. Interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C-associated renal disease and renal insuffciency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1573-1580 [PMID: 12897097 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg209]
96. Alric L, Plaisier E, Thébault S, Péron JM, Rostaing L, Pour-rat J, Ronco P, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Influence of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic MPGN. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 617-623 [PMID: 15042538 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.11.020]
97. Feng B, Eknoyan G, Guo ZS, Jadoul M, Rao HY, Zhang W, Wei L. Effect of interferon-alpha-based antiviral therapy on hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis: a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27: 640-646 [PMID: 21558431 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr236]
98. Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Thibault V, Longuet M, Pol S, Blanc F, Pialoux G, Karras A, Bazin-Karra D, Cazorla C, Vit-tecoq D, Musset L, Decaux O, Ziza JM, Lambotte O, Cacoub P. Peg-IFNα/ribavirin/protease inhibitor combination in hepatitis C virus associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vas- culitis: results at week 24. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73: 831-837 [PMID: 23606708 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202770]
99. Mauss S, Hueppe D, Alshuth U. Renal impairment is frequent in chronic hepatitis C patients under triple therapy with telaprevir or boceprevir. Hepatology 2014; 59: 46-48 [PMID: 23813604 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26602]
100. Ohta S, Yokoyama H, Wada T, Sakai N, Shimizu M, Kato T, Furuichi K, Segawa C, Hisada Y, Kobayashi K. Exacerbation of glomerulonephritis in subjects with chronic hepatitis C virus infection after interferon therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 1040-1048 [PMID: 10352191 DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70140-X]
101. Quesada JR, Talpaz M, Rios A, Kurzrock R, Gutterman JU. Clinical toxicity of interferons in cancer patients: a review. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 234-243 [PMID: 2418169]
102. Kimmel PL, Abraham AA, Phillips TM. Membranoprolif-erative glomerulonephritis in a patient treated with interfer-on-alpha for human immunodefciency virus infection. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 858-863 [PMID: 7977330]
103. Quigg RJ, Brathwaite M, Gardner DF, Gretch DR, Ruddy S. Successful cyclophosphamide treatment of cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25: 798-800 [PMID: 7747735 DOI: 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90557-X]
104. Reed MJ, Alexander GJ, Thiru S, Smith KG. Hepatitis C-as-sociated glomerulonephritis--a novel therapeutic approach. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 869-871 [PMID: 11274295 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.4.869-a]
105. Quartuccio L, Soardo G, Romano G, Zaja F, Scott CA, De Marchi G, Fabris M, Ferraccioli G, De Vita S. Rituximab treatment for glomerulonephritis in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia: efficacy and safety in the absence of steroids. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 842-846 [PMID: 16418196 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel004]
106. Roccatello D, Baldovino S, Rossi D, Mansouri M, Naretto C, Gennaro M, Cavallo R, Alpa M, Costanzo P, Giachino O, Mazzucco G, Sena LM. Long-term effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment of cryoglobulinaemic glo-merulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 3054-3061 [PMID: 15494358 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh469]
107. Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D, Terrier B, Karras A, Perard L, Schoindre Y, Coppéré B, Blanc F, Musset L, Piette JC, Rosenzwajg M, Cacoub P. Rituximab plus Peg-interfer-on-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2010; 116: 326-34; quiz 504-5 [PMID: 20439619 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-248518]
108. Terrier B, Saadoun D, Sène D, Sellam J, Pérard L, Coppéré B, Karras A, Blanc F, Buchler M, Plaisier E, Ghillani P, Rosen-zwajg M, Cacoub P. Effcacy and tolerability of rituximab with or without PEGylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in severe hepatitis C virus-related vasculitis: a long-term followup study of thirty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2531-2540 [PMID: 19644879 DOI: 10.1002/art.24703]
109. Kamar N, Sandres-Sauné K, Rostaing L. Infuence of ritux-imab therapy on hepatitis C virus RNA concentration in kidney-transplant patients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 2440 [PMID: 17711548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01943.x]
110. Sène D, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Amoura Z, Musset L, Cacoub P. Rituximab may form a complex with IgMkappa mixed cryoglobulin and induce severe systemic reactions in patients with hepatitis C virus-induced vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 3848-3855 [PMID: 19950292 DOI: 10.1002/ art.25000]
111. Koziolek MJ, Scheel A, Bramlage C, Groene HJ, Mueller GA, Strutz F. Effective treatment of hepatitis C-associated immune-complex nephritis with cryoprecipitate apheresis and antiviral therapy. Clin Nephrol 2007; 67: 245-249 [PMID: 17474561 DOI: 10.5414/CNP67245]
112. Saadoun D, Delluc A, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20: 23-28 [PMID: 18281853]
113. Saadoun D, Rosenzwajg M, Joly F, Six A, Carrat F, Thibault V, Sene D, Cacoub P, Klatzmann D. Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculi-tis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2067-2077 [PMID: 22129253 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105143]
114. Dammacco F, Sansonno D. Therapy for hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1035-1045 [PMID: 24024840 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1208642]
115. Kamar N, Rostaing L, Selves J, Sandres-Saune K, Alric L, Durand D, Izopet J. Natural history of hepatitis C virus-related liver fbrosis after renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 1704-1712 [PMID: 15943629 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1600-6143.2005.00918.x]
116. Saab S, Hu R, Ibrahim AB, Goldstein LI, Kunder G, Durazo F, Han S, Yersiz H, Ghobrial RM, Farmer DG, Busuttil RW, Lassman C. Discordance between ALT values and fbrosis in liver transplant recipients treated with ribavirin for recurrent hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 328-333 [PMID: 12614290 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00053.x]
117. Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1147-1171 [PMID: 15057920 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20119]
118. Gish RG, Arora S, Rajender Reddy K, Nelson DR, O'Brien C, Xu Y, Murphy B. Virological response and safety outcomes in therapy-nai ve patients treated for chronic hepatitis C with taribavirin or ribavirin in combination with pegylated inter-feron alfa-2a: a randomized, phase 2 study. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 51-59 [PMID: 17470380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.02.018]
119. Baid S, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Saidman S, Chung R, Williams WW, Auchincloss H, Colvin RB, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, Pascual M. Acute humoral rejection in hepatitis C-infected renal transplant recipients receiving antiviral therapy. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 74-78 [PMID: 12492714 DOI: 10.1034/ j.1600-6143.2003.30113.x]
120. Pageaux GP, Hilleret MN, Garrigues V, Bismuth M, Audin-Mamlouk H, Zarski JP, Mourad G. Pegylated interferon-alpha-based treatment for chronic hepatitis C in renal transplant recipients: an open pilot study. Transpl Int 2009; 22: 562-567 [PMID: 19175562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00831.x]
121. Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M, Yamaji M, Shimotohno K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1282-1288 [PMID: 14578868 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50449]