Democracy, expertise, and academic freedom: A first amendment jurisprudence for the modern state

Democracy, Expertise, and Academic Freedom: A First Amendment Jurisprudence for the Modern State

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-192

  Post, Robert C ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84903010307     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (391)

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253. Thomas L. Haskell, Justifying the Rights of Academic Freedom in the Era of "Power/Knowledge," in The Future of Academic Freedom 54 (Louis Menand, ed., 1996).
254. Academic Freedom and the Law, 46 Yale. L.J. 670, 671 (1937).
255. Walter P. Metzger, Profession and Constitution: Two Definitions of Academic Freedom in America, 66 Tex. L. Rev. 1265 (1988)
256. Paul Horwitz, Grutter's First Amendment, 46 B.C.L. Rev. 461 (2005).
257. Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U.S. 589, 603 (1967).
258. Mark G. Yudof, Three Faces of Academic Freedom, 32 Loyola L. Rev. 831, 838 (1987).
259. 354 U.S. 234 (1957). at 236.
260. 354 U.S. 234 (1957).at 248.
261. 354 U.S. 234 (1957).at 245.
262. 354 U.S. 234 (1957).at 244.
263. Emily M. Calhoun, Academic Freedom: Disciplinary Lessons from Hogwarts, 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. 843 (2006).
264. Sweezy, 354 U.S. at 250.
265. Sweezy, 354 U.S. at 250-51.
266. Sweezy, 354 U.S. at 261-62 (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
267. Sweezy, 354 U.S.at 262-63 (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
268. Wieman v. Updegraff, 344 U.S. 183 (1952)
269. Robert M. Hutchins, Associate Director of the Ford Foundation, November 25, 1952
270. H. Res, 561, 82d Cong., 196-98 (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
271. Lovejoy,-561, 82d Cong., at 74-79.
272. 438 U.S. 265, 311-13 (1978) (opinion of Powell, J.).
273. 539 U.S. 306, 329 (2003).
274. Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier; Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (1945).1.
275. Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier; Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (1945).14.
276. Robert Post, Debating Disciplinarity, 35 Critical Inquiry (2009). "Common sense identifies the term discipline with the content of an academic enterprise."
277. David Shumway, Disciplinarity, Corporatization, and the Crisis: A Dystopian Narrative, J. Midwest Mod. Language Ass'n, Winter-Spring 1999, at 2-18.
278. Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 226 n.12 (1985)
279. Keen v. Penson, 970 F.2d 252, 257 (7th Cir. 1992)
280. Piarowski v. Ill. Cmty. Coll. Dist. 525, 759 F.2d 625, 629 (7th Cir. 1985)
281. Justice Powell's opinion in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 312 (1978)
282. EEOC v. University of Notre Dame Du Lac, 715 F.2d 331, 335-36 (7th Cir.1983)
283. Dow Chem. Co. v. Allen, 672 F.2d 1262, 1275 (7th Cir. 1982)
284. Byrne, Cooper v. Ross, 472 F.Supp. 802, 813 (D.C. Ark. 1979)
285. J. Peter Byrne, The Threat to Constitutional Academic Freedom, 31 J.C. & U.L. 79 (2004)
286. Alan K. Chen, Bureaucracy and Distrust: Germaneness and the Paradoxes of Academic Freedom Doctrine, 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. 955 (2006)
287. Richard H. Hiers, Institutional Academic Freedom vs. Faculty Academic Freedom in Public Colleges and Universities, 29 31 J.C. & U.L. 35 (2002)
288. Richard H. Hiers, Institutional Academic Freedom or Autonomy Grounded Upon the First Amendment: A Jurisprudential Mirage, 30 Hamline L. Rev. 1 (2007)
289. Matthew Finkin, On "Institutional" Academic Freedom, 61 Tex. L. Rev. 817 (1983)
290. Rachel Fugate, Choppy Waters Are Forecast for Academic Free Speech, 26 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 187 (1998)
291. Erica Goldberg and Kelly Sarabyn, Measuring a "Degree of Difference": Institutional Academic Freedom in a Post-Grutter World, 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 217, 217-19 (2011)
292. Elizabeth Mertz, The Burden of Proof and Academic Freedom: Protection for Institution or Individual?, 82 Nw. U.L. Rev. 292 (1988)
293. Michael A. Olivas, Reflections on Professorial Academic Freedom: Second Thoughts on the Third "Essential Freedom," 45 Stan. L. Rev. 1835 (1993)
294. David M. Rabban, Functional Analysis of "Individual" and "Institutional" Academic Freedom Under the First Amendment, 53 Law & Contemp. Probs. 227 (Summer 1990)
295. Frederick Schauer, Is There a Right to Academic Freedom? 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. 907 (2006)
296. Yudof, Is There a Right to Academic Freedom? 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. at 853-57. (2006)
297. Yudof, Is There a Right to Academic Freedom? 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. at 1-2. (2006);
298. Yudof, Is There a Right to Academic Freedom? 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. at 293. (2006);
299. As Kant observes, "The university would have a certain autonomy (since only scholars can pass judgment on scholars as such)." Kant, supra note 29, at 23.
300. Carley v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 737 P.2d 1099, 1102 (Ariz. App. 1987).
301. Regents of the Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 225 (1985).
302. Bd. of Curators, Univ. of Mo. v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78, 90-92 (1978)
303. Bd. of Curators, Univ. of Mo. v. Horowitz, 435 U.S.at 96 n.6 (opinion of Powell, J., concurring)
304. Brown v. George Washington Univ., 802 A.2d 382, 385 (D.C. 2002).
305. Bishop v. Aronov, 92 F.2d 1066, 1075 (11th Cir. 1991).
306. Judith Areen, Government as Educator: A New Understanding of First Amendment Protection of Academic Freedom and Governance, 97 Geo. L.J. 945, 994-99 (2009).
307. Judith Areen, Government as Educator: A New Understanding of First Amendment Protection of Academic Freedom and Governance, 97 Geo. L.J. 945,at 294.(2009).
308. Robert Post, Between Management and Governance: The History and Theory of the Public Forum, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1713 (1987).
309. 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000). at 404.
310. 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000). at 404.
311. 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000).at 412.
312. 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000).at 415.
313. Byrne, 216 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2000).at 415. at 112.
314. Henley v. Wise, 303 F.Supp. 62, 66 (D.C. Ind. 1969)
315. Gilmore, 216 F.3d at 415.
316. 319 U.S. 563 (1968).
317. 461 U.S. 138 (1983).
318. 511 U.S. 661 (1994).
319. Connick, 461 U.S. at 146-47.
320. Trejo v. Shoben, 319 F.3d 878 (7th Cir. 2003)
321. Bonnell v. Lorenzo, 241 F.3d 800 (6th Cir. 2001)
322. Hardy v. Jefferson Cmty. Coll., 260 F.3d 671 (6th Cir. 2001)
323. Dambrot v. Central Michigan University, 55 F.3d 1177 (6th Cir. 1995)
324. Jeffries v. Harleston, 52 F.3d 9 (2d Cir. 1995)
325. Blum v. Schlegel, 18 F.3d 1005 (2d Cir. 1994)
326. Hong v. Grant, 516 F.Supp.2d 1158 (C.D. CA. 2007), aff 'd, 403 Fed. App'x. 236 (9th Cir. 2010)
327. Scallet v. Rosenblum, 911 F.Supp. 999, 1009-14 (W.D. Va. 1996)
328. Rubin v. Ikenberry, 933 F.Supp. 1425 (C.D. Ill. 1996)
329. Silva v. University of New Hampshire, 888 F. Supp. 293 (D.N.H. 1994)
330. Ailsa W. Chang, Resuscitating the Constitutional "Theory" of Academic Freedom: A Search for a Standard Beyond Pickering and Connick, 53 Stan. L. Rev. 915 (2001)
331. Edgar Dyer, Collegiality's Potential Chill Over Faculty Speech: Demonstrating the Need for a Refined Version of Pickering and Connick for Public Higher Education, 119 Educ. L. Rep. 309 (1997)
332. Jennifer Elrod, Academics, Public Employee Speech, and the Public University, 22 Buff. Pub. Int. L.J. 1 (2003-2004)
333. Richard H. Hiers, Academic Freedom in Public Colleges and Universities: O Say, Does that Star-Spangled First Amendment Banner Yet Wave?, 40 Wayne L. Rev. 1 (1993).
334. Chris Hoofnagle, Matters of Public Concern and the Public University Professor, 27 J.C. & U.L. 669 (2001)
335. Robert J. Tepper, Speak No Evil: Academic Freedom and the Application of Garcetti v. Ceballos to the Public University Faculty, 59 Cath. U.L. Rev. 125, 129 (2009).at 975-76.
336. Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568.
337. Connick, 461 U.S. at 142.
338. Immanuel Kant, Political Writings 55-56 (Hans Reiss ed., H. B. Nisbet trans., 1991). at 838-40
339. Robert Post, Racist Speech, Democracy, and the First Amendment, 32 Wm & Mary L. Rev. 267, 317-25 (1990).
340. Sweezy, 354 U.S. at 250.
341. Sweezy, 354 U.S. at 37-43.
342. Sweezy, 354 U.S. 15-16.
343. Henry Aaron Yeomans, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, 1856-1943, at 310 (1948).
344. Joe Humphrey, Professors Condemn Al-Arian's Firing, Tampa Trib., June 15, 2003, at 1.
345. 89 Academe, No. 3, at 59 (2003).
346. Finkin and Post 89 Academe, No. 3, at 59 (2003).
347. William W. Van Alstyne, The Specific Theory of Academic Freedom and the General Issue of Civil Liberties, 404 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 140, 146-47 (1972)
348. Van Alstyne, The Specific Theory of Academic Freedom and the General Issue of Civil Liberties, 404 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 140, 146. (1972)
349. Rebecca Gose Lynch, Pawns of the State or Priests of Democracy: Analyzing Professors' Academic Freedom Rights Within the State's Managerial Realm, 91 Calif. L. Rev. 1061 (2003).
350. Schrier v. Univ. of Colo., 427 F.3d 1253 (10th Cir. 2005)
351. Jeffries v Harlseton, 52 F.3d 9 (2d Cir. 1995).
352. 484 U.S. 260 (1988). The most commonly applied tests are variations of one sort or another of what we have called the Hazelwood test and the Pickering-Connick-Garcetti or PCG test." at 816.
353. Axson-Flynn v. Johnson, 356 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2004)
354. Scallet v. Rosenblum, 911 F. Supp. 999, 1010 (W.D. Va. 1996).
355. 926 F.2d 1066 (11th Cir. 1991). at 1074.
356. 926 F.2d 1066 (11th Cir. 1991). at 1075.
357. Piggee v. Carl Sandburg College, 464 F.3d 667, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2006).
358. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (1987).
359. Benjamin R. Barber, An Aristocracy of Everyone: The Politics of Education and the Future of America 15 (1992)
360. Tinker v. Des Moines School Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)
361. Bethel v. School Dist. No. 403 v. Frazer, 478 U.S. 675 (1986).
362. Robert Post, Racist Speech, Democracy, and the First Amendment, 32 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 267, 317-25 (1990).
363. Areen, Racist Speech, Democracy, and the First Amendment, 32 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 267, 317-25 (1990).
364. Aronov, 926 F.2d at 1068.
365. Dewey, 926 F.2d at 1068.
366. 547 U.S. 410 (2006).at 421.
367. Mayer v. Monroe County Community School Corp., 474 F.3d 477 (7th Cir. 2007). at 839.
368. Renken v. Gregory, 541 F.3d 769, 773 (7th Cir. 2008).
369. Capeheart v. Hahs, Slip Copy, 2011 WL 657848 (N.D. Ill. 2011)
370. Isenalumhe v. McDuffie, 697 F.Supp.2d 367 (E.D.N.Y. 2010)
371. Miller v. Univ. of S. Ala., Slip Copy, 2010 WL 1994910 (S.D. Ala. 2010)
372. Sadid v. Idaho State Univ., Slip Copy, No. CV-2008-3942-OC, (Idaho 6th Jud. Dist. Dec. 18, 2009).
373. Kerr v. Hurd, 694 F.Supp.2d 817, 843-44 (S.D. Ohio 2010)
374. Sheldon v. Bilbir Dhillon, Slip Copy, 2009 WL 4282086 (N.D. Cal. 2009).
375. Adams v. Trustees of the UNCW, Slip Copy, No. 10-1413 (4th Cir. Apr. 6, 2011)
376. Savage v. Gee, 716 F.Supp.2d 709 (S.D. Ohio 2010);
377. Gorum v. Sessoms, 561 F.3d 179 (3d Cir. 2009)
378. Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 425.
379. Garcetti, 547 U.S.at 295.
380. Matthew Finkin, Intramural Speech, Academic Freedom, and the First Amendment, 66 Tex. L. Rev. 1323, 1337-38 (1988).
381. Francis Bacon, The Essaies ("Of Heresies") np (1613).
382. Francis Bacon, Essays with Annotations by Richard Whately 577 (1868).
383. T. S. Eliot, choruses from "The Rock," in The Complete Poems and Plays 1909-1950 96 (1962).
384. Robert Post, Informed Consent to Abortion: A First Amendment Analysis of Compelled Physician Speech, 2007 Ill. L. Rev. 939
385. Al Kamen, Backlash Brewing, Wash. Post, February 10, 2006, at A17;
386. Censoring Truth, N.Y. Times, February 9, 2006
387. Joan W. Scott, Academic Freedom as an Ethical Practice, in The Future of Academic Freedom 175 (Louis Menand ed., 1996).
388. David Caudill, Law, Science, and Science Studies: Contrasting the Deposition of a Scientific Expert with Ethnographic Studies of Scientific Practice, 12 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 88 (2002).
389. Milton Friedman & Rose D. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 154-55 (2d ed. 1982).
390. Clayton M. Christensen et al., Will Disruptive Innovations Cure Health Care?, Harv. Bus. Rev., Sept.-Oct. 2000, at 107-8.
391. Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics 128 (1994).