Biological and physical processes influencing sea ice, under-ice algae, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate during spring in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 119, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 3746-3766

  Galindo, V ^a   Levasseur, M ^a   Mundy, C J ^b   Gosselin, M ^c   Tremblay, J E ^a   Scarratt, M ^d   Gratton, Y ^e   Papakiriakou, T ^b   Poulin, M ^f   Lizotte, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^c INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER DE RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^d MAURICE LAMONTAGNE INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE   (Canada)

^f CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Arctic; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; sea ice; under ice bloom

Indexed keywords

PHYTOPLANKTON; RAIN; SNOW MELTING SYSTEMS;

ARCTIC; CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; PHYSICAL PROCESS; TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION; TEMPORAL PATTERN; TEMPORAL VARIATION; UNDER-ICE BLOOM;

SEA ICE;

DIATOM; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; ICE ALGA; SEA ICE; SNOW COVER; SNOWMELT; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SPRING (SEASON); WATER COLUMN;

CANADA; CANADIAN ARCTIC;

ALGAE; BACILLARIOPHYTA; COSCINODISCOPHYCEAE;

EID: 84902831161     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JC009497     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Andreae, M. O., and, D. Rosenfeld, (2008), Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth Sci. Rev., 89 (1-2), 13-41, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001.
2. Archer, S. D., D. G. Cummings, C. A. Llewellyn, and, J. R. Fishwick, (2009), Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 394, 111-124, doi: 10.3354/meps08284.
3. Archer, S. D., S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, F. E. Hopkins, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Piontek, and, A. Engel, (2013), Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 12,803-12,843, doi: 10.5194/bgd-9-12803-2012.
4. Arrigo, K. R., and, G. L. van Dijken, (2004), Annual cycles of sea ice and phytoplankton in Cape Bathurst polynya, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08304, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018978.
5. Arrigo, K. R., et al. (2012), Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic Sea Ice, Science, 336 (6087), 1408, doi: 10.1126/science.1215065.
6. Arrigo, K., T. Mock, and, M. P. Lizotte, (2010), Primary producers and sea ice, in Sea Ice, edited by, D. N. Thomas and, G. S. Dieckmann, pp. 283-325, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, U. K.
7. Barlow, R. G., M. Gosselin, L. Legendre, J.-C. Therriault, S. Demers, R. F. C. Mantoura, and, C. A. Llewellyn, (1988), Photoadaptative strategies in sea-ice microalgae, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 45, 145-152, doi: 10.3354/meps045145.
8. Bates, T. S., (1992), Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 315-337.
9. Bates, S. S., and, F. C. Cota, (1986), Fluorescence induction and photosynthetic responses of Arctic ice algae to sample treatment and salinity, J. Phycol., 70 (4), 421-429, doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1986.tb02484.x.
10. Belviso, S., (2000), Diel variations of the DMSP-to-chlorophyll a ratio in Northwestern Mediterranean surface waters, J. Mar. Syst., 25 (2), 119-128. (Pubitemid 30441971)
11. Boetius, A., et al. (2013), Export of algal biomass from the melting Arctic sea ice, Science, 339, 1430-1432, doi: 10.1126/science.1231346.
12. Bouillon, R.-C., P. A. Lee, S. J. DeMora, M. Levasseur, and, C. Lovejoy, (2002), Vernal distribution of dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate, and dimethylsulphoxide in the North Water in 1998, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49 (22-23), 5171-5189, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00184-4. (Pubitemid 35249660)
13. Campbell, K., C. J. Mundy, D. Barber, and, M. Gosselin, (2014), Characterizing the sea ice algae chlorophyll a snow depth relationship over Arctic spring melt using transmitted irradiance, J. Mar. Syst., doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.01.008, in press.
14. Caruana, A. M. N., M. Steinke, S. M. Turner, and, G. Malin, (2012), Concentrations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate and activities of dimethylsulphide-producing enzymes in batch cultures of nine dinoflagellate species, Biogeochemistry, 110 (1-3), 87-107, doi: 10.1007/s10533-012-9705-4.
15. Chang, R. Y. W., S. J. Sjostedt, J. R. Pierce, T. N. Papakyriakou, M. G. Scarratt, S. Michaud, M. Levasseur, W. R. Leaitch, and, J. P. D. Abbatt, (2011), Relating atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation events in the Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00S03, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015926.
16. Charlson, R. J., J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, and, S. G. Warren, (1987), Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, doi: 10.1038/326655a0.
17. Cota, G. F., and, C. W. Sullivan, (1990), Photoadaptation, growth and production of bottom ice algae in the Antarctic, J. Phycol., 26 (3), 399-411, doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1990.00399.x.
18. Cox, G. F. N., and, W. F. Weeks, (1983), Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples, J. Glaciol., 29 (102), 306-316.
19. Curran, M. A. J., and, G. B. Jones, (2000), Dimethyl sulfide in the Southern Ocean: Seasonality and flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D16), 20,451-20,459, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900176.
20. Curson, A. R. J., J. D. Todd, M. J. Sullivan, and, A. W. B. Johnston, (2011), Catabolism of dimethylsulphoniopropionate: Microorganisms, enzymes and genes. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9 (12), 849-859, doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2653.
21. Damm, E., R. P. Kiene, J. Schwarz, E. Falck, and, G. S. Dieckmann, (2008), Methane cycling in Arctic shelf water and its relationship with phytoplankton biomass and DMSP, Mar. Chem., 109 (1-2), 45-59, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.12.003.
22. Ehn, J. K., C. J. Mundy, D. G. Barber, H. Hop, A. Rossnagel, and, J. Stewart, (2011), Impact of horizontal spreading on light propagation in melt pond covered seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00G02, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006908.
23. Fortier, M., L. Fortier, C. Michel, and, L. Legendre, (2002), Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic particles under seasonal Arctic sea ice, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 225, 1-16, doi: 10.3354/meps225001. (Pubitemid 34161482)
24. Frey, K. E., D. K. Perovich, and, B. Light, (2011), The spatial distribution of solar radiation under a melting Arctic sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L22501, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049421.
25. Gabric, J. A., B. Qu, P. Matrai, and, A. C. Hirst, (2005), The simulated response of dimethylsulfide production in the Arctic Ocean to global warming, Tellus, Ser. B, 57 (5), 391-403, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00163.x. (Pubitemid 41711624)
26. Galí, M., and, R. Simõ, (2010), Occurrence and cycling of dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Arctic during summer receding of the ice edge, Mar. Chem., 122 (1-4), 105-117, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2010.07.003.
27. Garrison, D. L., and, K. R. Buck, (1986), Organism losses during ice melting: A serious bias in sea ice community studies, Polar Biol., 6 (4), 237-239.
28. Gilson, G., (2010), Composition en DMS et composés soufrés associés de la glace de mer annuelle arctique en Mer de Beaufort (CFL, Canada) et implication pour les flux de DMS vers l'atmosphère, Master thesis, Univ. libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
29. Golden, K. M., H. Eicken, A. L. Heaton, J. Miner, D. J. Pringle, and, J. Zhu, (2007), Thermal evolution of permeability and microstructure in sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16501, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030447.
30. Grasshoff, K., K. Kremling, and, M. Ehrhardt (Eds.), (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, N. Y.
31. Griewank, P. J., and, D. Notz, (2014), A 1-D model study of Arctic sea-ice salinity, The Cryosphere Discuss., 8, 1723-1793, doi: 10.5194/tcd-8-1723-2014.
32. Grøntved, J., and, G. Seidenfaden, (1938), The phytoplankton of the waters west of Greenland, Medd. Groenl., 82 (5), 1-380.
33. Holm-Hansen, O., C. J. Lorenzen, R. W. Holmes, and, J. D. Strickland, (1965), Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll, J. Cons. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 30, 3-15.
34. Howard, E. C., et al. (2006), Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean, Science, 314 (5799), 649-652, doi: 10.1126/science.1130657. (Pubitemid 44646389)
35. Hudier, E. J. J., R. G. Ingram, and, K. Shirasawa, (1995), Atmosphere-ocean upward flushing of sea water through first year ice, Atmos. Ocean, 33 (3), 37-41, doi: 10.1080/07055900.1995.9649545.
36. Jones, G., D. Fortescue, S. King, G. Williams, and, S. Wright, (2010), Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the South-West Indian Ocean sector of East Antarctica from 301 to 801E during BROKE-West, Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 57, 863-876, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.01.003.
37. Juhl, A., and, C. Krembs, (2010), Effects of snow removal and algal photoacclimation on growth and export of ice algae, Polar Biol., 33, 1057-1065, doi: 10.1007/s00300-010-0784-1.
38. Kasamatsu, N., T. Hirano, T. Odate, and, M. Fukuchi, (2004), Dimethylsulfoniopropionate production by psychrophilic diatom isolates, J. Phycol., 40, 874-878, doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03122.x. (Pubitemid 39384850)
39. Keller, M. D., W. K. Bellows, and, R. R. L. Guillard, (1989), Dimethylsulfide production in marine phytoplankton, in Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment, edited by, E. S. Saltzman, and, W. J. Cooper, pp. 167-182, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C.
40. Kettle, A. J., and, M. O. Andreae, (2000), Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data sets and flux models, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D22), 26,793-26,808, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900252.
41. Kiene, R. P., and, D. Slezak, (2006), Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater revealed by small-volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 4, 80-95. (Pubitemid 43723632)
42. Kiene, R. P., L. J. Linn, and, J. A. Bruton, (2000), New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities, J. Sea Res., 43 (3-4), 209-224, doi: 10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00023-X.
43. Kiene, R. P., D. J. Kieber, D. Slezak, D. A. Toole, D. A. del Valle, J. Bisgrove, J. Brinkley, and, A. Rellinger, (2007), Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand, Aquat. Sci., 69, 305-319, doi: 10.1007/s00027-007-0892-3. (Pubitemid 47536938)
44. Kirst, G. O., C. Thiel, H. Wolff, J. Nothnagel, M. Wanzek, and, R. Ulmke, (1991), Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in ice-algae and its possible biological role, Mar. Chem., 35 (1-4), 381-388, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(09) 90030-5.
45. Laroche, D., A. F. Vézina, M. Levasseur, M. Gosselin, J. Stefels, M. D. Keller, P. A. Matrai, and, R. L. J. Kwint, (1999), DMSP synthesis and exudation in phytoplankton: A modeling approach, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 180, 37-49, doi: 10.3354/meps180037. (Pubitemid 29250507)
46. Lavoie, D., K. L. Denman, and, C. Michel, (2005), Modeling ice algal growth and decline in a seasonally ice-covered region of the Arctic (Resolute Passage, Canadian Archipelago), J. Geophys. Res., 110, C11009, doi: 10.1029/2005JC002922.
47. Lee, P. A., S. J. De Mora, M. Gosselin, M. Levasseur, R.-C. Bouillon, C. Nozais, and, C. Michel, (2001), Particulate dimethylsulfoxide in Arctic sea-ice algal communities: The cryoprotectant hypothesis revisited, J. Phycol., 37 (4), 488-499, doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004488.x. (Pubitemid 32827865)
48. Lee, P. A., P. A. Sanders, S. J. De Mora, D. Deibel, and, M. Levasseur, (2003), Influence of copepod grazing on concentrations of dissolved dimethylsulfoxide and related sulfur compounds in the North Water, northern Baffin Bay, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 255, 235-248, doi: 10.3354/meps255235. (Pubitemid 36878444)
49. 2 on particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Southeastern Bering Sea, Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol., 2 (1), 33-47, doi: 10.1080/19475721.2011.574433.
50. Levasseur, M., (2013), The Arctic meltdown and the microbial cycling of sulphur, Nat. Geosci., 6, 691-700, doi: 10.1038/NGEO1910.
51. Levasseur, M., M. Gosselin, and, S. Michaud, (1994), A new source of dimethylsulfide (DMS) for the arctic atmosphere: Ice diatoms, Mar. Biol., 121 (2), 381-387, doi: 10.1007/BF00346748.
52. Lizotte, M. P., (2003), The microbiology of sea ice, in Sea Ice: An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, edited by, D. N. Thomas, and, G. S. Dieckmann, pp. 184-210, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, U. K.
53. Luce, M., et al. (2011), Distribution and microbial metabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide during the 2007 Arctic ice minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00G06, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006914.
54. Lund, J. W. G., C. Kipling, and, E. D. Le Cren, (1958), The inverted microscope method of estimating algal number and the statistical basis of estimations by counting, Hydrobiologia, 11, 143-170, doi: 10.1007/BF00007865.
55. Martin, J., J.-É. Tremblay, J. Gagnon, G. Tremblay, A. Lapoussière, C. Jose, M. Poulin, M. Gosselin, Y. Gratton, and, C. Michel, (2010), Prevalence, structure and properties of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in Canadian Arctic waters, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 412, 69-84, doi: 10.3354/meps08666.
56. Matrai, P., and, S. Apollonio, (2013), New estimates of microalgae production based upon nitrate reductions under sea ice in Canadian shelf seas and the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Biol., 160, 1297-1309, doi: 10.1007/s00227-013-2181-0.
57. Matrai, P. A., and, M. Vernet, (1997), Dynamics of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea: Dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C10), 22,965-22,979, doi: 10.1029/96JC03870.
58. Matrai, P. A., M. Vernet, R. Hood, A. Jennings, E. Brody, and, S. Saemundsdottir, (1995), Light-dependence of carbon and sulfur production by polar clones of the genus Phaeocystis, Mar. Biol., 124 (1), 157-167, doi: 10.1007/BF00349157.
59. Matrai, P. A., M. Vernet, and, P. Wassmann, (2007), Relating temporal and spatial patterns of DMSP in the Barents Sea to phytoplankton biomass and productivity, J. Mar. Syst., 67 (1-2), 83-101, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.10. 001. (Pubitemid 47030888)
60. Matrai, P. A., L. Tranvik, C. Leck, and, J. C. Knulst, (2008), Are high Arctic surface microlayers a potential source of aerosol organic precursors?, Mar. Chem., 108, 109-122, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.001. (Pubitemid 50008152)
61. Michel, C., L. Legendre, S. Demers, and, J.-C. Therriault, (1988), Photoadaptation of sea-ice microalgae in springtime: Photosynthesis and carboxylating enzymes, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 50, 177-185.
62. Mikkelsen, D. M., and, A. Witkowski, (2010), Melting sea ice for taxonomic analysis: A comparison of four melting procedures, Polar Res., 29 (3), 451-454, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2010.00162.x.
63. Modini, R. L., Z. D. Ristovski, G. R. Jognson, C. He, N. Surawski, L. Morawska, T. Suni, and, M. Kulmala, (2009), New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 12,101-12,139, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-7607-2009.
64. Moran, M. A., C. R. Reisch, R. P. Kiene, and, W. B. Whitman, (2012), Genomic insights into bacterial DMSP transformations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4 (1), 523-542, doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100827.
65. Motard-Côté, J., et al. (2012), Distribution and metabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and phylogenetic affiliation of DMSP-assimilating bacteria in northern Baffin Bay/Lancaster Sound, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00G11, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007330.
66. Mundy, C. J., D. G. Barber, and, C. Michel, (2005), Variability of snow and ice thermal, physical and optical properties pertinent to sea ice algae biomass during spring, J. Mar. Syst., 58, 107-120. (Pubitemid 41681552)
67. Mundy, C. J., et al. (2009), Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17601, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038837.
68. Mundy, C. J., M. Gosselin, Y. Gratton, K. Brown, V. Galindo, K. Campbell, M. Levasseur, D. Barber, T. Papakyriakou, and, S. Bélanger, (2014), Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 497, 39-49, doi: 10.3354/meps10587.
69. Nicolaus, M., C. Katlein, J. Maslanik, and, S. Hendricks, (2012), Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24501, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053738.
70. Nomura, D., N. Kasamatsu, K. Tateyama, S. Kudoh, and, M. Fukuchi, (2011), DMSP and DMS in coastal fast ice and under-ice water of Lützow-Holm Bay, eastern Antarctica, Cont. Shelf Res., 31 (13), 1377-1383, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.05.017.
71. Parsons, T. R., Y. Maita, and, C. M. Lalli, (1984), A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon, New York.
72. Perovich, D. K., B. Light, H. Eicken, K. F. Jones, K. Runciman, and, S. V. Nghiem, (2007), Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979-2005: Attribution and role in the ice-albedo feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19505, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031480.
73. Petrich, C., and, H. Eicken, (2010), Growth, structure and properties of sea ice, in Sea Ice, 2nd ed., edited by, D. N. Thomas, and, G. S. Dieckmann, pp. 23-77, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, U. K.
74. Popova, E. E., A. Yool, A. C. Coward, Y. K. Aksenov, S. G. Alderson, B. A. de Cuevas, and, T. R. Anderson, (2010), Control of primary production in the Arctic by nutrients and light: Insights from a high resolution ocean general circulation model, Biogeosciences, 7, 3569-3591, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-3569-2010.
75. Poulin, M., N. Daugbjerg, R. Gradinger, L. Ilyash, T. Ratkova, and, C. von Quillfeldt, (2011), The pan-Arctic biodiversity of marine pelagic and sea-ice unicellular eukaryotes: A first-attempt assessment, Mar. Biodiversity, 41, 13-28, doi: 10.1007/s12526-010-0058-8.
76. Pringle, D. J., J. E. Miner, H. Eicken, and, K. M. Golden, (2009), Pore space percolation in sea ice single crystals, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C12017, doi: 10.1029/2008JC005145.
77. Qu, B., and, A. J. Gabric, (2010), Using genetic algorithms to calibrate a dimethylsulfide production model in the Arctic Ocean, Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 28 (3), 573-582, doi: 10.1007/s00343-010-9062-x.
78. Quinn, P. K., and, T. S. Bates, (2011), The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions, Nature, 480 (7375), 51-56, doi: 10.1038/nature10580.
79. Rawlins, M. A., et al. (2010), Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations, J. Clim., 23, 5715-5737, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3421.1.
80. Rempillo, O., et al. (2011), Dimethyl sulfide air-sea fluxes and biogenic sulfur as a source of new aerosols in the Arctic fall, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00S04, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016336.
81. Royer, S.-J., et al. (2010), Microbial dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) dynamics along a natural iron gradient in the northeast subarctic Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 55 (4), 1614-1626, doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1614.
82. Scarratt, M. G., M. Levasseur, S. Michaud, G. Cantin, M. Gosselin, and, S. J. De Mora, (2002), Influence of phytoplankton taxonomic profile on the distribution of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the northwest Atlantic, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 244, 49-61. (Pubitemid 36035729)
83. Schlitzer, R., (2010), Ocean Data View, Alfred Inst. for Polar and Mar. Res., Bremerhaven, Germany. [Available at http://odv.awi.de.]
84. Simõ, R., (2001), Production of atmospheric sulfur by oceanic plankton: Biogeochemical, ecological and evolutionary links, Trends Ecol. Evol., 16 (6), 287-294. (Pubitemid 32706644)
85. Smith, R. E. H., P. C. Anning, and, G. Cota, (1988), Abundance and production of ice algae n Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 48, 251-263.
86. Sokal, R. R., and, F. J. Rohlf, (1995), Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman, New York.
87. Stefels, J., (2000), Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants, J. Sea Res., 43 (3-4), 183-197, doi: 10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00030-7.
88. Stefels, J., M. Steinke, S. M. Turner, G. Malin, and, S. Belviso, (2007), Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modeling, Biogeochemistry, 83 (1-3), 245-275, doi: 10.1007/s10533-007-9091-5. (Pubitemid 46763869)
89. Stefels, J., G. Carnat, J. W. H. Dacey, T. Goossens, J. T. M. Elzenga, and, J.-L. Tison, (2012), The analysis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in sea ice: Dry-crushing and melting using stable isotope additions, Mar. Chem., 128-129, 34-43, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2011.09. 007.
90. Steinke, M., G. Malin, S. W. Gibb, and, P. H. Burkill, (2002), Vertical and temporal variability of DMSP lyase activity in a coccolithophorid bloom in the northern North Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49 (15), 3001-3016, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00068-1. (Pubitemid 34657345)
91. Sunda, W., D. J. J. Kieber, R. P. Kiene, and, S. Huntsman, (2002), An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae, Nature, 418 (6895), 317-320, doi: 10.1038/nature00851. (Pubitemid 34790680)
92. Thomas, D. N., and, S. Papadimitriou, (2003), Biogeochemistry of sea ice, in Sea Ice: An Introduction to its Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Geology, edited by, D. N. Thomas, and, G. S. Dieckmann, pp. 267-302, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, U. K.
93. Timco, G. W., and, R. M. W. Frederking, (1996), A review of sea ice density, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 24, 1-6.
94. Tison, J. L., F. Brabant, I. Dumont, and, J. Stefels, (2010), High-resolution dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate time series profiles in decaying summer first-year sea ice at Ice Station Polarstern, western Weddell Sea, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G04044, doi: 10.1029/2010JG001427.
95. Tremblay, J.-É., K. Simpson, J. Martin, L. Miller, Y. Gratton, D. Barber, and, N. M. Price, (2008), Vertical stability and the annual dynamics of nutrients and chlorophyll fluorescence in the coastal, southeast Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07S90, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004547.
96. Trevena, A. J., and, G. Jones, (2006), Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in Antarctic sea ice and their release during sea ice melting, Mar. Chem., 98 (2-4), 210-222, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.005. (Pubitemid 43049924)
97. Trevena, A. J., and, G. Jones, (2012), DMS flux over the Antarctic sea ice zone, Mar. Chem., 134-135, 45-58, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2012.03.001.
98. Trevena, A. J., G. B. Jones, S. W. Wright, and, R. L. van den Enden, (2003), Profiles of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), algal pigments, nutrients, and salinity in the fast ice of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (C5), 3145, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001369.
99. Turner, S. M., G. Malin, P. S. Liss, D. S. Harbour, and, P. M. Holligan, (1988), The seasonal variation of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentrations in nearshore waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33 (3), 364-375, doi: 10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0364.
100. Uzuka, N. A., (2003), A time series observation of DMSP production in the fast ice zone near Barrow, Tohoku Geophys. J., 36 (4), 439-442.
101. Vairavamurthy, A., M. O. Andreae, and, R. L. Iverson, (1985), Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30 (1), 59-70.
102. Van Rijssel, M., and, W. W. C. Gieskes, (2002), Temperature, light, and the dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) content of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), J. Sea Res., 48, 17-27, doi: 10.1016/S1385-1101(02)00134-X. (Pubitemid 34979199)
103. Vancoppenolle, M., H. Goosse, A. de Montety, T. Fichefet, B. Tremblay, and, J.-L. Tison, (2010), Modeling brine and nutrient dynamics in Antarctic sea ice: The case of dissolved silica, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C02005, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005369.
104. Vancoppenolle, M., C. M. Bitz, and, T. Fichefet, (2007), Summer landfast sea ice desalination at Point Barrow, Alaska: Modeling and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04022, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003493.
105. Vila-Costa, M., R. Simõ, L. Alonso-Sáez, and, C. Pedrõs-Aliõ, (2008), Number and phylogenetic affiliation of bacteria assimilating dimethylsulfoniopropionate and leucine in the ice-covered coastal Arctic Ocean, J. Mar. Syst., 74 (3-4), 957-963, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.10. 006.
106. von Quillfeldt, C. H., (2000), Common diatom species in arctic spring blooms: Their distribution and abundance, Bot. Mar., 43, 499-516, doi: 10.1515/BOT.2000.050.
107. White, D., et al. (2007), The arctic freshwater system: Changes and impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G04S54, doi: 10.1029/2006JG000353.
108. Wolfe, G. V., M. Steinke, and, G. O. Kirst, (1997), Grazing-activated chemical defense in a unicellular marine alga, Nature, 387, 894-897. (Pubitemid 27289588)
109. Zeebe, R. E., H. Eicken, D. H. Robinson, D. Wolf-Gladrow, and, G. S. Dieckmann, (1996), Modeling the heating and melting of sea ice through light absorption by microalgae, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (C1), 1163-1181.
110. Zhang, J., R. Lindsay, M. Steele, and, A. Schweiger, (2008), What drove the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11505, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034005.
111. Zhang, X., (2010), Sensitivity of arctic summer sea ice coverage to global warming forcing: Towards reducing uncertainty in Arctic climate change projections, Tellus, Ser. A, 62 (3), 220-227, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010. 00441.x.