Impairments of interpersonal functioning: Empathy and intimacy in borderline personality disorder

Psychopathology

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 220-234

  Jeung, Haang ^a   Herpertz, Sabine C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Borderline personality disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Empathy; Interpersonal behavior; Intimacy

Indexed keywords

BORDERLINE STATE; COGNITION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EMOTION; EMPATHY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; COGNITION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS;

EID: 84902871846     PISSN: 02544962     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000357191     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Stern A: Psychoanalytic investigation and therapy in the borderline group of neuroses. Psychoanal Q 1938; 7: 467-489.
2. Grinker R, Werble B, Drye R: The Borderline Syndrome: A Behavioral Study of Ego Functions. New York, Basic Books, 1968.
3. Gunderson JG, Singer MT: Defining borderline patients: an overview. Am J Psychiatry 1975; 32: 1-10.
4. Gunderson JG, Kolb JE: Discriminating features of borderline patients. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135: 792-796. (Pubitemid 8371292)
5. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Williams JB: Research diagnostic criteria. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 1381-1383.
6. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3. Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
7. World Health Organisation: ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 1992.
8. Modestin J: Quality of interpersonal relationships: the most characteristic DSM-III BPD criterion. Compr Psychiatry 1987; 28: 397-402.
9. Zanarini MC, Gunderson JG, Frankenburg FR, Chauncey DL: Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 161-167. (Pubitemid 20060466)
10. Gunderson JG: Disturbed relationships as a phenotype for borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1637-1640. (Pubitemid 350205336)
11. de Groot ER, Verheul R, Trijsburg RW: An integrative perspective on psychotherapeutic treatments for borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2008; 22: 332-352.
12. Stoffers JM, Völlm BA, Rücker G, Timmer A, Huband N, Lieb K: Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8:CD005652.
13. Stern MI, Herron WG, Primavera LH, Kakuma T: Interpersonal perceptions of depressed and borderline inpatients. J Clin Psychol 1997; 53: 41-49. (Pubitemid 27026942)
14. Gunderson JG: The borderline patient's intolerance of aloneness: insecure attachments and therapist availability. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 752-758.
15. Kernberg O: Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York, Aronson, 1975.
16. Bowlby J: Attachment and los. New York, Basic Books, 1969, vol 1: Attachment.
17. Downey G, Feldman SI: Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996; 70: 1327-1343. (Pubitemid 126418533)
18. Linehan M: Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, Guilford Press, 1993.
19. Zanarini MC, Williams AA, Lewis RE, Reich RB, Vera SC, Marino MF, Levin A, Yong L, Frankenburg FR: Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1101-1106. (Pubitemid 27328826)
20. Lyons-Ruth K, Bureau JF, Holmes B, Easterbrooks A, Brooks NH: Borderline symptoms and suicidality/self-injury in late adolescence: prospectively observed relationship correlates in infancy and childhood. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206: 273-281.
21. Kaess M, Parzer P, Mattern M, Plener PL, Bifulco A, Resch F, Brunner R: Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on frequency, severity, and the individual function of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206: 265-272.
22. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Silk KR, Hudson JI, McSweeney LB: The subsyndromal phenomenology of borderline personality disorder: a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 929-935. (Pubitemid 46972909)
23. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Fitzmaurice G: Attainment and stability of sustained symptomatic remission and recovery among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects: a 16-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169: 476-483.
24. Gunderson JG, Stout RL, McGlashan TH, Shea MT, Morey LC, Grilo CM, Zanarini MC, Yen S, Markowitz JC, Sanislow C, Ansell E, Pinto A, Skodol AE: Ten-year course of borderline personality disorder: psychopathology and function from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 827-837.
25. Choi-Kain LW, Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Fitzmaurice GM, Reich DB: A longitudinal study of the 10-year course of interpersonal features in borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2010; 24: 365-376.
26. Lieb K, Zanarini MC, Schmahl C, Linehan MM, Bohus M: Borderline personality disorder. Lancet 2004; 364: 453-461. (Pubitemid 39036894)
27. Putnam KM, Silk KR: Emotion dysregulation and the development of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17: 899-925. (Pubitemid 43362197)
28. Carpenter RW, Trull TJ: Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15: 335.
29. Herpertz SC, Dietrich TM, Wenning B, Krings T, Erberich SG, Willmes K, Thron A, Sass H: Evidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 292-298. (Pubitemid 32778446)
30. Minzenberg MJ, Fan J, New AS, Tang CY, Siever LJ: Fronto-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 155: 231-243. (Pubitemid 47042366)
31. Schulze L, Domes G, Krüger A, Berger C, Fleischer M, Prehn K, Schmahl C, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Herpertz SC: Neuronal correlates of cognitive reappraisal in borderline patients with affective instability. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69: 564-573.
32. Domes G, Schulze L, Herpertz SC: Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder-a review of the literature. J Pers Disord 2009; 23: 6-19.
33. Fonagy P, Luyten P: A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21: 1355-1381.
34. King-Casas B, Sharp C, Lomax-Bream L, Lohrenz T, Fonagy P, Montague PR: The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science 2008; 321: 806-810.
35. Gusnard DA, Akbudak E, Shulman GL, Raichle ME: Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4259-4264. (Pubitemid 32249932)
36. Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J: Self-referential processing in our brain-a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 440-457. (Pubitemid 44250876)
37. Preston SD, Bechara A, Damasio H, Grabowski TJ, Stansfield RB, Mehta S, Damasio AR: The neural substrates of cognitive empathy. Soc Neurosci 2007; 2: 254-275. (Pubitemid 47190216)
38. Amodio DM, Frith CD: Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 268-277.
39. Stanley B, Siever LJ: The interpersonal dimension of borderline personality disorder: toward a neuropeptide model. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 24-39.
40. Jack A, Connelly JJ, Morris JP: DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene predicts neural response to ambiguous social stimuli. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6: 280.
41. Benjamin LS, Wonderlich SA: Social perceptions and borderline personality disorder: the relation to mood disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 610-624. (Pubitemid 24349343)
42. Black DW, Pfohl B, Blum N, McCormick B, Allen J, North CS, Phillips KA, Robins C, Siever L, Silk KR, Williams JB, Zimmerman M: Attitudes toward borderline personality disorder: a survey of 706 mental health clinicians. CNS Spectr 2011, E-pub ahead of print.
43. Vaillant GE: The beginning of wisdom is never calling a patient a borderline; or, the clinical management of immature defenses in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders. J Psychother Pract Res 1992; 1: 117-134.
44. Lieb K, Völlm B, Rücker G, Timmer A, Stoffers JM: Pharmacotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Cochrane systematic review of randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 4-12.
45. Zanarini MC: Update on pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2004; 6: 66-70. (Pubitemid 38899254)
46. Tyrer P, Crawford M, Mulder R; ICD-11 Working Group for the Revision of Classification of Personality Disorders: Reclassifying personality disorders. Lancet 2011; 377: 1814-1815.
47. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 5. Arlington, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013, pp 31-85.
48. Davis MH: A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 1980; 10: 85.
49. Decety J, Jackson PL: The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2004; 3: 71-100.
50. Harari H, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Ravid M, Levkovitz Y: Double dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175: 277-279.
51. Krämer UM, Mohammadi B, Doñamayor N, Samii A, Münte TF: Emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy and their relation to social cognition-an fMRI-study. Brain Res 2010; 1311: 110-120.
52. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D: Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain 2009; 132: 617-627.
53. Völlm BA, Taylor AN, Richardson P, Corcoran R, Stirling J, McKie S, Deakin JF, Elliott R: Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimage 2006; 29: 90-98. (Pubitemid 41828033)
54. Singer T: The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30: 855-863. (Pubitemid 44292288)
55. Baron-Cohen S, Jolliffe T, Mortimore C, Robertson M: Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997; 38: 813-822. (Pubitemid 27480923)
56. Dziobek I, Rogers K, Fleck S, Bahnemann M, Heekeren HR, Wolf OT, Convit A: Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 38: 464-473.
57. Mier D, Sauer C, Lis S, Esslinger C, Wilhelm J, Gallhofer B, Kirsch P: Neuronal correlates of affective theory of mind in schizophrenia out-patients: evidence for a baseline deficit. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1607-1617.
58. Premack D, Woodruff G: Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci 1978; 1: 515-526. (Pubitemid 10077282)
59. Frith CD, Frith U: The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron 2006; 50: 531-534.
60. Beer JS, Ochsner KN: Social cognition: a multi level analysis. Brain Res 2006; 1079: 98-105.
61. Corcoran R, Frith CD: Autobiographical memory and theory of mind: evidence of a relationship in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 897-905. (Pubitemid 36874669)
62. Krohn A: Borderline 'empathy' and differentiation of object representations: a contribution to the psychology of object relations. Int J Psychoanal Psychother 1974; 3: 142-165.
63. Happe FG: An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J Autism Dev Disord 1994; 24: 129-154. (Pubitemid 24129461)
64. Baron-Cohen S, O'Riordan M, Stone V, Jones R, Plaisted K: Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1999; 29: 407-418.
65. Corcoran R, Cahill C, Frith CD: The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: a study of 'mentalizing' ability. Schizophr Res 1997; 24: 319-327. (Pubitemid 27163243)
66. Peterson E, Miller SF: The Eyes Test as a measure of individual differences: how much of the variance reflects verbal IQ? Front Psychol 2012; 3: 220.
67. Arntz A, Bernstein D, Oorschot M, Schobre P: Theory of mind in borderline and cluster-C personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009; 197: 801-807.
68. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I: The 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001; 42: 241-251. (Pubitemid 32233124)
69. Fertuck EA, Jekal A, Song I, Wyman B, Morris MC, Wilson ST, Brodsky BS, Stanley B: Enhanced 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 1979-1988.
70. Frick C, Lang S, Kotchoubey B, Sieswerda S, Dinu-Biringer R, Berger M, Veser S, Essig M, Barnow S: Hypersensitivity in borderline personality disorder during mindreading. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41650.
71. Preissler S, Dziobek I, Ritter K, Heekeren HR, Roepke S: Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: evidence for disturbed recognition of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4: 182.
72. Scott LN, Levy KN, Adams RB Jr, Stevenson MT: Mental state decoding abilities in young adults with borderline personality disorder traits. Personal Disord 2011; 2: 98-112.
73. Brune M: Emotion recognition, 'theory of mind', and social behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2005; 133: 135-147. (Pubitemid 40312148)
74. Ghiassi V, Dimaggio G, Brune M: Dysfunctions in understanding other minds in borderline personality disorder: a study using cartoon picture stories. Psychother Res 2010; 20: 657-667.
75. Dziobek I, Fleck S, Kalbe E, Rogers K, Hassenstab J, Brand M, Kessler J, Woike JK, Wolf OT, Convit A: Introducing MASC: a movie for the assessment of social cognition. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 36: 623-636. (Pubitemid 44336985)
76. Ritter K, Roepke S, Merkl A, Heuser I, Fydrich T, Lammers CH: Comorbidity in patients with narcissistic personality disorder in comparison to patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2010; 60: 14-24.
77. Sharp C, Pane H, Ha C, Venta A, Patel AB, Sturek J, Fonagy P: Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50: 563-573.561.
78. Murphy D: Theory of mind in Asperger's syndrome, schizophrenia and personality disordered forensic patients. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2006; 11: 99-111. (Pubitemid 43253990)
79. Gallese V, Goldman A: Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends Cogn Sci 1998; 2: 493-501. (Pubitemid 28557112)
80. Dziobek I, Preissler S, Grozdanovic Z, Heuser I, Heekeren HR, Roepke S: Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage 2011; 57: 539-548.
81. Guttman HA, Laporte L: Empathy in families of women with borderline personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, and a control group. Fam Process 2000; 39: 345-358.
82. New AS, aan het Rot M, Ripoll LH, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Lazarus S, Zipursky E, Weinstein SR, Koenigsberg HW, Hazlett EA, Goodman M, Siever LJ: Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. J Pers Disord 2012; 26: 660-675.
83. Mier D, Lis S, Esslinger C, Sauer C, Hagenhoff M, Ulferts J, Gallhofer B, Kirsch P: Neuronal correlates of social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8: 531-537.
84. Matzke B, Herpertz SC, Berger C, Fleischer M, Domes G: Facial reactions to emotional expressions in borderline personality disorder: a facial EMG study. Psychopathology, in press.
85. Dyck M, Habel U, Slodczyk J, Schlummer J, Backes V, Schneider F, Reske M: Negative bias in fast emotion discrimination in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 855-864.
86. Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Vinogradov S: Social-emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2006; 47: 468-474. (Pubitemid 44602022)
87. Hazlett EA, Zhang J, New AS, Zelmanova Y, Goldstein KE, Haznedar MM, Meyerson D, Goodman M, Siever LJ, Chu KW: Potentiated amygdala response to repeated emotional pictures in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72: 448-456.
88. Donegan NH, Sanislow CA, Blumberg HP, Fulbright RK, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Olson IR, McGlashan TH, Wexler BE: Amygdala hyperreactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 1284-1293. (Pubitemid 37464873)
89. Adolphs R, Spezio M: Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli. Prog Brain Res 2006; 156: 363-378. (Pubitemid 44479790)
90. Decety J, Meyer M: From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: a social developmental neuroscience account. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20: 1053-1080.
91. Singer T, Critchley HD, Preuschoff K: A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends Cogn Sci 2009; 13: 334-340.
92. Fan Y, Duncan NW, de Greck M, Northoff G: Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35: 903-911.
93. Jackson PL, Brunet E, Meltzoff AN, Decety J: Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44: 752-761. (Pubitemid 43327398)
94. Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J: The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19: 42-58. (Pubitemid 46106022)
95. Hill J, Pilkonis P, Morse J, Feske U, Reynolds S, Hope H, Charest C, Broyden N: Social domain dysfunction and disorganization in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2008; 38: 135-146. (Pubitemid 350275214)
96. Swartz M, Blazer D, George L, Winfield I: Estimating the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the community. J Person Disord 1990; 4: 257-272. (Pubitemid 20314209)
97. Labonte E, Paris J: Life events in borderline personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38: 638-640. (Pubitemid 24036907)
98. Stone MH: The Fate of Borderline Patients: Successful Outcome and Psychiatric Practice. New York, Guilford, 1990.
99. McGlashan TH: Borderline personality disorder and unipolar affective disorder: longterm effects of comorbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987; 175: 467-473. (Pubitemid 17127941)
100. Paris J, Brown R, Nowlis D: Long-term follow-up of borderline patients in a general hospital. Compr Psychiatry 1987; 28: 530-535. (Pubitemid 18018780)
101. Riley G: Divorce: An American Tradition. New York, Oxford University Press, 1991.
102. Paris J, Zweig-Frank H: A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42: 482-487. (Pubitemid 33095793)
103. Clarkin JF, Levy KN, Lenzenweger MF, Kernberg OF: Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 922-928. (Pubitemid 46972908)
104. US Bureau of the Census: Marital status: 2010. Washington, Government Printing Office. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-30.pdf.
105. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR: Psychosocial functioning of borderline patients and axis II comparison subjects followed prospectively for six years. J Pers Disord 2005; 19: 19-29. (Pubitemid 40397361)
106. Bouchard S, Godbout N, Sabourin S: Sexual attitudes and activities in women with borderline personality disorder involved in romantic relationships. J Sex Marital Ther 2009; 35: 106-121.
107. Charitat H, Schmitt L: Epidemiology of personality disorders [in French]; in Féline A, Guelfi JD, Hardy P (eds): Personality Disorders (in French). Paris, Flammarion, 2002, pp 123-134.
108. Davis MH, Oathout HA: Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy and relational competence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 53: 397-410.
109. Daley SE, Burge D, Hammen C: Borderline personality disorder symptoms as predictors of 4-year romantic relationship dysfunction in young women: addressing issues of specificity. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109: 451-460.
110. Trull TJ, Useda JD, Conforti K, Doan BT: Borderline personality disorder features in nonclinical young adults: 2. Two-year outcome. J Abnorm Psychol 1997; 106: 307-314. (Pubitemid 27184751)
111. Tragesser SL, Benfield J: Borderline personality disorder features and mate retention tactics. J Pers Disord 2012; 26: 334-344.
112. Whisman MA, Schonbrun YC: Social consequences of borderline personality disorder symptoms in a population-based survey: marital distress, marital violence, and marital disruption. J Pers Disord 2009; 23: 410-415.
113. Tolpin LH, Gunthert KC, Cohen LH, O'Neill SC: Borderline personality features and instability of daily negative affect and self-esteem. J Pers 2004; 72: 111-137. (Pubitemid 38214043)
114. Zeigler-Hill V, Abraham J: Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. J Soc Clin Psychol 2006; 25: 668-687. (Pubitemid 44024138)
115. Choi-Kain LW, Fitzmaurice GM, Zanarini MC, Laverdiere O, Gunderson JG: The relationship between self-reported attachment styles, interpersonal dysfunction, and borderline personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009; 197: 816-821.
116. Agrawal HR, Gunderson J, Holmes BM, Lyons-Ruth K: Attachment Studies with Borderline Patients: A Review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12: 94-104. (Pubitemid 38569033)
117. Buchheim A, Erk S, George C, Kachele H, Kircher T, Martius P, Pokorny D, Ruchsow M, Spitzer M, Walter H: Neural correlates of attachment trauma in borderline personality disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2008; 163: 223-235.
118. Gunderson JG, Bender D, Sanislow C, Yen S, Rettew JB, Dolan-Sewell R, Dyck I, Morey LC, McGlashan TH, Shea MT, Skodol AE: Plausibility and possible determinants of sudden 'remissions' in borderline patients. Psychiatry 2003; 66: 111-119. (Pubitemid 36869713)
119. Gunderson JG, Daversa MT, Grilo CM, Mc-Glashan TH, Zanarini MC, Shea MT, Skodol AE, Yen S, Sanislow CA, Bender DS, Dyck IR, Morey LC, Stout RL: Predictors of 2-year outcome for patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 822-826. (Pubitemid 44464529)
120. Kuhlken K, Robertson C, Benson J, Nelson-Gray R: The Interaction of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Relationship Satisfaction in Predicting Affect. Personal Disord 2013, E-pub ahead of print.
121. Schmahl C, Herpertz SC: Clinical promise of translational research in borderline personality disorder; in Oldham J, Skodol AE, Bender DS (eds): Textbook of Personality Disorders. Arlington, American Psychiatric Publishing, in press, 2013.
122. Stepp SD, Whalen DJ, Pilkonis PA, Hipwell AE, Levine MD: Children of mothers with borderline personality disorder: identifying parenting behaviors as potential targets for intervention. Personal Disord 2012;3: 76-91.