Southern political party activists: Patterns of conflict and change, 1991-2001

Southern Political Party Activists: Patterns of Conflict and Change, 1991-2001

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-254

  Clark, John A ^a   Prysby, Charles L ^b  

^a WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902914847     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (283)

1. Abramowitz, Alan I., John McGlennon, and Ronald Rapoport. 1983. "The Party Isn't Over: Incentives for Activism in the 1980 Presidential Nominating Campaign. " Journal of Politics 45:1006-1015.
2. Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. 1998. "Ideological Realignment in the U. S. Electorate." Journal of Politics 60:634-652.
3. Abramowitz, Alan I., and Walter J. Stone. 1984. Nomination Politics: Party Activists and Presidential Choice. New York: Praeger.
4. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David A. Rohde. 2002. Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections. Washington DC: CQ Press.
5. Agranoff, Robert. 1976. The Management of Election Campaigns. Boston: Holbrook Press.
6. Aistrup, Joseph A. 1996. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.
7. Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
8. Aldrich, John H. 2000. "Southern Parties in State and Nation. " Journal of Politics 62:643-670.
9. Appleton, Andrew, and Daniel Ward. 1994. "Party Organizational Response to Electoral Change: Texas and Arkansas." American Review of Politics 15:191-212.
10. Backstrom, Charles. 1977. "Congress and the Public: How Representative is One of the Other?" American Politics Quarterly 5:411-434.
11. Baer, Denise L., and David A. Bositis. 1988. Elite Cadres and Party Coalitions. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
12. Baer, Denise L., and David A. Bositis. 1993. Politics and Linkage in a Democratic Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
13. Baker, Tod A. 1990. "The Emergence of the Religious Right and the Development of the Two-Party System in the South." In Political Parties in the Southern States, ed. Tod Baker, Charles D. Hadley, Robert P. Steed, and Laurence W. Moreland. New York: Praeger.
14. Baker, Tod A., Robert P. Steed, and Laurence W. Moreland. 1998. "Culture Wars and Religion in the South: The Changing Character of the Party Struggle." In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
15. Barth, Jay. 1992. "Dual Partisanship in the South: Anachronism, or a Real Barrier to Republican Success in the Region. " Midsouth Journal of Political Science 13:487-500.
16. Barth, Jay. 2002. "Gender and Southern Party Activists: Evidence from the 2001 Southern Grassroots Party Activists Project." Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Savannah, GA.
17. Bartley, Numan V., and Hugh D. Graham. 1975. Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
18. Beck, Paul Allen. 1974. "Environment and Party: The Impact of Political and Demographic County Characteristics on Party Behavior." American Political Science Review 68:1229-1244.
19. Beck, Paul Allen. 1977. "Partisan Dealignment in the Postwar South." American Political Science Review 71:477-496.
20. Beck, Paul Allen. 1997. Party Politics in America. 8th ed. New York: Longman.
21. Belloni, Frank P., and Dennis C. Beller. 1976. "The Study of Party Factions in Competitive Political Organizations." Western Political Quarterly 29:532-549.
22. Berard, Stanley P. 2001. Southern Democrats in the U. S. House of Representatives. Norman: University of Oklahoma.
23. Bibby, John F. 1980. "Party Renewal in the National Republican Party." In Party Renewal in America, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. New York: Praeger.
24. Bibby, John F. 1998. "Par ty Orgnizations, 1946-1996." In Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics, ed. Byron E. Shafer. New York: Chatham House.
25. Bibby, John F. 1999a. "Party Networks: National-State Integration, Allied Groups, and Issue Activists." In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 3rd ed., ed. John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
26. Bibby, John F. 1999b. "State and Local Parties in a Candidate-Centered Age." In American State and Local Politics: Directions for the 21st Century, ed. Ronald E. Weber and Paul Brace. New York: Chatham House.
27. Biggar, Jeanne C. 1984. The Graying of the Sunbelt: A Look at the Impact of Elderly U. S. Migration. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
28. Biggar, Jeanne C., and Francis C. Biasiolli. 1978. "Metropolitan Deconcentration: Subareal In-Migration and Central City to Ring Mobility Patterns Among Southern SMSAs." Demography 15:589-603.
29. Bishop, George, Alfred Tuchfarber, and Robert Oldendick. 1978. "Change in the Structure of American Political Attitudes: The Nagging Question of Question Wording." American Journal of Political Science 22:250-269.
30. Black, Earl. 1983. "A Theory of Southern Factionalism." Journal of Politics 45:594-614.
31. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 1987. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 1992. The Vital South. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
33. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 2002. The Rise of Southern Republicans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
34. Blumberg, Melanie, William C. Binning, and John C. Green. 2003. "No Mo[mentum] in Ohio: Local Parties and the 2000 Presidential Campaign. " In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
35. Blumenthal, Sidney. 1982. The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives. Boston: Beacon Press.
36. Bowman, Lewis, and G. R. Boynton. 1966a. "Activities and Role Definitions of Grassroots Party Officials." Journal of Politics 28:121-143.
37. Bowman, Lewis, and G. R. Boynton. 1966b. "Recruitment Patterns Among Local Party Officials: A Model and Some Preliminary Findings in Selected Locales." American Political Science Review 60:667-676.
38. Bowman, Lewis, William E. Hulbary, and Anne E. Kelley. 1990. "Party Sorting at the Grassroots: Stable Partisans and Party Changers Among Florida's Precinct Officials." In The Disappearing South? Studies in Regional Change and Continuity, ed. Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
39. Bowman, Lewis, Dennis S. Ippolito, and William Donaldson. 1969. "Incentives for the Maintenance of Grassroots Political Activism." Midwest Journal of Political Science 13:126-139.
40. Breaux, David, Stephen D. Shaffer, and Patrick Cotter. 1998. "Mass/Elite Linkage." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
41. Broder, David. 1972. The Party's Over. New York: Harper & Row.
42. Brodsky, David, and Simeon Brodsky. 1998. "Communication Patterns." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
43. Brodsky, David M., and Patrick R. Cotter. 1998. "Political Issues and Political Parties." In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
44. Brown, Thad A. 1988. Mig ration Politics: The Impact of Population Mobility on American Voting Behavior. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
45. Bruce, John M., and John A. Clark. 1998. "Segmented Partisanship in a Southern Political Elite." Polity 30:627-644.
46. Bullock, Charles S. III. 1988. "Creeping Realignment in the South." In The South's New Politics: Realignment and Dealignment, ed. Robert H. Swansbrough and David M. Brodsky. Colombia: University of South Carolina Press.
47. Bullock, Charles S. III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Donna R. Hoffman. 2002. "The Consolidation of the White Southern Congressional Vote." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.
48. Bullock, Charles S. III, and Mark J. Rozell, eds. 2003a. The New Politics of the Old South, 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
49. Bullock, Charles S. III, and Mark J. Rozell. 2003b. "Introduction: Southern Politics in the Twenty-first Century." In The New Politics of the Old South, 2nd ed., ed. Charles S. Bullock III and Mark J. Rozell. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
50. Burnham, Walter Dean. 1982. The Current Crisis in American Politics. New York: Oxford Unversity Press.
51. Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1996. "African American Churches and Political Mobilization: The Psychological Impact of Organizational Resources." Journal of Politics 58:935-953.
52. Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1997. "Still Seeing in Black and White: Racial Challenges for the Christian Right." In Sojourners in the Wilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective, ed. Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
53. Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
54. Campbell, Bruce A. 1977a. "Change in the Southern Electorate." American Journal of Political Science 21:37-64.
55. Campbell, Bruce A. 1977b. "Patterns of Change in the Partisan Loyalties of Native Southerners: 1952-1972." Journal of Politics 39:730-761.
56. Canon, Bradley C. 1978. "Factionalism in the South: A Test of Theory and a Revisitation of V. O. Key." American Journal of Political Science 22:833-848.
57. Carmines, Edward G., and Harold W. Stanley. 1990. "Ideological Realignment in the Contemporary South: Where Have All the Conservatives Gone?" In The Disappearing South: Studies in Regional Change and Continuity, ed. Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod. A. Baker. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama.
58. Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
59. Clark, John A. 1997. "Georgia." In State Party Profiles: A 50-State Guide to Development, Organization, and Resources, ed. Andrew M. Appleton and Daniel S. Ward. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
60. Clark, John A., and Brad Lockerbie. 1993. "Party Integration in Southern Grassroots Parties." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
61. Clark, John A., and Brad Lockerbie. 1998. "Split-Partisan Identification. " In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
62. Clark, John A., Brad Lockerbie, and Peter W. Wielhouwer. 1998. "Campaign Activities." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
63. Clark, John A., and Charles Prysby, eds. 2003. American Review of Politics 24 (Spring and Summer). Special double issue on grassroots party activists in southern politics.
64. Clark, Peter, and James Q. Wilson. 1961. "Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organization. " Administrative Science Quarterly 6:129-166.
65. Clarke, Harold D., Euel Elliott, and Thomas H. Roback. 1991. "Domestic Issue Ideology and Activist Style: A Note on 1980 Republican Convention Delegates." Journal of Politics 53:519-534.
66. Clawson, Rosalee A., and John A. Clark. 1998. "Party Activists as Agents of Change: Women, Blacks, and Political Parties in the South." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
67. Clawson, Rosalee A., and John A. Clark. 2003. "The Attitudinal Structure African American Women Party Activists: The Impact of Race, Gender and Religion. " Political Research Quarterly 56:211-221.
68. Cohen, Jeffrey E., Richard Fleisher, and Paul Kantor, eds. 2001. American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence? Washington, DC: CQ Press.
69. Coleman, John J. 1996. "Party Organizational Strength and Public Support for Parties." American Journal of Political Science 40:805-824.
70. Coleman, John J. 2003. "Responsible, Functional, or Both? American Political Parties and the ASPA Report After Fifty Years." In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of American Contemporary Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
71. Committee on Political Parties. American Political Science Association. 1950. Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System. A Report of the Committee on Political Parties of the American Political Science Association. New York: Rinehart.
72. Conger, Kimberly H., and John C. Green. 2002. "Spreading Out and Digging In: Christian Conservatives and State Republican Parties." Campaigns & Elections 23(February):58-65.
73. Converse, Philip E. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter. New York: Free Press.
74. Converse, Philip E. 1966. "On the Possibility of a Major Realignment in the South." In Election and the Political Order, ed. Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
75. Converse, Philip E. 1972. "Change in the American Electorate." In The Human Meaning of Social Change, ed. Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse. New York: Russell Sage.
76. Converse, Philip E., Aage R. Clausen, and Warren E. Miller. 1965. "Electoral Myth and Reality: The 1964 Election. " American Political Science Review 59:321-336.
77. Conway, M. Margaret, and Frank B. Feigert. 1968. "Motivation, Incentive Systems, and the Political Party Organization. " American Political Science Review 62:1159-1173.
78. Conway, M. Margaret, and Frank B. Feigert. 1974. "Incentives and Task Performance Among Party Precinct Workers." Western Political Quarterly 27:693-709.
79. Cotter, Cornelius P. and John F. Bibby. 1980. "Institutional Development of Parties and the Thesis of Party Decline." Political Science Quarterly 95:1-27.
80. Cotter, Cornelius P., James L. Gibson, John F. Bibby, and Robert J. Huckshorn. 1984. Party Organizations in American Politics. New York: Praeger.
81. Cowden, Jonathan A. 2001. "Southernization of the Nation and Nationalization of the South: Racial Conservation, Social Welfare, and White Partisans in the United States, 1956-92." British Journal of Political Science 31:277-302.
82. Crotty, William J. 1971. "Party Effort and Its Impact on the Vote." American Political Science Review 65:439-450.
83. Crotty, William J., and Gary C. Jacobson. 1980. American Parties in Decline. Boston: Little, Brown.
84. Cutright, Phillips, and Peter H. Rossi. 1958. "Grass Roots Politicians and the Vote." American Sociological Review 23:171-179.
85. David, Paul T. 1992. "The APSA Committee on Political Parties." Perspectives on Political Science 21:70-79.
86. D'Emilio, John. 2003. Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin. New York: Free Press.
87. Dodson, Debra L. 1990. "Socialization of Party Activists: National Convention Delegates, 1972-81." American Journal of Political Science 34:1119-1141.
88. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
89. Dye, Thomas R. 1966. Politics, Economics, and the Public. Chicago: Rand McNally.
90. Dyson, Michael Eric. 2000. I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King Jr. New York: Free Press.
91. Echols, Margaret Thompson, and Austin Ranney. 1976. "The Impact of Intraparty Competition Reconsidered: The Case of Florida." Journal of Politics 38:142-152.
92. Edsall, Thomas B., and Alan Cooperman. 2002. "GOP Using Faith Initiative to Woo Voters." Washington Post, September 15, A5.
93. Eldersveld, Samuel J. 1964. Political Parties: A Behavioral Analysis. Chicago: Rand McNally.
94. Epstein, Leon. 1986. Political Parties in the American Mold. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
95. Erikson, Robert S., and Kent L. Tedin. 2003. American Public Opinion: Its Origin, Content, and Impact. 6th ed. New York: Longman.
96. Feigert, Frank B. 1973. "Conservatism, Populism, and Social Change." American Behavioral Scientist 17:272-278.
97. Feigert, Frank B., and John R. Todd. 1998a. "Migration and Party Change." In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
98. Feigert, Frank B., and John R. Todd. 1998b. "Party Maintenance Activities." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
99. Francia, Peter L., Paul S. Herrnson, John P. Frendreis, and Alan R. Gitelson. 2003. "The Battle for the Legislature: Party Campaigning in State House and State Senate Elections." In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
100. Frederick, Marla F. 2003. Between Sundays: Black Women and Everyday Struggles of Faith. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
101. Frendreis, John P., James L. Gibson, and Laura L. Vertz. 1990. "The Electoral Relevance of Local Party Organizations." American Political Science Review 84:225-235.
102. Frendreis, John, and Alan R. Gitelson. 1999. "Local Parties in the 1990s: Spokes in a Candidate-Centered Wheel." In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 2nd ed., ed. John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
103. Garrow, David J. 1986. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Vintage Books.
104. Geer, John, and Mark E. Shere. 1992. "Party Competition and the Prisoner's Dilemma: An Argument for the Direct Primary." Journal of Politics 54:741-761.
105. Genovese, Eugene D. 1976. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books.
106. Gibson, James L., John P. Frendreis, and Laura L. Vertz. 1989. "Party Dynamics in the 1980s: Change in County Party Organizational Strength, 1980-1984." American Journal of Political Science 33:67-90.
107. Glaser, James M. 1996. Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
108. Green, John C. 2002. "Believers for Bush, Godly for Gore: Religion and the 2000 Election in the South." In The 2000 Presidential Election in the South, ed. Robert P. Steed and Laurence W. Moreland. Westport, CT: Praeger.
109. Green, John C., and Rick Farmer, eds. 2003. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 4th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
110. Green, John C., and Paul S. Herrnson, eds. 2002. Responsible Partnership? The Evolution of American Political Parties Since 1950. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
111. Green, John C., Lyman A. Kellstedt, Corwin E. Smidt, and James L. Guth. 2002. "The Soul of the South: Religion and Southern Politics at the Millennium." In The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics, 2nd ed., ed. Charles S. Bullock III and Mark J. Rozell. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
112. Green, John C., Mark J. Rozell, and Clyde Wilcox, eds. 2003. The Christian Right in American Politics: Marching to the Millennium. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
113. Green, John C., and Daniel M. Shea, eds. 1999. The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
114. Gurwitt, Rob. 2003. "A Profile in Courage: Leading the Fight for Fiscal Fairness and Flexibility." Governing (November):25.
115. Hadley, Charles D. 1985. "Dual Partisan Identification in the South." Journal of Politics 47:254-268.
116. Hadley, Charles D., and Lewis Bowman, eds. 1995. Southern State Party Organizations and Activists. Westport, CT: Praeger.
117. Hadley, Charles D., and Susan E. Howell. 1980. "The Southern Split Ticket Voter, 1952-76: Republican Conversion or Democratic Decline?" In Party Politics in the South, ed. Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. NewYork: Praeger.
118. Hadley, Charles D., and Harold W. Stanley. 1998. "Race and the Democratic Biracial Coalition. " In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
119. Harmel, Robert, and Kenneth Janda. 1982. Parties and Their Environments: Limits to Reform? New York: Longman.
120. Harris, Fredrick C. 1999. Something Within: Religion in African-American Political Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Harris, Louis. 1954. Is There a Republican Majority? New York: Harper and Brothers.
122. Hauss, Charles S., and L. Sandy Maisel. 1986. "Extremist Delegates: Myth and Reality." In The Life of the Parties: Activists in Presidential Politics, ed. Ronald B. Rapoport, Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
123. Hedges, Roman B. 1984. "Reasons for Political Involvement: A Study of Contributors to the 1972 Presidential Campaign. " Western Political Quarterly 37:257-271.
124. Herrnson, Paul S. 1988. Party Campaigning in the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
125. Herrnson, Paul S. 1992. "Why the United States Does Not Have Responsible Parties." Perspectives in Political Science 21:91-99.
126. Herrnson, Paul S. 1994. "The Revitalization of National Party Organizations." In The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, 2nd ed., ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Boulder, CO: Westview.
127. Herrnson, Paul S., and David Menefee-Libey. 1990. "The Dynamics of Party Organizational Development." Midsouth Political Science Journal 11:3-30.
128. Hetherington, Marc J. 2001. "Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization. " American Political Science Review 95:619-632.
129. Hitlin, Robert A., and John S. Jackson III. 1977. "On Amateur and Professional Politicians." Journal of Politics 39:786-793.
130. Hofstetter, C. Richard. 1971. "The Amateur Politician: A Problem in Construct Validation. " Midwest Jour nal of Political Science 15:31-56.
131. Hofstetter, C. Richard. 1973. "Organizational Activists: The Basis of Participation in Amateur and Professional Groups." American Politics Quarterly 1:244-276.
132. Hogan, Robert E. 2003. "Candidate Perceptions of Political Party Campaign Activity in State Legislative Elections." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2:66-85.
133. Hood, M. V. III, and Mark Caleb Smith. 2002. "On the Prospect of Linking Religious-Right Identification with Political Behavior: Panacea or Snipe Hunt?" Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41:697-710.
134. Huckshorn, Robert J., James L. Gibson, Cornelius P. Cotter, and John F. Bibby. 1986. "Party Integration and Party Organizational Strength." Journal of Politics 48:976-991.
135. Hulbary, William E., and Lewis Bowman. 1998. "Recruiting Activists." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
136. Ippolito, Dennis S. 1969. "Motivational Reorientation and Change Among Party Activists." Journal of Politics 31:1098-1101.
137. Ippolito, Dennis S., and Lewis Bowman. 1969. "Goals and Activities of Party Officials in a Suburban Community." Western Political Quarterly 22:572-580.
138. Jackson, John S. III, Barbara L. Brown, and David Bositis. 1982. "Herbert McClosky and Friends Revisited: 1980 Democratic and Republican Party Elites Compared to the Mass Public." American Politics Quarterly 10:158-180.
139. Jelen, Ted G., Corwin E. Smidt, and Clyde Wilcox. 1993. "The Political Effects of the Born-Again Phenomenon. " In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, ed. David C. Leege and Lyman A. Kellstedt. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
140. Jennings, M. Kent. 1992. "Ideological Thinking among Mass Publics and Political Elites." Public Opinion Quarterly 56:419-441.
141. Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi. 1966. "Party Identification at Multiple Levels of Government." American Journal of Sociology 72:86-101.
142. Kagay, Michael. 1991. "The Use of Public Opinion Polls by The New York Times." In Polling and Presidential Election Coverage, ed. Paul J. Lavrakas and Jack Holley. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
143. Katz, Daniel, and Samuel J. Eldersveld. 1961. "The Impact of Local Party Activity upon the Electorate." Public Opinion Quarterly 25:1-24.
144. Katz, Richard S. 1979. "The Dimensionality of Party Identification: Cross-National Perspectives." Comparative Politics 11:147-163.
145. Katzman, Martin T. 1978. The Quality of Municipal Services, Central City Decline, and Middle Class Flight. Cambridge, MA: Department of City and Regional Planning, Harvard University.
146. Kayden, Xandra, and Eddie Mahe, Jr. 1985. The Party Goes On. New York: Basic Books.
147. Key, V. O. Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
148. Key, V. O. Jr. 1959. "Secular Realignment and the Party System." Journal of Politics 21:198-210.
149. Key, V. O. Jr. 1966. The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936-1960. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
150. Key, V. O. Jr. 1967. Public Opinion and American Democracy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
151. Kirkpatrick, Evron. 1971. "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: Political Science, Policy Science, or Pseudo-Science?" American Political Science Review 65:965-990.
152. Kirkpatrick, Jeane. 1975. "Representation in the American National Conventions: The Case of 1972." British Journal of Political Science 5:265-322.
153. Kirkpatrick, Jeane. 1976. The New Presidential Elite. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
154. Klinkner, Philip A. 1994. The Losing Parties: Out-Party National Committees 1956-1993. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
155. Knuckey, Jonathan. 2000. "Explaining Southern Republican Success in U. S. House Elections in the 1990s." American Review of Politics 21:179-199.
156. Knuckey, Jonathan. 2001. "Ideological Realignment and Partisan Change in the American South, 1972-1996." Politics and Policy 29:337-358.
157. Kramer, Gerald H. 1970. "The Effects of Precinct-Level Canvassing on Voter Behavior." Public Opinion Quarterly 34:560-572.
158. La Raja, Raymond J. 2003. "State Parties and Soft Money: How Much Party Building?" In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
159. Ladd, Everett and Charles Hadley. 1975. Political Parties and Political Institutions: Patterns and Differentiation Since the New Deal. Beverly Hills: Sage.
160. Lamis, Alexander P. 1990. The Two-Party South. Exp. rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
161. Lamis, Alexander P., ed. 1999. Southern Politics in the 1990s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
162. Layman, Geoffrey C. 1999. "'Culture Wars' in the American Party System: Religious and Cultural Change Among Partisan Activists Since 1972." American Politics Quarterly 27:89-121.
163. Layman, Geoffrey. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
164. Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 2002. "Party Polarization and 'Conflict Extension' in the American Electorate." American Journal of Political Science 46:786-802.
165. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1944. The People's Choice. New York: Deull, Sloan, and Pearce.
166. Le Duc, Lance, Harold D. Clarke, Jane Jenson, and John H. Pammett. 1984. "Partisan Instability in Canada: Evidence from a New Panel Study." American Political Science Review 78:470-484.
167. Lewis, John. 1998. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: Simon & Schuster.
168. Lincoln, Eric C., and Lawrence A. Mamiya. 1990. The Black Church in the African American Experience. Durham: Duke University Press.
169. Long, L. H. 1975. "How the Racial Composition of Cities Changes." Land Economics 60:258-267.
170. Lubell, Samuel. 1952. The Future of American Politics. New York: Harper and Brothers.
171. Lyons, William, and Robert F. Durant. 1980. "Assessing the Impact of In-migration on a State Political System." Social Science Quarterly 61:473-484.
172. MacDonald, Stuart Elaine, and George Rabinowitz. 1987. "The Dynamics of Structural Realignment." American Political Science Review 81:775-796.
173. Maisel, L. Sandy, ed. 1998. The Parties Respond. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
174. Maggiotto, Michael A., and Ronald E. Weber. 1986. "The Impact of Organizational Incentives on County Party Chairpersons." American Politics Quarterly 14:201-218.
175. Marchant-Shapiro, Theresa, and Kelly D. Patterson. 1995. "Partisan Change in the Mountain West." Political Behavior 17:359-378.
176. Mayhew, David R. 1986. Placing Parties in American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
177. McAllister, Ian. 1991. "Party Adaptation and Factionalism within the Australian Party System." American Journal of Political Science 35:206-227.
178. McClosky, Herbert, Paul J. Hoffman, and Rosemary O'Hara. 1960. "Issue Conflict and Consensus Among Party Leaders and Followers." American Political Science Review 54:406-429.
179. McGlennon, John. 1998a. "Factions in the Politics of the New South." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
180. McGlennon, John J. 1998b. "Ideology and the Southern Party Activist: Poles Apart or Reflecting the Polls?" In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
181. Menefee-Libey, David. 2000. The Triumph of Campaign-Centered Politics. New York: Chatham House.
182. Miller, Gary, and Norman Schofield. 2003. "Activists And Partisan Realignment in the United States." American Political Science Review 97:245-260.
183. Miller, Penny M., Malcolm E. Jewell, and Lee Sigelman. 1987. "Reconsidering a Typology of Incentives Among Campaign Activists: A Research Note." Western Political Quarterly 40:519-526.
184. Miller, Warren E., and M. Kent Jennings. 1986. Parties in Transition: A Longitudinal Study of Party Elites and Party Supporters. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
185. Miller, Warren E., and J. Merrill Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
186. Montjoy, Robert S., William R. Shaffer, and Ronald E. Weber. 1980. "Policy Preferences of Party Elites and Masses: Conflict or Consensus?" American Politics Quarterly 8:319-344.
187. Morehouse, Sarah M., and Malcolm E. Jewell. 2003. "State Parties: Independent Partners in the Money Relationship. " In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
188. Moreland, Laurence W. 1990a. "The Ideological and Issue Bases of Southern Parties." In Political Parties in the Southern States, ed. Tod Baker, Charles D. Hadley, Robert P. Steed, and Laurence W. Moreland. New York: Praeger.
189. Moreland, Laurence W. 1990b. "The Impact of Immigration on the Composition of Party Coalitions." In Political Parties in the Southern States, ed. Tod Baker, Charles D. Hadley, Robert P. Steed, and Laurence W. Moreland. New York: Praeger.
190. Moreland, Laurence W., and Robert P. Steed. 1998a. "The Impact of In-Migration on Party Elites: The Case of South Carolina." Presented at the 1998 annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Los Angeles, CA.
191. Moreland, Laurence W., and Robert P. Steed. 1998b. "The Impact of Newcomers Among Republican Party Activists at the State and Local Levels in South Carolina." Presented at the 1998 fall meeting of the National Social Science Association, New Orleans, LA.
192. Moreland, Laurence W., and Robert P. Steed. 2001. "Non-Southerners in the South: Non-Natives and Party Elites in South Carolina." Presented at the 2001 spring meeting of the National Social Science Association, Las Vegas, NV.
193. Moreland, Laurence W., Robert P. Steed, and Tod A. Baker. 1986. "Migration and Activist Politics." In The Life of the Parties: Activists in Presidential Politics, ed. Ronald B. Rapoport, Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
194. Moreland, Laurence W., Robert P. Steed, and Tod A. Baker, eds. 1987. Blacks in Southern Politics. New York: Praeger.
195. Nexon, David. 1971. "Asymmetry in the Political System: Occasional Activists in the Republican and Democratic Parties, 1956-1964." American Political Science Review 65:716-730.
196. Nie, Norman, Sidney Verba, and John Petrocik. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Exp. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
197. Niemi, Richard G., Stephen Wright, and Lynda Powell. 1987. "Multiple Party Identifiers and the Measurement of Party Identification. " Journal of Politics 49:1093-1103.
198. Norrander, Barbara. 1999. "The Evolution of the Gender Gap. " Public Opinion Quarterly 63:566-576.
199. Oldfield, Duane M. 1996a. "The Christian Right in the Presidential Nominating Process." In In Pursuit of the White House-How We Choose Our Presidential Nominees, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
200. Oldfield, Duane. 1996b. The Right and the Righteous: The Christian Right
201. Persinos, John F. 1994. "Has the Christian Right Taken Over the Republican Party?" Campaigns and Elections (September):21-24.
202. Petrocik, John R. 1974. "An Analysis of the Intransitivities in the Index of Party Identification. " Political Methodology 1:31-47.
203. Petrocik, John R. 1987. "Realignment: New Party Coalitions and the Nationalization of the South." Journal of Politics 49:347-375.
204. Polsby, Nelson W. 1983. Consequences of Party Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
205. Pomper, Gerald M. 1971. "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System? What? Again?" Journal of Politics 33:916-940.
206. Pomper, Gerald M. 2003. "Parliamentary Government in the United States: A New Regime for a New Century?" In The State of the Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
207. Price, David E. 1984. Bringing Back the Parties. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
208. Prysby, Charles L. 1989. "The Structure of Southern Electoral Behavior." American Politics Quarterly 17:163-180.
209. Prysby, Charles. 1998a. "Party Switchers and the Party System." In Party Activists in Southern Politics: Mirrors and Makers of Change, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
210. Prysby, Charles. 1998b. "Purist versus Pragmatic Orientations." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
211. Prysby, Charles. 2000. "Southern Congressional Elections in the 1990s: The Dynamics of Change." American Review of Politics 21:155-177.
212. Prysby, Charles. 2003. "Purist Versus Pragmatist Orientations Among Political Party Activists: Grassroots Activists in the South, 1991-2001." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.
213. Ranney, Austin. 1951. "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Commentary." American Political Science Review 45:488-499.
214. Ranney, Austin. 1975. Cur ing the Mischiefs of Faction: Par ty Refor m in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
215. Ransom, John Crowe. 1930] 1977. "Reconstructed but Unregenerate." In Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand. New York: Harper and Brothers. Reprint Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press.
216. Reichley, A. James. 1992. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. New York: Free Press.
217. Reiter, Howard L. 1981. "Intra-Party Cleavages in the United States Today." Western Political Quarterly 34:287-300.
218. Roback, Thomas H. 1975. "Amateurs and Professionals: Delegates to the 1972 Republican National Convention. " Journal of Politics 37:436-468.
219. Roback, Thomas H. 1980. "Motivation for Activism Among Republican National Convention Delegates: Continuity and Change, 1972-1976." Journal of Politics 42:181-201.
220. Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
221. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
222. Rozell, Mark J., and Clyde Wilcox. 1996. Second Coming: The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
223. Salmore, Stephen A., and Barbara G. Salmore. 1989. Candidates, Parties, and Campaigns: Electoral Politics in America. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
224. Scammon, Richard M., and Ben J. Wattenberg. 1970. The Real Majority. New York: Coward-McCann.
225. Schaffner, Brian F., Matthew Streb, and Gerald Wright. 2001. "Teams without Leaders: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections." Political Research Quarterly 54:7-30.
226. Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Rinehart.
227. Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
228. Scher, Richard K. 1997. Politics in the New South. 2nd ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
229. Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1985. "The New American Political Party." American Political Science Review 79:1152-1169.
230. Schneider, Paige L. 1998. "Factionalism in the Southern Republican Party." American Review of Politics 19:129-148.
231. Schwartz, Mildred A. 1990. The Party Network. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
232. Shaffer, Stephen D. 1980. "The Policy Biases of Political Activists." American Politics Quarterly 8:15-33.
233. Shaffer, Stephen D., and David A. Breaux. 1998. "Activists' Incentives." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
234. Shaffer, Stephen, and Monica Johnson. 1996. "Return of the Solid South? Exploring Partisan Realignment in Mississippi." Southeastern Political Review 24:757-776.
235. Shaffer, Stephen D., Stacie Berry Pierce, and Steven A. Kohnke. 2000. "Party Realignment in the South: A Multi-Level Analysis." American Review of Politics 21:129-153.
236. Shaffer, Stephen D., and Byron Price. 2001. "Electoral Politics in a Two-Party Era." In Politics in Mississippi, 2nd ed., ed. Joseph B. Parker. Salem, WI: Sheffield.
237. Sharkansky, Ira. 1969. Regionalism in American Politics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
238. Shin, Eui-Hang. 1978. "Effects of Migration on the Educational Levels of the Black Resident Population at the Origin and Destination, 1955-1960 and 1965-1970." Demography 15:41-56.
239. Singer, Eleanor. 1981. "Reference Groups and Social Evaluations." In Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, ed. Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner. New York: Basic Books.
240. Smith, Mark Caleb. 2002. "With Friends Like These: The Religious Right, the Republican Party, and Electoral Politics." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.
241. Smith, Oran P. 1997. The Rise of Baptist Republicans. New York: New York University Press.
242. Soule, John W., and James W. Clarke. 1970. "Amateurs and Professionals: A Study of Delegates to the 1968 Democratic National Convention. " American Political Science Review 64:888-898.
243. Soule, John W., and Wilma E. McGrath. 1975. "A Comparative Study of Presidential Nomination Conventions: The Democrats 1968 and 1972." American Journal of Political Science 19:501-517.
244. Stanley, Harold W. 1988. "Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?" Journal of Politics 50:65-88.
245. Stanley, Harold W. 1995. "Party Activists in the South." In Southern State Party Organizations and Activists, ed. Charles D. Hadley and Lewis Bowman. Westport, CT: Praeger.
246. Stanley, Harold W., and David S. Castle. 1988. "Partisan Changes in the South: Making Sense of Scholarly Dissonance." In The South's New Politics: Realignment and Dealignment, ed. Robert H. Swansbrough and David M. Brodsky. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
247. Stanley, Harold W., and Richard G. Niemi. 1999. "Party Coalitions in Transition: Partisanship and Group Support, 1952-1996." In Reelection 1996: How Americans Voted, ed. Herbert F. Weisberg and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
248. Steed, Robert P. 1998. "Parties, Ideology, and Issues: The Structuring of Political Conflict." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
249. Steed, Robert P., and Lewis Bowman. 1998. "Strength of Party Attachment." In Party Organization and Activism in the American South, ed. Robert P. Steed, John A. Clark, Lewis Bowman, and Charles D. Hadley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
250. Steed, Robert P., Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. 1981. "In-Migration and Southern State Party Elites." Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Memphis, TN.
251. Steed, Robert P., Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. 1990. "Searching for the Mind of the South in the Second Reconstruction. " In The Disappearing South? Studies in Regional Change and Continuity, ed. Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
252. Steed, Robert P., Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. 1991. "Party Change in the South: A Comparison of the Effects of In-Migration on State and Local Party Organizations in South Carolina." Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Tampa, FL.
253. Steed, Robert P., Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker. 1995. "Party Sorting at the Local Level in South Carolina." National Political Science Review 5:181-196.
254. Stimson, James A. 1975. "Belief Systems: Constraint, Complexity, and the 1972 Election. " American Journal of Political Science 19:393-417.
255. Stone, Walter J. 1982. "Party, Ideology, and the Lure of Victory: Iowa Activists in the 1980 Prenomination Campaign. " Western Political Quarterly 35:527-538.
256. Stone, Walter J., and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1983. "Winning May Not Be Everything, But It's More Than We Thought: Presidential Party Activists in 1980." American Political Science Review 77:945-956.
257. Stone, Walter J., Lonna Rae Atkeson, and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1992. "Turning On or Turning Off? Mobilization and Demobilization Effects of Participation in Presidential Nominating Campaigns." American Journal of Political Science 36:665-691.
258. Swansbrough, Robert H., and David M. Brodsky, eds. 1988. The South's New Politics: Realignment and Dealignment. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
259. Topping, John C. Jr., John R. Lazarek, and William H. Linder. 1966. Southern Republicanism and the New South. Cambridge, MA: n. p.
260. Trish, Barbara. 1994. "Party Integration in Indiana and Ohio: The 1988 and 1992 Presidential Contests." American Review of Politics 15:235-256.
261. Valentine, David C., and John R. Van Wingen. 1980. "Partisanship, Independence and the Partisan Identification Question. " American Politics Quarterly 8:165-186.
262. Van Wingen, John, and David Valentine. 1988. "Partisan Politics: A Oneand-a Half, No-Party System." In Contemporary Southern Politics, ed. James F. Lea. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
263. Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
264. Ware, Alan. 1985. The Breakdown of Democratic Par ty Organization 1940-1980. New York: Oxford University Press.
265. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. "The Building of a Republican Regional Base in the South: The Elephant Crosses the Mason-Dixon Line." Political Opinion Quarterly 55:424-432.
266. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics: Presidential Elections of the 1980s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
267. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1994. The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1992. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
268. Weisberg, Herbet F. 1980. "A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Party Identification. " Political Behavior 2:33-60.
269. Wekkin, Gary D. 1985. "Political Parties and Intergovernmental Relations in 1984: The Consequences of Party Renewal for Territorial Constituencies." Publius 15:19-37.
270. Wekkin, Gary D. 1991. "Why Crossover Voters are Not 'Mischievous Voters': The Segmented Partisanship Hypothesis." American Politics Quarterly 19:229-247.
271. Welch, Susan, and Buster Brown. 1979. "Correlates of Southern Republican Success at the Congressional District Level." Social Science Quarterly 60:732-742.
272. Whitby, Kenny J. and Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr. 1991. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Competing Explanations for the Transformation of Southern Congressional Politics." Journal of Politics 53:504-518.
273. White, John Kenneth. 1992. "Responsible Party Government in America." Perspectives on Political Science 21:80-90.
274. White, John Kenneth. 2001. "Reviving the Political Parties: What Must Be Done?" In The Politics of Ideas, ed. John Kenneth White and John C. Green. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
275. White, John Kenneth. 2002. The Values Divide: American Politics and Culture in Transition. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
276. Wielhouwer, Peter W. 2000. "Releasing the Fetters: Parties and the Mobilization of the African-American Electorate." Journal of Politics 62:206-222.
277. Wielhouwer, Peter W., and Brad Lockerbie. 1994. "Party Contacting and Political Participation, 1952-90." American Journal of Political Science 38:211-229.
278. Wilcox, Clyde. 2000. Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
279. Wildavsky, Aaron. 1965. "The Goldwater Phenomenon: Purists, Politicians, and the Two-Party System." Review of Politics 27:386-413.
280. Wilson, James Q. 1962. The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities-NewY ork, Chicago, Los Angeles. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
281. Wolfinger, Raymond, and Robert E. Arseneau. 1978. "Partisan Change in the South, 1952-1976." In Political Parties: Development and Decay, ed. Louis Maisel and Joseph Cooper. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
282. Wolfinger, Raymond, and Michael G. Hagen. 1985. "Republican Prospects: Southern Comfort." Public Opinion 49:8-13.
283. Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.