On deaf ears: The limits of the bully pulpit

On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-303

  Edwards III, George C ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903094624     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (628)

1. Samuel Kernell, Going Public, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997).
2. Bob Woodward, The Choice (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 344.
3. Michael Waldman, POTUS Speaks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 16.
4. Marc Lacey, "Guarding the President's Words and, Maybe, His Legacy," New York Times, January 24, 2000, p. A12.
5. Kernell, Going Public, p. 121.
6. Woodward, The Choice, pp. 54.
7. Elizabeth Drew, Showdown: The Struggle Between the Gingrich Congress and the Clinton White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp 34-35.
8. Lou Cannon, Reagan (New York: Putnam, 1982), p. 319.
9. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
10. Sidney Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives (Boston: Beacon Press, 1980), pp. 38-42.
11. Sidney Blumenthal, "Marketing the President," New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1981, p. 114.
12. Bob Woodward, Shadow (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 513.
13. Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 17.
14. Dick Morris, The New Prince (Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 1999), pp. 75.
15. Sidney Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign. Rev. ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), pp. 23-24.
16. Theodore J. Lowi, The Personal President (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985).
17. David Gergen, Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 210.
18. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 45, 106, 136.
19. David Zarefsky, Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
20. Craig Allen Smith and Kathy B. Smith, The White House Speaks: Presidential Leadership as Persuasion (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994)
21. Martin J. Medhurst, Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993)
22. Roderick P. Hart, The Sound of Leadership: Presidential Communication in the Modern Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)
23. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
24. Mary E. Stuckey, Playing the Game: The Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan (New York: Praeger, 1990)
25. Theodore Otto Windt, Jr., Presidents and Protesters: Political Rhetoric in the 1960s (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990).
26. George C. Edwards III, "Presidential Rhetoric: What Difference Does It Make"? in The Future of the Rhetorical Presidency, ed. Martin J. Medhurst (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1996).
27. Victor Gold, "George Bush Speaks Out," The Washingtonian, February 1994, p. 41.
28. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 471.
29. Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander, pp. 76
30. Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander, p. 115.
31. George C. Edwards III, At the Margins: Presidential Leadership of Congress (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989)
32. Sarah A. Binder, "The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947-96," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 519-533.
33. David W. Rohde, Parties and Reform in the Postreform House (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
34. John H. Aldrich and David W. Rohde, "The Consequences of Party Organization in the House: The Role of the Majority and Minority Parties in Conditional Party Government," in Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, ed. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000).
35. Richard Fleisher and Jon R. Bond, "Partisanship and the President's Quest for Votes on the Floor of Congress," in Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, ed. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000).
36. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher, The President in the Legislative Arena (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
37. George C. Edwards III and Andrew Barrett, "Presidential Agenda Setting in Congress," in Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, ed. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000).
38. George C. Edwards III, Andrew Barrett, and Jeffrey Peake, "The Legislative Impact of Divided Government," American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 545-563
39. Sarah A. Binder, "The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947-96," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 519-533.
40. George C. Edwards III, The Public Presidency (New York: St. Martin's, 1983), pp. 83-93
41. Gregory N. Flemming, "Presidential Coattails in Open-Seat Elections," Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 (1995): 197-212.
42. Alan I. Abramowitz and Jeffrey A. Segal, Senate Elections (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), pp. 121
43. Lonna Rae Atkeson and Randall W. Partin, "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," American Political Science Review 89 (1995): 99-107
44. James E. Campbell and Joe A. Sumners, "Presidential Coattails in Senate Elections," American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 513-524.
45. Jeffrey E. Cohen, Michael A. Krassa, and John A. Hamman, "The Impact of Presidential Campaigning on Midterm U.S. Senate Elections," American Political Science Review 85 (March 1991): 165-180.
46. Leon D. Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (New York: Praeger, 1967)
47. Kenneth E. Collier, Between the Branches (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997);
48. Abraham Holtzman, Legislative Liaison (Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1970)
49. Charles O. Jones, The Trusteeship Presidency (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988)
50. Stephen J. Wayne, The Legislative Presidency (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
51. Michael Oreskes, "Approval of Bush, Bolstered by Panama, Soars in Poll," New York Times, January 19, 1990, p. A20
52. David E. Rosenbaum, "Clinton's Plan for Economy May Hinge on His Popularity," New York Times, April 29, 1993, p. A1.
53. R. W. Apple, Jr., "Vote Against Crime Bill Is Lesson on Clout," New York Times, August 17, 1994, pp. A1
54. Alan P. Balutis, "The Presidency and the Press: The Expanding Presidential Image," Presidential Studies Quarterly 7 (1977): 244-251
55. Elmer E. Cornwell, Jr., "Presidential News: The Expanding Public Image," Journalism Quarterly 36 (Summer 1959): 275-283
56. Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News (New York: Vintage, 1979), p. 9
57. Michael B. Grossman and Martha J. Kumar, Portraying the President (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 258-259.
58. Richard Davis, "News Coverage of American Political Institutions," paper presented of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August, 1986
59. Norman Ornstein and Michael Robinson, "The Case of Our Disappearing Congress," TV Guide, January 11, 1986, pp. 4-6
60. George C. Edwards III, Presidential Approval (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).
61. Fred I. Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 99.
62. Bryce Harlow, Oral History, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, TX, p. 53.
63. Richard Rovere, Affairs of State: The Eisenhower Years (New York: Farrar, Strauss, 1956), pp. 261-262;
64. Harry McPherson, A Political Education (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pp. 105-106
65. Neil MacNeil, Dirksen: Portrait of a Public Man (New York: World, 1970), pp. 138, 142.
66. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York: Popular Library, 1971), p. 443.
67. Richard M. Nixon, In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 282.
68. H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1994), p. 532.
69. Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard M. Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), p. 753.
70. William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New York: Doubleday, 1975), p. 284.
71. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), p. 287.
72. Kenneth Collier, "The President, the Public and Congress," paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 6-,1995, p. 6.
73. William E. Timmons, Memorandum for the President, December 31, 1973.
74. Peter Goldman, with Eleanor Clift and Thomas M. DeFrank, "Carter Up Close," Newsweek, May 2, 1977, p. 35
75. Barry M. Hager, "Carter Seeks More Effective Use of Departmental Lobbyists' Skills," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, March 4, 1978, pp. 585.
76. Tom Mathews, with Henry W. Hubbard, Rich Thomas, Eleanor Clift, and David Martin, "Slings and Arrows," Newsweek, July 31, 1978, p. 20.
77. Sidney Blumenthal, "Marketing the President," New York Times Magazine, September 13,1981, p. 110.
78. James A. Barnes, "White House Notebook: They Can Sell, but Can They Close?" National Journal, March 20, 1993, p. 712.
79. Alison Mitchell, "Clinton Seems to Keep Running Though the Race Is Run and Won," New York Times, February 12, 1997, p. A12.
80. Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander, pp. 104-105.
81. Dick Morris, Behind the Oval Office (New York: Random House, 1997), pp. 33
82. Glenn R. Parker, "Cycles in Congressional District Attention," Journal of Politics 42 (1980): 547.
83. William Schneider, "It's Payback Time for GOP and Press," National Journal, March 19, p. 696.
84. Walter D. Burnham, "Insulation and Responsiveness in Congressional Elections," Political Science Quarterly 90 1975): 418;
85. John R. Alford The Conditions Required for Economic Issue Voting: Actions Speak More Loudly than Partisan Affiliation paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1984.
86. Gary C. Jacobson, "The 1994 Midterm: Why the Models Missed It," Extension of Remarks, APSA Legislative Studies Section, 1994;
87. David W. Brady, John F. Cogan, and Douglas Rivers, How Republicans Captured the House: An Assessment of the 1994 Midterm Elections (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, 1995).
88. Alan I. Abramowitz and Jeffrey A. Segal, Senate Elections (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), pp. 121
89. Paul C. Light, The President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Carter (with Notes on Reagan) (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), p. xiii.
90. Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents (New York: Free Press, 1990), p. 264.
91. Dom Bonafede, "The Strained Relationship," National Journal, May 19, 1979, p. 830.
92. Nigel Bowles, The White House and Capitol Hill (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 99
93. Darrell M. West, "Activists and Economic Policymaking in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 32 (1988): 662-680
94. Gerald C. Wright, Jr., "Policy Voting in the U.S. Senate: Who Is Represented?" Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (1989): 465-486
95. John W. Kingdon, Congressmen's Voting Decisions (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), p. 34;
96. Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes, "Constituency Influences on Congress," American Political Science Review 57 (1963): 45-56;
97. Lewis A. Dexter, "t;The Representative and His District," in New Perspectives on the House of Representatives, 2d ed., ed. Robert L. Peabody and Nelson W. Polsby (Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1969), p. 330;
98. Duncan MacRae, Dimensions of Congressional Voting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958), p. 264
99. Aage R. Clausen, How Congressmen Decide: A Policy Focus (New York: St. Martin's, 1973), pp. 126-127
100. Morris P. Fiorina, Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974);
101. Richard F. Fenno, Jr., Home Style (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978)
102. John S. Stolarek, Robert M. Rood, and Marcia Whicker Taylor, "Measuring Constituency Opinion in the U.S. House: Mail Versus Random Surveys," Legislative Studies Quarterly 6 (1981): 589-595;
103. Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, "The Polarization of American Politics," Journal of Politics 46 (1984): 1061-1074;
104. Amihai Glazer and Marc Robbins, "Congressional Responsiveness to Constituency Change," American Journal of Political Science 29 (1985): 259-273;
105. Gregory Markus, "Electoral Coalitions and Senate Roll-Call Behavior: An Ecological Analysis," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974): 595-608
106. Bruce I. Oppenheimer, "t;Senators' Constituencies: Suggestions for Redefinition," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1971
107. Christopher H. Achen, "Measuring Representation," American Journal of Political Science 22 (1978): 475-510
108. Charles S. Bullock III Party, Constituency, and U.S. Senate Voting Behavior paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, New Orleans, 1977.
109. Martin P. Wattenberg, "The Democrats' Decline in the House During the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings," Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (1999): 685-689.
110. Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1965), p. 392.
111. George C. Edwards III, At the Margins: Presidential Leadership of Congress (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).
112. Lee Sigelman, "Gauging the Public Response to Presidential Leadership," Presidential Studies Quarterly 10 1980): 427-433
113. Pamela Johnston Conover and Lee Sigelman, "Presidential Influence and Public Opinion: The Case of the Iranian Hostage Crisis," Social Science Quarterly 63 (1982): 249-264.
114. Dan Thomas and Lee Sigelman, "Presidential Identification and Policy Leadership: Experimental Evidence on the Reagan Case," in The Presidency and Public Policy Making, ed. George C. Edwards III, Steven Y. Shull, and Norman C. Thomas (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985), pp. 37-49
115. Lee Sigelman and Carol K. Sigelman, "Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion: From 'Benevolent Leader' to Kiss of Death?" Experimental Study of Politics (No. 3, 1981): 1-22.
116. Jeffrey J. Mondak, "Source Cues and Public Approval: The Cognitive Dynamics of Public Support for the Reagan Administration," American Journal of Political Science 37 (1993): 186-212.
117. Roberta Glaros and Bruce Miroff, "Watching Ronald Reagan: Viewers' Reaction to the President on Television," Congress and the Presidency 10 1983): 25-46.
118. George C. Edwards III, The Public Presidency (New York: St. Martin's, 1983);
119. Theodore J. Lowi, The Personal President (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985).
120. Samuel Kernell, Going Public, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997);
121. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987);
122. Richard J. Ellis, Presidential Lightning Rods: The Politics of Blame Avoidance (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994);
123. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming: The Use of Private Polls in Kennedy's 1960 Presidential Campaign," American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 527-540
124. Thomas Cronin, "The Presidency Public Relations Script," in The Presidency Reappraised, ed. Thomas E. Cronin and Rexford G. Tugwell (Praeger, 1974)
125. William Lammers, "Presidential Attention-Focusing Activities," in The President and the Public, ed. Doris Graber (Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1982)
126. Bruce Miroff, "The Presidency and the Public: Leadership as Spectacle," in The Presidency and the Political System, 4th ed., ed. Michael Nelson (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1995);
127. Matthew A. Baum and Samuel Kernell, "Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?" American Political Science Review 93 1999): 99-114;
128. John A. Hamman and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Reelection and Congressional Support: Presidential Motives in Distributive Politics," American Politics Quarterly 25 (1997): 56-74;
129. M. Stephen Weatherford, "The Interplay of Ideology and Advice in Economic Policy-Making: The Case of the Political Business Cycle," Journal of Politics 49 (1987): 925-952.
130. Michael B. Grossman and Martha J. Kumar, Portraying the President (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
131. John Anthony Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992).
132. George C. Edwards III, Presidential Approval (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990);
133. Richard A. Brody, Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991)
134. Samuel Kernell, "Explaining Presidential Popularity," American Political Science Review 72 (1978): 506-522
135. Donald R. Kinder, "Presidents, Prosperity, and Public Opinion," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (1981): 1-21;
136. George C. Edwards III, William Mitchell, and Reed Welch, "Explaining Presidential Approval: The Significance of Issue Salience," American Journal of Political Science (1995): 108-134
137. Richard Lau and David O. Sears, "Cognitive Links Between Economic Grievances and Political Responses," Political Behavior (No. 4, 1981): 279-302;
138. Jon A. Krosnick and Donald R. Kinder, "Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming," American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 497-512;
139. Jon A. Krosnick and Laura A. Brannon, "The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 963-975
140. John E. Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: Wiley, 1970)
141. Lyn Ragsdale, "The Politics of Presidential Speechmaking, 1949-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 971-984.
142. Lyn Ragsdale, "Presidential Speechmaking and the Public Audience: Individual Presidents and Group Attitudes," Journal of Politics 49 (1987): 704-736.
143. Paul Brace and Barbara Hinckley, Follow the Leader (New York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 56.
144. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Presidential Leadership through Public Opinion," in The Presidency and Public Policy Making, ed. Edwards, Shull, and Thomas, pp. 22-36
145. Benjamin I. Page, Robert Y. Shapiro, and Glenn R. Dempsey, "What Moves Public Opinion?" American Political Science Review 81 (1987): 23-44
146. Roy L. Behr and Shanto Iyengar, "Television News, Real-World Cues, and Changes in the Public Agenda," Public Opinion Quarterly 49 (1985): 38-57
147. Samuel Kernell, "The Presidency and the People: The Modern Paradox," in The Presidency and the Political System, ed. Michael Nelson (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1984), pp. 250-253
148. Lee Sigelman, "The Commander in Chief and the Public: Mass Response to Johnson's March 31, 1968 Bombing Halt Speech," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 8 (1980): 1-14
149. Dennis M. Simon and Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., "The Impact of Televised Speeches and Foreign Travel on Presidential Approval," Public Opinion Quarterly 53 (1989): 58-82.
150. Jeffrey E. Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-Making (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
151. Kim Quaile Hill, "The Policy Agendas of the President and the Mass Public: A Research Validation and Extension," American Journal of Political Science 42 (1998): 1328-1334.
152. Eugene J. Rossi, "Mass and Attentive Opinion on Nuclear Weapons Tests and Fallout, 1954-1963," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (1965): 280-297;
153. Robert S. Erikson, Norman R. Luttbeg, and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content, and Impact, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1980), p. 144;
154. Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion, pp. 69-74.
155. CBS News/New York Times Poll, October 28, 1983, p. 2;
156. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 182;
157. Barry Sussman, "Reagan's Talk Gains Support for Policies," Washington Post, October 30, 1983, sec. A, pp. 1, 18.
158. Bob Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 248
159. Charles O. Jones, Clinton and Congress, 1993-1996 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), pp. 90-91.
160. Matthew A. Baum and Samuel Kernell, "Economic Class and Popular Support for Franklin Roosevelt in War and Peace," Public Opinion Quarterly 65 2001): 218, 223.
161. Jack Nelson and Robert J. Donovan, "The Education of a President," Los Angeles Times Magazine, August 1, 1993, p. 14.
162. "Democrats Look to Salvage Part of Stimulus Plan," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, April 24, 1993, pp. 1002-1003.
163. Michael Waldman, POTUS Speaks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 41.
164. "Health Care Reform: The Lost Chance," Newsweek, September 19, 1994, p. 32.
165. "Switchboards Swamped with Calls over Tax Plan," New York Times, August 5, 1993, p. A18.
166. Greg M. Shaw and Robert Y. Shapiro, "The Polls-Trends: Poverty and Public Assistance," Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (Spring 2002): 105-128.
167. "Reagan Bids Nation Farewell: 'We've Made a Difference,"' Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, January 14, 1989, p. 95.
168. Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History (New York: Norton), p. 167.
169. Martin Anderson, Revolution: The Reagan Legacy (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1990), p. 7.
170. William A. Niskanen, Reaganomics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 22.
171. James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991), pp. 64, 126-127.
172. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 127, 136.
173. James A. Davis, "Changeable Weather in a Cooling Climate," Public Opinion Quarterly 56 1992): 261-306
174. William G. Mayer, The Changing American Mind (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), p. 123.
175. Tom W. Smith, "Liberal and Conservative Trends in the United States Since World War II," Public Opinion Quarterly 54 1990): 479-507.
176. Martin P. Wattenberg, The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991)
177. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp. 471
178. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993);
179. Larry M. Bartels, "The American Public's Defense Spending Preferences in the Post-Cold War Era," Public Opinion Quarterly 58 1994): 479-508;
180. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Beyond 1984: The Anomalies of American Politics," PS 19 (1986): 229;
181. Christopher Wlezien, "Dynamics of Representation: The Case of U.S. Spending on Defense," British Journal of Political Science 26 (1996): 81-103.
182. Michael K. Deaver, A Different Drummer: My Thirty Years with Ronald Reagan (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 154.
183. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Scribner's, 1993), p. 339.
184. Larry Speakes, Speaking Out: The Reagan Presidency From Inside the White House (New York: Avon Books, 1988), p. 198.
185. Edwin Meese III, With Reagan: The Inside Story (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992), p. 220
186. John E. Reilly, ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1987 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1987)
187. William Schneider, "The Voters' Mood 1986: The Six-Year Itch," National Journal, December 7, 1985, p. 2758
188. "Supporting a Greater Federal Role," National Journal, April 18, 1987, p. 924;
189. "Opinion Outlook," National Journal, April 18, 1987, p. 964;
190. "Federal Budget Deficit," Gallup Report, 1987, pp. 25-27
191. Robert Y. Shapiro and John T. Young, "Public Opinion and the Welfare State: The United States in Comparative Perspective," Political Science Quarterly 104 1989): 59-89.
192. Robert F. Durant, The Administrative Presidency Revisited (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1992);
193. Dan B. Wood, "Principals, Bureaucrats, and Responsiveness in Clean Air Enforcement," American Political Science Review 82 1988): 213-234.
194. John A. Fleishman, "Trends in Self-identified Ideology from 1972 to 1982: No Support for the Salience Hypothesis," American Journal of Political Science 30 (1986); pp. 517-541;
195. Martin P. Wattenberg, "t;From a Partisan to a Candidatecentered Electorate," in The New American Political System, ed. Anthony King (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1990), pp. 169-171;
196. David Gergen, Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 220.
197. Ivor Crewe, "Values: The Crusade that Failed," in The Thatcher Effect: A Decade of Change, ed. Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 241.
198. Ivor Crewe, "Has the Electorate Become Thatcherite?" in Thatcherism, ed. Robert Skidelsky (London: Chatto and Windus, 1988);
199. Ivor Crewe and Donald Searing, "Ideological Change in the British Conservative Party," in American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988): 361-384.
200. Ivor Crewe and Donald Searing, "Mrs. Thatcher's Crusade: Conservatism in Britain, 1972-1986," in The Resurgence of Conservatism in Anglo-American Democracies, ed. B. Cooper, Allan Kornberg, and William Mishler (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988).
201. John Rentoul, Me and Mine: The Triumph of the New Individualism (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), p. 158.
202. John Curtice, "Interim Report: Party Politics," in British Social Attitudes: The 1987 Report, ed. Roger Jowell, Sharon Witherspoon, and Lindsay Brook (Aldershot Hants, UK: SCPR/Gower, 1986), chapter 8, 171-182
203. John Curtice, "Political Partisanship," in British Social Attitudes: The 1986 Report, ed. Roger Jowell, Sharon Witherspoon, and Lindsay Brook (Aldershot Hants, UK: SCPR/Gower, 1986), chapter 3, 39-53.
204. Robert Y. Shapiro and John T. Young, "Public Opinion and the Welfare State: The United States in Comparative Perspective," Political Science Quarterly 104 1989): 59-89.
205. R. W. Apple, "Bush Sure-Footed on Trail of Money," New York Times, September 29, 1990, p. 8
206. Reed L. Welch, "Tuning In or Tuning Out: The Influence of Televised Presidential Addresses on Public Opinion," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1997.
207. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson, The Macro Polity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 219, 369
208. Rudolf Sohm, Kirchenrecht, Vols. 1 and 2 (Leipzig: Duncker and Humboldt, 1892).
209. Max Weber, Economy and Society, Vol. 1, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), pp. 212-301;
210. Max Weber, Economy and Society, Vol. 3, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), pp. 1112
211. Carl J. Friedrich, "Political Leadership and the Problem of Charismatic Power," Journal of Politics 23 (1961): 3-24.
212. Weber, Economy and Society, Vol. 1, p. 241.
213. Ann Ruth Willner, The Spellbinders: Charismatic Political Leadership (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 14-15.
214. James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), pp. 243-244.
215. Charles Lindholm, Charisma (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990), p. 7.
216. David Aberbach, Charisma in Politics, Religion and the Media (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 16. See also p. 7.
217. Max Weber, On Charisma and Institution Building, ed. S. N. Eisenstadt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. xxii.
218. D. L. Cohen, "The Concept of Charisma and the Analysis of Leadership," Political Studies 20 (No. 3, 1972): 299-305;
219. Peter L. Berger, "Charisma and Religious Innovation: The Social Location of Israelite Prophecy," American Sociological Review 28 (1963): 940-950.
220. William Spinrad, "Charisma: A Blighted Concept and an Alternative Formula," Political Science Quarterly 106 (1991): 295-311.
221. K. J. Ratnam, "Charisma and Political Leadership," Political Studies 12 (No. 3, 1964): 341-354
222. Arthur Schweitzer, The Age of Charisma (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1984), pp. 6-8.
223. David E. Apter, "Nkrumah, Charisma, and the Coup," Daedalus 97 (1968): 763.
224. Richard R. Fagen, "Charismatic Authority and the Leadership of Fidel Castro," Western Political Quarterly 18 (1965): 275-284.
225. Robert C. Tucker, "The Theory of Charismatic Leadership," Daedalus 97 1968): 744;
226. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981), pp. 95-96.
227. Douglas Madsen and Peter G. Snow, The Charismatic Bond: Political Behavior in Time of Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 21-23.
228. Willner, The Spellbinders, p. 8.
229. Ernest R. House, Jesse Jackson and the Politics of Charisma (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988), pp. 118-119
230. Bernard M. Bass, Handbook of Leadership, 3d ed. (New York: Free Press, 1990)
231. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo, and associates Charismatic Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988).
232. Jay A. Conger, The Charismatic Leader: Behind the Mystique of Exceptional Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989);
233. Jay A. Conger and Rabindra N. Kanungo, "Toward a Behavioral Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings," Academy of Management Review 12 (No. 4, 1987): 637-647.
234. Edward B. Portis, "Charismatic Leadership and Cultural Democracy," The Review of Politics 49 1987), p. 241.
235. Edward A. Shils, "Charisma, Order, and Status," American Sociological Review 30 (1965): 199-213;
236. Edward A. Shils, The Constitution of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982)
237. Clifford Geertz, "Centers, Kings, and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power," in Culture and Its Creators, ed. Joseph Ben-David and Terry Nichols Clark (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).
238. Amitai Etzioni, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations (New York: Free Press, 1961)
239. Barbara Kellerman, "Leadership as a Political Act," in Leadership: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Barbara Kellerman (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), p. 83
240. Peter Dennis Bathory, "t;Leadership in the Twentieth Century: Private Language and Public Power," in Leadership in America: Consensus, Corruption, and Charisma, ed. Peter Dennis Bathory (New York: Longman, 1978), p. 47.
241. James G. Hunt, "Organizational Leadership: The Contingency Paradigm and Its Challenges," in Leadership: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Barbara Kellerman (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), pp. 113-138, especially pp. 132-134.
242. Peter F. Drucker, The New Realities (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), p. 108.
243. Arthur H. Miller, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Oksana Malanchuk, "Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates," American Political Science Review 80 (1986): 521-540.
244. Martin P. Wattenberg, "Why Clinton Won and Dukakis Lost," Party Politics 1 (No. 2, 1995): 248.
245. Charles P. Cell, "Charismatic Heads of State: The Social Context," Behavior Science Research 9 (No. 4, 1974): 255-305.
246. Tom Wicker, One of Us (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 251.
247. Bruce Miroff, "John F. Kennedy: The Claim of Excellence," in Leadership in America: Consensus, Corruption, and Charisma, ed. Peter Dennis Bathory (New York: Longman, 1978), pp. 163-175.
248. Arthur M. Schlesinger., The Politics of Hope (Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1963), pp. 10-11.
249. Matthew A. Baum From 'Dr. New Deal' to 'Dr. Win-the-War': Assessing the Constituency Foundations of Franklin Roosevelt's Popular Support " paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association,Chicago, April 15-17, 1999, pp. 17-18.
250. Samuel Kernell, Going Public, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), p. 145.
251. William Greider, "The Education of David Stockman," Atlantic, December 1981, p. 51.
252. David Stockman, The Triumph of Politics (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), pp. 208-209
253. Faurence I. Barrett, Gambling with History (New York: Penguin, 1984), pp. 160-161
254. Marc A. Bodnick, "'Going Public' Reconsidered: Reagan's 1981 Tax and Budget Cuts, and Revisionist Theories of Presidential Power," Congress and the Presidency 17 1990): 13-28.
255. Doris Kearns Goodwin, "FDR's Fireside Chats," Media Studies Journal 14 2000), p. 76.
256. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage, 1954), p. 316.
257. Matthew A. Baum and Samuel Kernell, "Economic Class and Popular Support for Franklin Roosevelt in War and Peace," Public Opinion Quarterly 65 2001): 198-229.
258. Elmer E. Cornwell., Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965), pp. 262-263.
259. Gregory A. Caldeira, "Public Opinion and the U.S. Supreme Court: FDR's Court-Packing Plan," American Political Science Review 81 1987): 81-82.
260. John C. Donovan, "Congressional Isolationists and Roosevelt Foreign Policy," World Politics 3 1951): 316.
261. William C. Adams, "Recent Fables about Ronald Reagan," Public Opinion, 1984, pp. 7-8;
262. Austin Ranney, "Reagan's First Term," in The American Elections of 1984, ed. Austin Ranney (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1985), pp. 33-34.
263. Barry Sussman, "Reagan's Policies are the Key-Not His Personality," Washington Post Weekly Edition, February 13, 1984, p. 37.
264. Everett Carll Ladd, "Is Election'84 Really a Class Struggle?" Public Opinion, 1984, pp. 42-43.
265. George C. Edwards III, "Comparing Chief Executives," Public Opinion 1985, p. 51.
266. Martin P. Wattenberg, The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 90.
267. Richard E. Neustadt, Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents (New York: Free Press, 1990), p. 79.
268. George C. Edwards III, The Public Presidency (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 239, 243.
269. Gallup News Service, Poll Release, October 21, 1999.
270. Dick Morris, The New Prince (Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 1999), p. 211.
271. Forrest McDonald, The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), pp. 209-253.
272. Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers (New York: Knopf, 2001), p. 121.
273. Barry Schwartz, (New York: Free Press, 1987), p. 14.
274. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783-1793 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 422-423.
275. Paul K. Longmore, The Invention of George Washington (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 184
276. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974), p. 25;
277. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), p. 550.
278. Michael P. Riccards, A Republic, If You Can Keep It: The Foundation of the American Presidency, 1700-1800 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 65-75.
279. Marvin Kitman, George Washington's Expense Account (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
280. James Hart, The American Presidency in Action, 1789 (New York: Macmillan, 1948), chapter 3, especially pp. 57, 66-67.
281. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: Anguish and Farewell, 1793-1799 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 133
282. Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 203.
283. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799, Vol. 30 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970), pp. 299-300.
284. Stephen Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington from the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, His Secretary (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin 1933), p.134;
285. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799, Vol. 31 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970), p. 493;
286. John C. Fitzpatrick, The Diaries of George Washington, 1748-1799, Vol. 4 (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1925), p. 128
287. Wilbourn E. Benton, 1787, Drafting the U.S. Constitution, Vol. 2 (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1986), pp. 1094-1309.
288. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol. II (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 587.
289. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, Vol. 35, pp. 228-229
290. Ralph L. Ketcham, Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 90.
291. Robert Scigliano, The Supreme Court and the Presidency (New York: Free Press, 1971), pp. 63-64
292. Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (New York: Norton, 1980), p. 6.
293. John F. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, 1789-1803 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986).
294. P. Bradley Nutting, "'Tobias Lear, S.P.U.S.': First Secretary to the President," Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 1994): 715-716.
295. Graham G. Dodds, "t;George Washington: The Origins of Presidential-Press Relations," in George Washington and the Origins of the American Presidency, ed. Mark J.Rozell, William D. Pederson, and Frank J. Williams (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), pp. 189-191;
296. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, p. 251;
297. Carol Sue Humphrey, "t;George Washington and the Press," in George Washington and the Origins of the American Presidency, ed. Mark J. Rozell, William D. Pederson, and Frank J. Williams (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), p. 162.
298. Graham G. Dodds, "t;George Washington: The Origins of Presidential-Press Relations," p. 189
299. Flexner, George Washington: Anguish and Farewell, pp. 217
300. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
301. McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington, pp. 169-174.
302. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, pp. 137-138;
303. Charles A. Beard, The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
304. James E. Anderson, Public Policy and Politics in America (North Scituate, MA: Duxbury, 1978);
305. Frank Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993);
306. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972);
307. Anthony Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue Attention Cycle" Public Interest 28 (1972): 38-50;
308. Roy B. Flemming, John Bohte, and B. Dan Wood, "One Voice Among Many: The Supreme Court's Influence on Attentiveness to Issues in the United States, 1947-1990," American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 1224-1250;
309. Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994);
310. John Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995);
311. Paul C. Light, The President's Agenda, 3d ed. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999);
312. B. Guy Peters and Brian W. Hogwood, "In Search of the Issue-Attention Cycle," Journal of Politics 47 (1985): 238-253
313. Jack L. Walker, "Setting the Agenda in the U.S. Senate: A Theory of Problem Selection," British Journal of Political Science 7 1977): 433-445.
314. Samuel P. Huntington, "Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century," in The Congress and America's Future, 2d ed., ed. David B. Truman (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965);
315. Ronald C. Moe and Steven C. Teel, "Congress as a Policymaker: A Necessary Reappraisal," Political Science Quarterly 85 (1970): 443-470.
316. Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and Agenda Setting," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995): 87-107.
317. Philip E. Converse, "t;The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964), pp. 206-261.
318. Charles W. Ostrom, and Dennis M.Simon "The President's Public," American Journal of Political Science 32 (1988): 1096-1119
319. David Gergen, Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), pp. 54-186.
320. Lee Sigelman and Cynthia Whissell, "'The Great Communicator' and 'The Great Talker' on the Radio: Projecting Presidential Personas," Presidential Studies Quarterly 32 (2002): 137-146.
321. William J. Dixon and Stephen M. Gardner, "Presidential Succession and the Cold War: An Analysis of Soviet-American Relations, 1948-1988," Journal of Politics 54 (1992): 156-175.
322. John C. Donovan, The Politics of Poverty, 2d ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Pegasus, 1973), p. 111.
323. Adam Clymer, "t;Majority in Poll Expect Congress to Cut Spending," New York Times, November 17, 1985, sec. 1, p. 1.
324. Paul C. Light, The President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Carter (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), p. 54.
325. Robert Shogan, Promises to Keep (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), p. 205.
326. Jacqueline Calmes, "The 99th Congress: A Mixed Record of Success," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 (1986): 2647.
327. Tim Groeling and Samuel Kernell, "t;Congress, the President, and Party Competition via Network News," in Polarized Politics, ed. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000), pp. 85-93.
328. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 12-13.
329. Fay Lomax Cook, Tom R. Tyler, E. G. Goetz, M. T. Gordon, D. Protess, D. Leff, and H. L. Molotch, "Media and Agenda-Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1983): 16-35;
330. James W. Dearing and Everett M. Rogers, Agenda Setting (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996);
331. William Gonzenbach, The Media, the President, and Public Opinion: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Drug Issue, 1984-1991 (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996);
332. Shanto Iyengar, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder, "t;Experimental Demonstrations of the 'Not-So-Minimal' Consequences of Television News Programs," American Political Science Review 76 (1982): 848-858;
333. Michael Bruce MacKuen and Steven Lane Coombs, More than News (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981)
334. Maxwell McCombs and George Estrada, "t;The News Media and the Pictures in Our Heads," in Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America, ed. Shanto Iyengar and Richard Reeves (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997)
335. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, "The Evolution of Agenda Setting Research: Twenty-five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas," Journal of Communication 43, 1993): 58-67
336. David L. Protess and Maxwell McCombs, eds., Agenda Setting: Readings on Media, Public Opinion, and Policymaking (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991);
337. James P. Winter and Chaim H. Eyal, "Agenda-Setting for the Civil Rights Issue," Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 1981): 376-383
338. Doris A. Graber, "t;Agenda-Setting: Are there Women's Perspectives?" in Women and the News, ed. Laurily Epstein (New York: Hastings House, 1978), pp. 15-37
339. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 232-233.
340. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 6th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002), p. 207.
341. Martin Linsky, Impact: How the President Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986), p. 87.
342. George C. Edwards III and Stephen J. Wayne, Presidential Leadership, 6th ed. (New York: St. Martin's, 2002)
343. Michael B. Grossman and Martha J. Kumar, Portraying the President (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981);
344. John A. Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992);
345. Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Ford Presidency (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992)
346. Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Bush Presidency (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
347. Sheldon Gilberg, Chaim Eyal, Maxwell McCombs, and David Nicholas, "The State of the Union Address and the Press Agenda," Journalism Quarterly 57 1980): 584-588.
348. Wayne Wanta, Mary Ann Stephenson, Judy VanSlyke Turk, and Maxwell E. Mc-Combs, "How President's State of Union Talk Influenced News Media Agendas," Journalism Quarterly 66 1989): 537-541.
349. B. Dan Wood and Jeffrey S. Peake, "The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Agenda Setting," American Political Science Review 92 1998): 173-184.
350. George C. Edwards III and B. Dan Wood, "Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media," American Political Science Review 93 1999): 327-344.
351. Mark Hertsgaard, On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1988), pp. 107-108
352. Larry Speakes, Speaking Out (New York: Scribner's, 1988), p. 301.
353. Jason DeParle, "Moynihan Says Clinton Isn't Serious About Welfare Reform," New York Times 8, 1994, p. 8.
354. Jack Nelson and Robert J. Donovan, "The Education of a President," Los Angeles Times Magazine, August 1, 1993, p. 39.
355. Thomas L. Friedman and Maureen Dowd, "t;Amid Setbacks, Clinton Team Seeks to Shake Off the Blues," New York Times, April 25, 1993, sec. 1, p. 12.
356. Gerald M. Boyd, "Rethinking a Tax Plan Strategy," New York Times, June 12, 1985, sec. A, p. 14.
357. Dick Kirschten, "For Reagan Communication Team. It's Strictly One Week at a Time," National Journal, March 8, 1986, p. 594.
358. Michael Waldman, POTUS Speaks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), pp. 42-43.
359. Jann S. Wenner and William Greider, "President Clinton," Rolling Stone, December 9, 1993, p. 80.
360. Bob Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) p. 241;
361. Thomas L. Friedman, "Scholars' Advice and New Campaign Help the President Hit His Old Stride," New York Times, November 17, 1993, p. A10;
362. David S. Broder and Dan Balz, "Clinton Finds Change Harder than Expected," Washington Post, May 14, 1993, p. A11.
363. John H. Kessel, Presidents, the Presidency, and the Political Environment (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2001), p. 64.
364. Jann S. Wenner, "Bill Clinton: The Rolling Stone Interview," Rolling Stone, December 28, 2000-January 4, 2001, p. 91.
365. Gerald M. Boyd, "t;"General Contractor' of the White House Staff," New York Times, March 4, 1986, sec. A, p. 22.
366. Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
367. Arthur Lupia, "Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections," American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 63-76;
368. Herbert A. Simon, "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice," Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (1955): 99-118;
369. Samuel L. Popkin, The Reasoning Voter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991);
370. Paul M. Sniderman, Richard Brody, and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
371. E. Tory Higgins and Gary A. King, "Accessibility of Social Constructs: Information-Processing Consequences of Individual and Contextual Variation," in Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction, ed. N. Cantor and J. F. Kihlstrom (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1981);
372. Robert S. Wyer, and Jon Hartwick, "t;The Recall and Use of Belief Statements as Bases for Judgments," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 20 (984): 65-85;
373. Thomas K. Srull and Robert S. Wyer, Memory and Cognition in Their Social Context (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989);
374. Thomas K. Srull and Robert S. Wyer, Jr., "t;The Role of Category Accessibility in the Interpretation of Information about Persons: Some Determinants and Implications," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (No. 10, 1979): 1660-1672
375. Thomas K. Srull and Robert S. Wyer, Jr., "t;Category Accessibility and Social Perception: Some Implications for the Study of Person Memory and Interpersonal Judgments," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (No. 6, 1980): 841-856;
376. Richard R. Lau, "Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice," Political Behavior 11 (1989): 5-32.
377. Philip E. Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964).
378. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass, Opinion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 42-48
379. James H. Kuklinski and Norman Hurley, "On Hearing and Interpreting Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking," Journal of Politics 56 (1994): 729-751;
380. Jeffrey Mondak, "Source Cues and Policy Approval: The Cognitive Dynamics of Public Support for the Reagan Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 37 (1993): 186-212.
381. William A. GamsonThe Changing Culture of Affirmative Action " in Research in Political Sociology, Vol. 3, ed. Richard D. Braungart (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987), p. 143;
382. William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37;
383. William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
384. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
385. Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki, "Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse," Political Communication 10 (No. 1, 1993): 55-75.
386. James N. Druckman, "On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?" Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 1041-1066
387. Thomas E. Nelson, Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley, "Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance," American Political Science Review 91 (1997): 567-584;
388. Joanne M. Miller and Jon A. Krosnick, "News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens Are Guided by a Trusted Source," American Journal of Political Science 44 (2000): 301-315.
389. John Zaller, "The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the Welfare State," American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 268-307
390. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, "Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks," Social Cognition 8 (No. 1, 1990): 73-103;
391. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
392. Thomas E. Nelson and Donald R. Kinder, "Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion," Journal of Politics 58 (1996): 1055-1078;
393. Thomas E. Nelson, Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley, "Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects," Political Behavior 19 (1997): 221-246;
394. Thomas E. Nelson and Zoe M. Oxley, "Issue Framing Effects on Belief Importance and Opinion," Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 1040-1067;
395. John Zaller and Stanley Feldman, "A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences," American Journal of Political Science 36 1992): 579-616
396. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice," Science 211 1981): 453-458
397. Dennis Chong, "How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liber ties," American Journal of Political Science 37 (1993): 867-899
398. William G. Jacoby, "Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending," American Journal of Political Science 44 (2000): 750-767;
399. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, "Choices, Values, and Frames," American Psychologist 39 (April 1984): 341-350;
400. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, "t;Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions," in Rational Choice: The Contrast between Economics and Psychology, ed. Hillel J. Einhorn and Robin M. Hogarth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
401. Jon A. Krosnick and Donald R. Kinder, "Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming," American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 497-512;
402. Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
403. John H. Aldrich, John Sullivan, and Eugene Borgida, "Foreign Affairs and Issue Voting: Do Presidential Candidates Waltz Before a Blind Audience?" American Political Science Review 83 1989): 123-141;
404. W. Russell Neuman, Marion K. Just, and Ann N. Crigler, Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992);
405. Nichol as A. Valentino, Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White, "Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns," American Political Science Review 96 (2002): 75-90.
406. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians Don't Pander, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 49-52.
407. William B. Riker, The Art of Political Manipulation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986);
408. William B. Riker, "The Heresthetics of Constitution Making: The Presidency in 1787, with Comments on Determinism and Rational Choice," American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 1-16.
409. Byron E. Shafer and William J. M. Claggett, The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
410. John R. Petrocik, "Divided Government: Is It All in the Campaigns?" in The Politics of Divided Government, ed. Gary W. Cox and Samuel Kernell (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991);
411. John R. Petrocik, "Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study," American Journal of Political Science (1996): 825-850.
412. Andrew Gelman and Gary King, "Why Are American Presidential Elections Campaign Polls So Variable When Votes Are So Predictable?" British Journal of Political Science 23 (1993): 409-451.
413. Richard P. Nathan, Charles F. Adams, Jr., and associates, Revenue Sharing: The Second Round (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1977).
414. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Eloquence in an Electronic Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 127-133.
415. Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964)
416. Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (Chicago: Markham, 1971)
417. Murray Edelman, Political Language: Words that Succeed and Policies that Fail (New York: Academic Press, 1977);
418. William A. Gamson and Katherine E. Lasch, "The Political Culture of Social Welfare Policy," in Evaluating the Welfare State, ed. Shimon E. Spiro and Ephraim Yuchtman-Yaar (New York: Academic Press, 1983).
419. Dan Quayle, Standing Firm (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), p. 94;
420. Charles Kolb, White House Daze (New York: Free Press, 1994)
421. David Gergen, Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 348.
422. Steven V. Roberts, "Return to the Land of the Gipper," New York Times, March 9, 1988, p. A28
423. Ronald Reagan, Where's the Rest of Me? The Autobiography of Ronald Reagan (New York: Karz, 1965), p. 138.
424. "t;Democrats Look to Salvage Part of Stimulus Plan," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, April 24, 1993, p. 1002.
425. Bob Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 247-248.
426. "Pollster: Mistakes Made," Bryan-College Station Eagle, May 23, 1993, p. A8.
427. Jann S. Wenner and William Greider, "President Clinton," Rolling Stone, December 9, 1993, p. 43.
428. Paul M. SnidermanThe Dynamics of Political Argument and the Logic of Issue Framing paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1999
429. Paul M. Sniderman, "Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning," in Elements of Reason: Understanding and Expanding the Limits of Political Rationality, ed. Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
430. Donald P. Haider-Markel and Mark R. Joslyn, "Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy, and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames," Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 520-543.
431. John Zaller, "Elite Leadership of Mass Opinion: New Evidence from the Gulf War," in Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, ed. W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 186-209.
432. W. Russell Neuman, The Paradox of Mass Politics; Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 170.
433. William G. Jacoby, "The Sources of Liberal-Conservative Thinking: Education and Conceptualization," Political Behavior 10 (No. 4, 1988): 316-332;
434. Robert C. Luskin, "Measuring Political Sophistication," American Journal of Political Science 31 (1987): 856-899;
435. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "The Two Faces of Issue Voting," American Political Science Review 74 (1980): 78-91;
436. James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert F. Rich, "Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship," Journal of Politics 62 (2000): 790-816.
437. James H. Kuklinski and Norman L. Hurley, "On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking," Journal of Politics 56 (1994): 729-751
438. "Reagan Loses Ground on 'Contra' Aid Program," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, March 8, 1986, pp. 535-536.
439. Steven V. Roberts, "t;Senate Upholds Arms for Saudis, Backing Reagan," New York Times, June 6, 1986, sec. A, pp. 1, 10.
440. Darrell M. West and Diane J. Heith, "t;Harry and Louise Go to Washington: Political Advertising and Health Care Reform," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 1-4, 1994, p. 10.
441. Adam Clymer, "Poll Finds Public Is Still Doubtful Over Costs of Clinton Health Plan," New York Times, March 15, 1994, p. A1.
442. "Health Care Reform: The Lost Chance," Newsweek, September 19, 1994, pp. 28-32.
443. David E. Rosenbaum, "Both Sides Emphasize Stakes of the Trade Vote," New York Times, November 15, 1993, p. C16
444. R. W. Apple, Jr., "t;A High Stakes Gamble That Paid Off," New York Times, November 18, 1993, p. A14.
445. Woodrow Wilson quoted in William Small, To Kill a Messenger: Television News and the Real World (New York: Hastings, 1970), p. 221
446. Michael Baruch Grossman and Martha Joynt Kumar, "t;Carter, Reagan, and the Media: Have the Rules Really Changed or the Poles of the Spectrum of Success?," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 3-6, 1981, p. 8.
447. Stephen J. Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter, The Nightly News Nightmare (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 80-82.
448. Thomas E. Patterson, Doing Well and Doing Good (Cambridge, MA: Shorenstein Center, 2000), pp. 2-5.
449. Sam Donaldson, "Washington Press Corps," Newsweek, May 25, 1981, p. 90.
450. Michael B. Grossman and Martha J. Kumar, Portraying the President (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 26.
451. Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Capella, "t;The Role of the Press in the Health Care Reform Debate of 1993-1994," in Doris Graber, Denis McQuail, and Pippa Norris, eds., The Politics of News, The News of Politics (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998), pp. 118-119.
452. Sam Donaldson, Hold On, Mr. President (New York: Random House, 1987), pp. 196-197.
453. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Knopf, 1993), pp. 16-21
454. Matthew R. Kerbel, Edited for Television (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp. 111-112;
455. Kevin G. Barnhurst and Catherine A. Steele, "Image-Bite News: The Visual Coverage of Elections on U.S. Television, 1968-1992," Press/Politics 2, (No. 1, 1997): 40-58
456. S. Robert Lichter and Richard E. Noyes, Good Intentions Make Bad News, rev. ed. (Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield, 1997), pp. 116-126
457. Richard Nadeau, Richard G. Niemi, David P. Fan, and Timothy Amato, "Elite Economic Forecasts, Economic News, Mass Economic Judgments, and Presidential Approval," Journal of Politics 61 1999): 109-135.
458. "Campaign 2000 Final" Farnsworth and Lichter, The Nightly News Nightmare, p. 88.
459. Dwight F. Davis, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Donald L. Singleton, "Information Effects of Political Commentary," Experimental Study of Politics 6 (1977): 45-68;
460. Lynda Lee Kaid, Donald L. Singleton, and Dwight F. Davis, "t;Instant Analysis of Televised Political Addresses: The Speaker versus the Commentator," in Communication Yearbook I, ed. Brent D. Ruben (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1977), pp. 453-464;
461. John Havick, "t;The Impact of a Televised State of the Union Message and the Instant Analysis: An Experiment," unpublished paper, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1980
462. David L. Paletz and Robert M. Entman, Media-Power-Politics (New York: Free Press, 1981), p. 70.
463. Katherine Graham, Personal History (New York: Vintage, 1998).
464. Thomas E. Patterson, "Legitimate Beef: The Presidency and a Carnivorous Press," Media Studies Journal 8 1994): 21-26.
465. Shanto Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 2.
466. Shanto Iyengar, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder, "Experimental Demonstrations of the 'Not-So-Minimal' Consequences of Television News Programs," American Political Science Review 76 (1982): 848-858
467. Larry M. Bartels, "Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 267-285
468. Dhavan V. Shah, Mark D. Watts, David Domke, David P. Fan, and Michael Fibison, "News Coverage, Economic Cues, and the Public's Presidential Preferences, 1984-1996," Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 914-943.
469. Richard A. Brody, Assessing the President (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).
470. Jon A. Krosnick and Donald R. Kinder, "Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming," American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 497-512;
471. Jon A. Krosnick and Laura A. Brannon, "The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 963-975.
472. Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon, "News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion," in Taken by Storm, ed. W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
473. George C. Edwards III, Andrew Barrett, and Reed Welch, "Explaining Presidential Approval: The Significance of Issue Salience," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995): 108-134.
474. Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, News That Matters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
475. Frederick T. Steeper, "t;Public Response to Gerald Ford's Statements on Eastern Europe in the Second Debate," in The Presidential Debates: Media, Electoral, and Public Perspectives, ed. George F. Bishop, Robert G. Meadow, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck (New York: Praeger, 1978), pp. 81-101.
476. Michael J. Robinson, "t;News Media Myths and Realities," in Elections in America, ed. Kay Lehman Schlozman (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987), p. 149.
477. Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman, Electing the President 2000: The Insiders' View (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), pp. 5-6.
478. Thomas E. Patterson, The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their President (New York: Praeger, 1980), pp. 84-86
479. Doris A. Graber, "Personal Qualities in Presidential Images: The Contribution of the Press," Midwest Journal of Political Science 16 (1972): 295;
480. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 6th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002), pp. 260-263.
481. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 289; see also pp. 343-344.
482. Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Ford Presidency (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).
483. Dhavan V. Shah, Mark D. Watts, David Domke, and David P. Fan, "News Framing and Cueing of Issue Regimes: Explaining Clinton's Public Approval in Spite of Scandal," Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (2002): 339-370.
484. John E. Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: Wiley, 1973);
485. Lyn Ragsdale, "The Politics of Presidential Speechmaking, 1949-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 971-984
486. Roy L. Behr and Shanto Iyengar, "Television News, Real World Cues, and Changes in the Public Agenda," Public Opinion Quarterly 49 1985): 38-57
487. Lyn Ragsdale, "Presidential Speechmaking and the Public Audience," Journal of Politics 49 1987): 704-736;
488. Dennis M. Simon and Charles W. Ostrom, "The Impact of Televised Speeches and Foreign Travel on Presidential Approval," Public Opinion Quarterly 53 1989): 58-82;
489. Paul Brace and Barbara Hinckley, "Presidential Activities from Truman through Reagan: Timing and Impact," Journal of Politics 55 (1993): 382-398
490. Jeffrey E. Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-Making (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
491. Joe S. Foote, "Ratings Decline of Presidential Television," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 32 1988): 225.
492. Samuel Kernell, Going Public, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), pp. 131-132.
493. Joe S. Foote, Television Access and Political Power (New York: Praeger, 1990), p. 153.
494. Matthew A. Baum and Samuel Kernell, "Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?" American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 99-114.
495. Vincent Price and John Zaller, "Who Gets the News? Alternative Measures of News Reception and Their Implications for Research," Public Opinion Quarterly 57 1993): 136;
496. Vincent Price and John Zaller, "t;Evaluations of Media Exposure Items in the 1989 NES Pilot Study," in Technical Report to the National Election Studies Board of Overseers (Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, 1990).
497. Lisa de Moraes, "President Bush Has America Tuning In," Washington Post, January 21, 2002, p. C7.
498. Alex Kuczynski, "TV Viewers Want $1 Million, Not a Million Clinton Words," New York Times, January 29, 2000, p. A10.
499. Reed Lynn Welch, "t;Tuning In or Tuning Out: The Influence of Televised Presidential Addresses on Public Opinion," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1997, pp. 91-97.
500. Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, Theories of Mass Communication (New York: Longman, 1989).
501. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, Social Cognition, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1991), pp. 149-152.
502. Doris A. Graber, Processing the News, 2d ed. (New York: Longman, 1988), p. 105.
503. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 6th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002), pp. 203-205
504. Roberta Glaros and Bruce Miroff, "Watching Ronald Reagan: Viewers' Reaction to the President on Television," Congress and the Presidency 10 1983): 25-46.
505. Jonathan L. Freedman and David O. Sears, "Selective Exposure," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press, 1965)
506. David O. Sears and Jonathan L. Freedman, "Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review," Public Opinion Quarterly 23 1967): 194-213
507. John L. Cotton, "t;Cognitive Dissonance in Selective Exposure," in Selective Exposure to Communication, ed. Dolf Zillman and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985);
508. Lewis Donohew and Philip Palmgreen, "A Reappraisal of Dissonance and the Selective Exposure Hypothesis," Journalism Quarterly 48 (Autumn 1971): 412-420;
509. William J. McGuire, "Personality and Susceptibility to Social Influence," in Handbook of Personality Theory and Research, ed. Edgar F. Borgatta and W. W. Lambert (Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1968);
510. Robert A. Wicklund and Jack Brehm, Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1976);
511. Diana C. Mutz and Paul S. Martin, "Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Difference: The Role of Mass Media," American Political Science Review 95 (2001): 97-114.
512. Daniel J. O'Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and Research (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990).
513. John Condry, The Psychology of Television (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), pp. 38-39.
514. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), p. 195.
515. Reed L. Welch, "Is Anybody Watching?: The Audience for Televised Presidential Addresses," Congress and the Presidency 27 2000): 41-58.
516. Alexis S. Tan, "Media Use, Issue Knowledge and Political Involvement," Public Opinion Quarterly 44 (1980): 241-248;
517. Jan Leighley, "Participation as a Stimulus of Political Conceptualization," Journal of Politics 53 (1991): 198-211.
518. James G. Webster and Jacob Wakshlag, "Measuring Exposure to Television," in Selective Exposure to Communication, ed. Dolf Zillman and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985).
519. Vincent Price and John Zaller, "Who Gets the News?," pp. 133-164.
520. Reid Hastie and Bernadette Park, "The Relationship between Memory and Judgments Depends on Whether the Task Is Memory-Based or On-Line," Psychological Review 93 (1986): 258-268;
521. Reid Hastie and Nancy Pennington, "t;Notes on the Distinction between Memory-Based Versus On-Line Judgments," in On-Line Cognition in Person Perception, ed. John N. Bassili (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989);
522. Milton Lodge, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau, "The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation," American Political Science Review 89 (1995): 309-326;
523. Meryl Lichtenstein and Thomas Srull, "Processing Objectives as a Determinant of the Relationship Between Recall and Judgment," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23 (1987): 93-118;
524. Kathleen M. McGraw and Neil Pinney, "The Effects of General and Domain-Specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment," Social Cognition 8 1990): 9-30.
525. Lodge, Steenbergen, and Brau, "The Responsive Voter.".
526. Michael X. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter, What Americans Know About Politics and Why it Matters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996).
527. Alan I. Abramowitz, "Name Familiarity, Reputation, and the Incumbency Effect in a Congressional Election," Western Political Quarterly 28 (1975): 668-684
528. W. Russell Neuman, The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).
529. Jon K. Dalager, "Voters, Issues, and Elections: Are the Candidates' Messages Getting Through?" Journal of Politics 58 1996): 486-515.
530. Frank Biocca, "t;Viewers' Mental Models of Political Messages: Toward a Theory of the Semantic Processing of Television," in Television and Political Advertising, ed. Frank Biocca (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), p. 29.
531. John P. Robinson and Mark R. Levy, The Main Source: Learning from Television News (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1986)
532. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 1970): 159-170;
533. Stephen E. Bennett, "Know-nothings Revisited: The Meaning of Political Ignorance Today," Social Science Quarterly 69 (1988): 476-490
534. Philip E. Converse, "t;Public Opinion and Voting Behavior," in The Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 1, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), p. 97.
535. Milton Lodge, Kathleen M. McGraw, Pamela Johnston Conover, Stanley Feldman, and Arthur H. Miller, "Where is the Schema? Critiques," American Political Science Review 85 1991): 1357-1380;
536. Susan T. Fiske and Donald R. Kinder, "t;Involvement, Expertise, and Schema Use: Evidence from Political Cognition," in Person ality, Cognition, and Social Interaction, ed. Nancy Cantor and John F. Kihlstrom (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981);
537. Hazel Markus and Robert B. Zajonc, "t;The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology," in Theory and Method, 3d ed., ed. Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (New York: Random House, 1985
538. Susan T. Fiske, Donald R. Kinder, and W. Michael Larter, "The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition," Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 19 (1983): 381-400.
539. Gregory S. Andriate and Michael J. Beatty, "t;Cognitive Complexity and Cognitive Backlog in Human Information Processing," in Information and Behavior, ed. Brent Ruben (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988)
540. Victor C. Ottati and Robert S. Wyer, "The Cognitive Mediators of Political Choice: Toward a Comprehensive Model of Political Information Processing," in Information and Democratic Processes, ed. John A. Ferejohn and James H. Kuklinski (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 209.
541. Richard T. Petty and John E. Cacioppo, Communication and Persuasion (New York: Springer, 1986)
542. Thomas E. Nelson, Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley, "Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects," Political Behavior 19 (1997): 221-246.
543. Larry M. Bartels, "Post-Cold War Defense Spending Preferences," Public Opinion Quarterly 58 1994): 479-508;
544. Philip E. Converse, "Information Flows and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes," Public Opinion Quarterly 26 (1962): 578-599;
545. John A. Krosnick and Laura A. Brannon, "The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluation: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 963-975;
546. John R. Zaller, The Nature of Mass Opinion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
547. John Zaller, "t;Elite Leadership of Mass Opinion: New Evidence from the Gulf War," in Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, ed. W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 186-209.
548. Jeffrey W. Koch, "Political Rhetoric and Political Persuasion: The Changing Structure of Citizens' Preferences on Health Insurance During Policy Debate," Public Opinion Quarterly 62 (1998): 209-229.
549. Ann Devroy and Eric Pianin, "Clinton Offers Balanced Budget Plan; Preserving Education, Controlling Medicare Are Priorities in 10-Year Program," Washington Post, June 14, 1995, p. A1.
550. Michael Waldman, POTUS Speaks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 267.
551. James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991);
552. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992);
553. William G. Mayer, The Changing American Mind (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992);
554. Tom W. Smith, "Liberal and Conservative Trends in the United States Since World War II," Public Opinion Quarterly 54 1990): 479-507;
555. James H. Kuklinski and Gary Segura, "Of Endogeneity, Exogeneity, Time, and Space: Public Opinion and Political Representation," Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 1995): 3-22;
556. Christopher H. Achen, "Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response," American Political Science Review 69 (1975): 1218-1231;
557. Robert S. Erikson, "The SRC Panel Data and Mass Political Attitudes," British Journal of Political Science 9 (1979): 89-114.
558. David O. Sears and Carolyn L. Funk, "Evidence of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults' Political Predispositions," Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 1-28
559. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 44.
560. Richard R. Lau, Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske, "Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion," Journal of Politics 53 1991): 644-675.
561. Sidney Kraus and Dennis Davis, The Effects of Mass Communication on Political Behavior (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976);
562. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson, 1957);
563. Jack W. Brehm and Arthur C. Cohen, Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance (New York: Wiley, 1962);
564. John S. Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974)
565. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, Social Cognition, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1991), pp. 149-152.
566. Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazerfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
567. Benjamin I. Page, Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections: Rational Man and Electoral Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 184-186.
568. Morris P. Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981)
569. Calvin C. Jones, "Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferences, Party Loyalty, and the Vote," American Political Science Review 73 (1980), 1071-1089
570. Gregory B. Markus, "Political Attitudes During an Election Year: A Report on the 1980 NES Panel," American Political Science Review 76 (1982): 538-560;
571. Charles H. Franklin and John E. Jackson, "The Dynamics of Party Identification," American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 957-973.
572. Philip E. Converse and George Dupeux, "t;De Gaulle and Eisenhower: The Public Image of the Victorious General," in Elections in the Political Order, Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes (New York: Wiley, 1966), pp. 324-325.
573. Martin P. Wattenberg, The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1996 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998);
574. Thomas M. Konda and Lee Sigelman, "Public Evaluations of the American Parties, 1952-1984," Journal of Politics 49 (1987): 814-829.
575. Marc J. Hetherington, "Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization," American Political Science Review 95 (2001): 619-631
576. Larry M. Bartels, "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996," American Journal of Political Science 44 (2000): 35-50;
577. Larry M. Bartels, "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996," American Journal of Political Science 44 (2000): 35-50;
578. John E. Stanga and James F. Sheffield, "The Myth of Zero Partisanship: Attitudes toward American Political Parties, 1964-84," American Journal of Political Science 31 (1987): 829-855
579. Raymond E. Wolfinger, "Dealignment, Realignment, and Mandates in the 1984 Election," in The American Election of 1984, ed. Austin Ranney (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985)
580. Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., and Dennis M. Simon, "t;The President's Public," American Journal of Political Science 32 (1988): 1096-1119.
581. Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1964)
582. Roberta S. Sigel, "Effect of Partisanship on the Perception of Political Candidates," Public Opinion Quarterly 28 1964): 483-496.
583. Bruce E. Keith, David B. Magleby, Candice Nelson, Elizabeth Orr, Mark C. Westlye, and Raymond E. Wolfinger, The Myth of the Independent Voter (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)
584. Mark Peffley, Stanley Feldman, and Lee Sigelman, "Economic Conditions and Party Competence: Processes of Belief and Revision," Journal of Politics 49 (1987): 100-121
585. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson, The Macro Polity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
586. Erikson, MacKuen, and Stimson, The Macro Polity, pp. 344, 374.
587. Christopher Wlezien, "The Public as a Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995): 981-1000;
588. Christopher Wlezien, "Dynamics of Representation: The Case of U.S. Spending on Defense," British Journal of Political Science 26 (1996): 81-103.
589. David Kahneman and Amos Tversky, "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk," Econometrica 47 (1979): 263-292
590. David Kahneman and Amos Tversky, "Choices, Values, and Frames," American Psychologist 39 (1984): 341-350.
591. David L. Hamilton and Mark P. Zanna, "Differential Weighting of Favorable and Unfavorable Attributes in Impressions of Personality," Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 6 (1972): 204-212;
592. Susan T. Fiske, "Attention and Weight in Person Perception: The Impact of Negative and Extreme Behavior," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (No. 6, 1980): 889-906.
593. Richard Lau, "Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior," American Journal of Political Science 29 (1985): 119-138
594. Joseph N. Cappella, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
595. Michael D. Cobb and James H. Kuklinski, "Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion," American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 88-121.
596. George E. Marcus, W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
597. George C. Edwards III and Tami Swenson, "Who Rallies? The Anatomy of a Rally Event," Journal of Politics 59 (1997): 200-212.
598. James E. Campbell, The American Campaign: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000)
599. James David Barber, The Presidential Character, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992).
600. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage, 1954), p. 316.
601. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 179-180;
602. David Zarefsky, President Johnson's War on Poverty (University: University of Alabama Press, 1986).
603. George C. Edwards III and Stephen J. Wayne, Presidential Leadership, 6th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2002)
604. Michael B. Grossman and Martha J. Kumar, Portraying the President (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
605. John A. Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992);
606. Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Ford Presidency (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992);
607. Mark J. Rozell, The Press and the Bush Presidency (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
608. George C. Edwards III and B. Dan Wood, "Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 327-344.
609. George C. Edwards III and Andrew Barrett "t;Presidential Agenda Setting in Congress," in Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, ed. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000).
610. Jeffrey E. Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-Making (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
611. Kim Quaile Hill, "The Policy Agenda of the President and the Mass Public: A Research Validation and Extension," American Journal of Political Science 41 (1998): 1328-1334.
612. Andrew Barrett, "Gone Public: The Impact of Presidential Rhetoric in Congress," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2000.
613. Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha, "Signaling Influence," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2002.
614. E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1942), p. 6.
615. Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, "Promoting President Clinton's Policy Agenda: DNC as Presidential Lobbyist," American Review of Politics 17 1996): 287-293.
616. Anthony Corrado, "Giving, Spending, and 'Soft Money,"' Journal of Law and Policy (No. 1, 1997): 51-52.
617. Burdett Loomis, "The Never Ending Story: Campaigns without Elections," in The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, ed. Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution, 2000), pp. 162-184.
618. Hugh Heclo, "Campaigning and Governing: A Conspectus" in The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, ed. Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution, 2000), pp. 11-15.
619. David Brady and Morris Fiorina, "t;Congress in the Era of the Permanent Campaign," in The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, ed. Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution, 2000), p. 156.
620. Norman J. Ornstein and Thomas E. Mann, "t;Conclusion: The Permanent Campaign and the Future of American Democracy," in The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, ed. Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute and Brookings Institution, 2000), p. 225.
621. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1956), pp. 166-168.
622. Jack Valenti, A Very Human President (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), p. 144
623. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 216-217;
624. Eric F. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Dell, 1974), pp. 306-307
625. Harry McPherson, A Political Education (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pp. 268
626. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point (New York: Popular Library, 1971), p. 323.
627. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, pp. 306-307.
628. Quoted, McPherson, A Political Education, pp. 267-268.