A qualitative PCR minipool strategy to screen for virologic failure and antiretroviral drug resistance in South African patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy

Journal of Clinical Virology

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 387-391

  Newman, Howard ^a   Breunig, Lukas ^a,b   van Zyl, Gert ^a   Stich, August ^b   Preiser, Wolfgang ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

ART monitoring; Cost effectiveness; HIV drug resistance; Pooled testing; Resource limited setting

Indexed keywords

EFAVIRENZ; LAMIVUDINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TENOFOVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; VIRUS RNA; EFAVIRENZ PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; EFAVIRENZ PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; STAVUDINE;

ADULT; ALGORITHM; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MUTATION; PATIENT MONITORING; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOUTH AFRICA; VIRUS LOAD; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROCEDURES; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; VIROLOGY; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 SUBTYPE C; NONHUMAN; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SOUTH AFRICAN; SOUTHERN AFRICAN;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BASE SEQUENCE; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; MUTATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; RNA, VIRAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, RNA; SOUTH AFRICA; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84902791649     PISSN: 13866532     EISSN: 18735967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.011     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. UNAIDS UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013, Geneva 2013, Available from http://www.unaids.org [accessed 08.03.14].
2. World Health Organization Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection 2013, Recommendations for a Public Health Approach, Geneva, Available from http://www.who.int/hiv [accessed 08.03.14].
3. World Health Organization March 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection 2014, Recommendations for a Public Health Approach, Geneva, Available from http://www.who.int/hiv [accessed 08.03.14].
4. National Department of Health, South Africa The South African antiretroviral treatment guidelines 2013, Available from www.sanac.org.za [accessed 08.03.14].
5. Smith D.M., Schooley R.T. Running with scissors: using antiretroviral therapy without monitoring viral load. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1598-1600.
6. Lynch S., Ford N., van Cutsem G., Bygrave H., Janssens B., Decroo T., et al. Getting HIV treatment to the most people. Science 2012, 20:298-300.
7. Aitken S.C., Kliphuis A., Bronze M., Wallis C.L., Kityo C., Balinda S., et al. Development and evaluation of an affordable real-time qualitative assay for determining HIV-1 virological failure in plasma and dried blood spots. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:1899-1905.
8. Smit P.W., Sollis K.A., Fiscus S., Ford N., Vitoria M., Essajee S., et al. Systematic review of the use of dried blood spots for monitoring HIV viral load and for early infant diagnosis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e86461.
9. Johannessen A., Trøseid M., Calmy A. Dried blood spots can expand access to virological monitoring of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64:1126-1129.
10. Johannessen A., Garrido C., Zahonero N., Sandvik L., Naman E., Kivuyo S.L., et al. Dried blood spots perform well in viral load monitoring of patients who receive antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49:976-981.
11. Smith D.M., May S.J., Pérez-Santiago J., Straina M.C., Ignacioa C.C., Haubrich R.H., et al. The use of pooled viral load testing to identify antiretroviral treatment failure. AIDS 2009, 23:2151-2158.
12. May S., Gamst A., Haubrich R., Benson C., Smith D.M. Pooled nucleic acid testing to identify antiretroviral treatment failure during HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, 53:194-201.
13. Tilghman M.W., Guerena D.D., Licea A., Pérez-Santiago J., Richman D.D., May S., et al. Pooled nucleic acid testing to detect antiretroviral treatment failure in Mexico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011, 56:e70-e74.
14. van Zyl G.U., Preiser W., Potschka S., Lundershausen A.T., Haubrich R., Smith D.M. Pooling strategies to reduce the cost of HIV-1 RNA load monitoring in a resource - limited setting. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:264-270.
15. Pannus P., Fajardo E., Metcalf C., Coulborn R.M., Durán L.T., Bygrave H., et al. Pooled HIV-1 viral load testing using dried blood spots to reduce the cost of monitoring antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013, 64:134-137.
16. Nachega J.B., Marconi V.C., van Zyl G.U., Gardner E.M., Preiser W., Hong S.Y., et al. HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2011, 11:167-174.
17. van Zyl G.U., Liu T.F., Claassen M., Engelbrecht S., de Oliveira T., Preiser W., et al. Trends in genotypic HIV1 antiretroviral resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African patients receiving first- and second-line antiretroviraltreatment regimens. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e67188.
18. WHO HIV drug resistance report 2012. Available from [accessed 08.03.14]. http://www.who.int/hiv/.
19. Conradie F., Wilson D., Basson A., de Oliveira T., Hunt G., Joel D., et al. The 2012 southern African ARV drug resistance testing guidelines. SAJHIVMED 2012, 13:162-167.
20. Tilghman M.W., May S., Pérez-Santiago J., Ignacio C.C., Little S.J., Richman D.D., et al. Combined screening platform for HIV treatment failure and resistance. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e35401.
21. Plantier J., Dachraoui R., Lemée V., Gueudin M., Borsa-Lebas F., Caron F., et al. HIV-1 resistance genotyping on dried serum spots. AIDS 2005, 19:391-397.
22. Los Alamos HIV Database. Available at [accessed 01.03.14]. http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/.
23. van Zyl G.U., van der Merwe L., Claassen M., Zeier M., Preiser W. Antiretroviral resistance patterns and factors associated with resistance in adult patients Failing NNRTI-based regimens in the Western Cape, South Africa. J Med Virol 2011, 83:1764-1769.
24. Bronze M., Aitken S.C., Wallis C.L., Steegen K., Stuyver L.J., de Wit T.F., et al. Evaluation of an affordable HIV-1 virological failure assay and antiretroviral drug resistance genotyping protocol. J Virol Methods 2013, 194(December (1-2)):300-307.
25. Aitken S.C., Bronze M., Wallis C.L., Stuyver L., Steegen K., Balinda S., et al. A pragmatic approach to HIV-1 drug resistance determination in resource-limited settings by use of a novel genotyping assay targeting the reverse transcriptase-encoding region only. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:1757-1761.
26. Wainberg M.A., Brenner B.G. The impact of HIV genetic polymorphisms and subtype differences on the occurrence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs. Mol Biol Int 2012, [Article ID 256982]. 10.1155/2012/256982.
27. Spira S., Wainberg M.A., Loemba H., Turner D., Brenner B.G. Impact of clade diversity on HIV-1 virulence, antiretroviral drug sensitivity and drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003, 51:229-240.
28. Madec Y., Leroy S., Rey-Cuille M., Huber F., Calmy A. Persistent difficulties in switching to second-line ART in Sub-Saharan Africa - a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e82724.
29. Levison J.H., Orrell C., Losina E., Lu Z., Freedberg K.A., Wood R. Early outcomes and the virologic impact of delayed treatment switching on second-line therapy in an antiretroviral roll-out program in South Africa. Antivir Ther 2011, 16:853-861.
30. Johnston V., Fielding K., Charalambous S., Mampho M., Churchyard G., Phillips A., et al. Second-line antiretroviral therapy in a workplace and community-based treatment programme in South Africa: determinants of virological outcome. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e36997.
31. Johnston V., Cohen K., Wiesner L., Morris L., Ledwaba J., Fielding K.L., et al. Viral suppression following switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy: associations with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance and subtherapeutic drug concentrations prior to switch. J Infect Dis 2014, 209(March (5)):711-720.
32. Sigaloff K.C., Hamers R.L., Wallis C.L., Kityo C., Siwale M., Ive P., PharmAccess African Studies to Evaluate Resistance (PASER), et al. Second-line antiretroviral treatment successfully resuppresses drug-resistant HIV-1 after first-line failure: prospective cohort in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 2012, 205:1739-1744.